1. The dimensions are 18 × 14 cm for Figure 60 and 10.1 × 9.3 cm for Figure 61.

2. Politiques , 142.

3. Ibid., 143.

4. Ibid.

5. Ibid., 373.

6. Ibid., 144-45.

2. Politiques , 142.

3. Ibid., 143.

4. Ibid.

5. Ibid., 373.

6. Ibid., 144-45.

2. Politiques , 142.

3. Ibid., 143.

4. Ibid.

5. Ibid., 373.

6. Ibid., 144-45.

2. Politiques , 142.

3. Ibid., 143.

4. Ibid.

5. Ibid., 373.

6. Ibid., 144-45.

2. Politiques , 142.

3. Ibid., 143.

4. Ibid.

5. Ibid., 373.

6. Ibid., 144-45.

7. Delisle writes that he is unable to identify the subject of Book III ( Mélanges de paléographie , 277-78 and 282).

8. See E. Miller, "Notice d'un manuscrit contenant la traduction de la Politique d'Aristote par Nicole Oresme et ayant appartenu à la Bibliothèque de St. Médard de Soissons," Bulletin de la Société archéologique, historique, et scientifique de Soissons 3/3 (1869): 106-7. break

9. The gesture of the figure's bent arms, the left on his chest and the right on his hips, signifies assurance, resolve, and determination (François Garnier, Le langage de l'image au moyen âge: Signification et symbolique [Paris: Le Léopard d'Or, 1982], vol. 1, 185ff.).

10. Politics , III.13 1284b. Oresme's version in two successive text passages in Chapter 18 ( Politiques , 143) is as follows:

T. Et pour ce l'en ne doit pas cuidier du tout et simplement que ceulz qui vituperent et blasment tirannie et le conseil que Sybulo le poëte recite avoir esté donné par Periandre, car l'en dit que un appellé Taribulus envoia .i. message devers Periandre pour avoir son conseil. Mes il ostoit de son blé ou de tele chose les espis qui excedoient et passoient les autres afin que le are fust planee et onnie. T. Et quant le messager raporta a Taribulus ce que Periandre faisoit, de quoy il ignoroit la cause, lors Taribulus entendi par ce que l'en devoit occirre les hommes excellens.

11. "Mes il devoit entendre 'ou les bannir,' si comme il sera dit apres" (Ibid., 143).

10. Politics , III.13 1284b. Oresme's version in two successive text passages in Chapter 18 ( Politiques , 143) is as follows:

T. Et pour ce l'en ne doit pas cuidier du tout et simplement que ceulz qui vituperent et blasment tirannie et le conseil que Sybulo le poëte recite avoir esté donné par Periandre, car l'en dit que un appellé Taribulus envoia .i. message devers Periandre pour avoir son conseil. Mes il ostoit de son blé ou de tele chose les espis qui excedoient et passoient les autres afin que le are fust planee et onnie. T. Et quant le messager raporta a Taribulus ce que Periandre faisoit, de quoy il ignoroit la cause, lors Taribulus entendi par ce que l'en devoit occirre les hommes excellens.

11. "Mes il devoit entendre 'ou les bannir,' si comme il sera dit apres" (Ibid., 143).

12. Politics III.13 1284b.

13. Ibid.

12. Politics III.13 1284b.

13. Ibid.

14. Politiques , 143-44.

15. Ibid., 209.

14. Politiques , 143-44.

15. Ibid., 209.

16. Politics I.2 1253a. For Oresme's version, see Politiques , 49. For a helpful discussion and bibliography, see David C. Hale, "Analogy of the Body Politic," in Dictionary of the History of Ideas , ed. Philip Wiener (New York: Scribner, 1973), vol. 1, 68-70. See also Anton-Hermann Chroust, "The Corporate Idea and the Body Politic in the Middle Ages," Review of Politics 9/4 (1947): 423-52; and Jean Dunbabin, "Government," in CHMPT , 483. For the discussion by John of Salisbury, see Policraticus: Of the Frivolities of Courtiers and the Footprints of Philosophers , ed. and trans. Cary J. Nederman (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990), Books V and VI, 65-144.

17. Politiques , 87, 209, and 290.

18. Ibid., 364.

17. Politiques , 87, 209, and 290.

18. Ibid., 364.

19. See Ch. 2 above at nn. 6-13.

20. De moneta , 43.

21. See Ch. 9 above at nn. 46-48.

22. Herodotus, History , trans. A. D. Godley (London: William Heinemann Ltd.; Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, Loeb Classical Library, 1938), vol. 3, V.92. break

23. For a list of antique sources, see Leben und Meinungen der Sieben Weisen: Griechische und lateinische Quellen , trans. Bruno Snell (Munich: Heimeran Verlag, 1971).

24. For a modern edition, see Lives of Eminent Philosophers , trans. R. D. Hicks (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, Loeb Classical Library; London: William Heinemann Ltd., 1942), vol. 1, I.100. Although Walter Burley's De vita et moribus philosophorum , a widely disseminated treatise of the fourteenth century, draws on Diogenes Laertius as a source for the sayings of Periander, the tale of his advice is not included (Gualteri Burlaei, Liber de vita et moribus philosophorum , ed. Hermann Knust [Tübingen: Litterarische Verein in Stuttgart, 1886], 44-46). Prof. Paul O. Kristeller kindly directed me to these sources.

25. Livy, History of Rome , ed. and trans. B. O. Foster (London: William Heinemann, 1919), vol. 1, 1.44, 4-10. The story is also found in Dionysius of Halicarnassus, The Roman Antiquities (London: William Heinemann Ltd.; Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1939), vol. 2, IV, 56.

26. Valerii Maximi factorum et dictorum memorabilium libri novem , ed. C. Kemp (Stuttgart: Teubner, 1888; Stuttgart: Teubner, 1966), Book VII, Ch. 4.2, 1-22.

27. English Friars and Antiquity , 86-87. For citations of Valerius Maximus as a classical source of medieval exempla literature, see Jean-Thiébaut Welter, L'exemplum dans la littérature religieuse et didactique du moyen âge (Paris: Occitania, 1927; New York, AMS Press, 1973), 11, n. 1.

28. Smalley, English Friars and Antiquity , 85-87.

29. Paris, Bibl. Ste.-Geneviève, MS 777. For the translation, see Jacques Monfrin, "Les traducteurs et leur publique au moyen âge," 171. See also Ch. 1 above, especially nn. 16-23 and 64-65. Although the folios containing the Periander/Tarquin tale have been cut from Charles V's copy of the Livy translation, the story exists in later manuscripts (Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS fr. 20321, fols. 25-25v; and Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University, Houghton Library, MS Richardson 32, fol. 36). For the illustrations, see Avril, La librairie , no. 189, 108-9; and idem, Manuscript Painting at the Court of France , pl. 32, 102.

30. Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS fr. 9749. See Delisle, Recherches , vol. 1, 284. See also Ch. 1 above, especially n. 71.

31. See the illuminating discussion of theories and techniques of translation in Frederick M. Rener, Interpretatio: Language and Translation from Cicero to Tytler (Amsterdam and Atlanta, Ga.: Rodopi, 1989), parts 2 and 3.

32. Fear and Trembling , ed. and trans. Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1983), 3. Kierkegaard borrowed the allusion from Johann Georg Hamann. I am grateful to Profs. Ellen Ginsberg and Robert Ginsberg for alerting me to this reference and to the element of silent communication.

33. For an account of these events, see Raymond Cazelles, Société politique , 318-37; idem, Etienne Marcel, champion de l'unité française (Paris: Tallandier, 1984). break

34. See Lot and Fawtier, Histoire des institutions françaises , vol. 2, 41. The item referred to is Article VII published in Ordonnances des roys de France , ed. Secousse, vol. 5, 477-80.