22— Citizens and Noncitizens (Book VII)
1. Politics , xl.
2. Ibid., xxxix. [BACK]
1. Politics , xl.
2. Ibid., xxxix. [BACK]
3. For previous analysis of these problems, see above, Ch. 15 at n. 20 and Ch. 18 at nn. 1-2. [BACK]
4. See Politiques , 289-94 and 306-8. For important discussions of these issues, see Babbitt, Oresme's Livre de Politiques , 33-68 and 127-46. [BACK]
5. B , fol. 254. [BACK]
6. D , fol. 263. [BACK]
7. For variant readings, see Politiques , 276, and n. 1. break
8. Ibid., 119.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid. [BACK]
7. For variant readings, see Politiques , 276, and n. 1. break
8. Ibid., 119.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid. [BACK]
7. For variant readings, see Politiques , 276, and n. 1. break
8. Ibid., 119.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid. [BACK]
7. For variant readings, see Politiques , 276, and n. 1. break
8. Ibid., 119.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid. [BACK]
11. Babbitt, Oresme's Livre de Politiques , 66-67, citing Oresme, Politiques , 71 and 280. In his lengthy commentary on Ch. 10 of Book VII, where Oresme discusses a common language as necessary for governing a cité , he may have been thinking of French versus English in the context of the Hundred Years' War. See Politiques , 291. [BACK]
12. Politiques , 298, cited by Babbitt, Oresme's Livre de Politiques , 67. [BACK]
13. Babbitt, Oresme's Livre de Politiques , 66, n. 66.
14. Ibid., 289-94. For a discussion of this commentary in relation to Oresme's ideas about universal empire, see ibid., 53-54. See also Jeannine Quillet, "Community, Counsel, and Representation," in CHMPT , 529-31. [BACK]
13. Babbitt, Oresme's Livre de Politiques , 66, n. 66.
14. Ibid., 289-94. For a discussion of this commentary in relation to Oresme's ideas about universal empire, see ibid., 53-54. See also Jeannine Quillet, "Community, Counsel, and Representation," in CHMPT , 529-31. [BACK]
15. Politiques , 359-60. [BACK]
16. See Babbitt, Oresme's Livre de Politiques , 100-103. [BACK]
17. Politiques , Gloss, 311-14. [BACK]
18. See Babbitt, Oresme's Livre de Politiques , 137-46. [BACK]
19. Oresme suggests an adaptive use of the term in a gloss (Ch. 1 of Book III) when he says: "Et aucuns appellent telz citoiens bourgois, car il pevent estres maires ou esquevins ou conseuls ou avoir aucunez honnorabletés autrement nommees" ( Politiques , 115).
20. Ibid., 370.
21. Ibid., 360.
22. Ibid., 362 and 373. [BACK]
19. Oresme suggests an adaptive use of the term in a gloss (Ch. 1 of Book III) when he says: "Et aucuns appellent telz citoiens bourgois, car il pevent estres maires ou esquevins ou conseuls ou avoir aucunez honnorabletés autrement nommees" ( Politiques , 115).
20. Ibid., 370.
21. Ibid., 360.
22. Ibid., 362 and 373. [BACK]
19. Oresme suggests an adaptive use of the term in a gloss (Ch. 1 of Book III) when he says: "Et aucuns appellent telz citoiens bourgois, car il pevent estres maires ou esquevins ou conseuls ou avoir aucunez honnorabletés autrement nommees" ( Politiques , 115).
20. Ibid., 370.
21. Ibid., 360.
22. Ibid., 362 and 373. [BACK]
19. Oresme suggests an adaptive use of the term in a gloss (Ch. 1 of Book III) when he says: "Et aucuns appellent telz citoiens bourgois, car il pevent estres maires ou esquevins ou conseuls ou avoir aucunez honnorabletés autrement nommees" ( Politiques , 115).
20. Ibid., 370.
21. Ibid., 360.
22. Ibid., 362 and 373. [BACK]
23. Politics , 297-98. [BACK]
24. Politiques , 301-2.
25. Ibid., 360-61. For discussion of the positive view of agricultural workers, see Ch. 21 above at nn. 28-31. The contrast between meaningful intellectual pursuits and mundane labors occurs in the archivolts of the tympanums of the west portals of Chartres cathedral, where the labors of the months and the liberal arts are respectively represented. See Adolf Katzenellenbogen, The Sculptural Programs of Chartres Cathedral: Christ-Mary-Ecclesia (Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1959), 24-25. break [BACK]
24. Politiques , 301-2.
25. Ibid., 360-61. For discussion of the positive view of agricultural workers, see Ch. 21 above at nn. 28-31. The contrast between meaningful intellectual pursuits and mundane labors occurs in the archivolts of the tympanums of the west portals of Chartres cathedral, where the labors of the months and the liberal arts are respectively represented. See Adolf Katzenellenbogen, The Sculptural Programs of Chartres Cathedral: Christ-Mary-Ecclesia (Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1959), 24-25. break [BACK]
30. For a discussion of this point, see Ch. 19 above at n. 2. [BACK]
31. For a previous discussion of this detail, see above, Ch. 20, n. 15. [BACK]
32. Babbitt, Oresme's Livre de Politiques , 77. In a commentary on Ch. 6 Oresme speaks of how the city promotes the supreme end of the contemplative life, worship of God, the cultivement divin : "Et pour ce diroit l'en selon ceste philosophie que le royalme et la cité sunt beneurés la ou Dieu est bien servi et honoré. Et que ceulz sunt plus beneurés ou il est miex servi, si comme par la sienne grace ont esté et sunt le royalme de France et la cité de Paris" ( Politiques , 286). For a pictorial commentary on Paris as the earthly paradise see Charlotte Lacaze, The Vie de St. Denis Manuscript (Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, MS fr. 2090-2092) (New York and London: Garland Publishing, 1979), 120-32. Lacaze discusses the series of illustrations in the manuscript (figs. 35-46), presented in 1317 to King Philip V, that depict in contemporary terms peaceful and profitable pursuits taking place under monarchical rule. Lacaze points out that "these scenes are the earliest surviving images of buon governo represented by means of an extensive description of peaceful town life" and thus anticipate the Lorenzetti frescoes in the Palazzo Pubblico, 131. [BACK]
33. See Georges Duby, The Three Orders: Feudal Society Imagined , trans. Arthur Goldhammer (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1978), 5. In a formulation of this theory, Duby cites the twelfth-century clerics Adalbero, bishop of Laon, and Gerard, bishop of Cambrai.
34. Ibid., 265. The passage in the Policraticus , ed. Nederman, occurs in Book VI, Ch. 21, 126. For Charles V's commission of a French translation of this text from Denis de Foulechat and his illustrated copy (Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS fr. 24287), see Sherman, Portraits , 74-78. [BACK]
33. See Georges Duby, The Three Orders: Feudal Society Imagined , trans. Arthur Goldhammer (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1978), 5. In a formulation of this theory, Duby cites the twelfth-century clerics Adalbero, bishop of Laon, and Gerard, bishop of Cambrai.
34. Ibid., 265. The passage in the Policraticus , ed. Nederman, occurs in Book VI, Ch. 21, 126. For Charles V's commission of a French translation of this text from Denis de Foulechat and his illustrated copy (Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS fr. 24287), see Sherman, Portraits , 74-78. [BACK]
35. "Government," in CHMPT , 507. [BACK]
36. See Quillet, "Community, Counsel, and Representation," 549-51. [BACK]
37. See above, Ch. 19, n. 26. For Oresme's gloss, see Politiques , 264. [BACK]
38. See above, Ch. 3 at nn. 72-75. For a recent bibliography on collaboration in medieval manuscript production, including the role of scribes, see the valuable article by Lucy Freeman Sandler, "Notes for the Illuminator: The Case of the Omne bonum," AB 71/4 (1989): 551-64. See also the bibliography in Alexander, Medieval Illuminators , 187-203. break [BACK]