13— Moral Obligations of Friendship (Book IX)
1. Except for the miniature of Book III (7.1 × 6.9 cm), Figure 40 (7.3 × 6.9 cm) is the smallest in the A cycle. [BACK]
6. NE IX.8 1168b; Ethiques , 477. [BACK]
7. Oresme's translation that the friends are as close as "jambe et genouil" ( Ethiques , 477) is nearer to the original Greek expression, "The knee is closer to the shin" (see Nicomachean Ethics , trans. Ostwald, 260, n. 26). break [BACK]
8. The small fold at the bottom of this folio and the string sewn in after the next one provide evidence for this procedure. See Petrus C. Boeren, Catalogus van de handschriften van het Rijksmuseum Meermanno-Westreenianum (The Hague: Staatsuitgeverij, 1979), 93. [BACK]
9. The alternation of apricot and blue backgrounds touched with gold for the separate registers of the miniatures in C continues here (Pl. 5). [BACK]
10. MS C , fol. 170. It is worth noting that in Figure 41 the decorative organization of the folio, rather than the inscriptions, forges the links between the image and text. [BACK]
11. NE IX.2 1164b-1165a; Ethiques , 456. [BACK]
12. Ethiques , Gloss 5, 456.
13. Ibid., 458-62.
14. Ibid., Gloss 8, 460-61; Question, 461-62. Menut (ibid., 460, n. 4) points out that this gloss (but not the Question) was included in the selection of favorite passages by Oresme collected in the translator's copy of the Politiques (Avranches, Bibl. Mun., MS 223, fol. 356). For an earlier Question in Book V, Ch. 19, see ibid., 316-21.
15. Menut names Albert the Great, Thomas Aquinas, Walter Burley, and Jean Buridan as the "pluseurs docteurs" mentioned by Oresme (ibid., 460, n. 5).
16. Ibid., Gloss 8, 460.
17. Ibid., 460-61.
18. Ibid., 461.
19. Ibid., 461-62. In this Question, Oresme stresses the claims of amistié de lignage but says that the closeness of family ties, the virtue and value of the nonfamily friend, and the good deeds or benefits received can vary and make the decision more difficult. [BACK]
12. Ethiques , Gloss 5, 456.
13. Ibid., 458-62.
14. Ibid., Gloss 8, 460-61; Question, 461-62. Menut (ibid., 460, n. 4) points out that this gloss (but not the Question) was included in the selection of favorite passages by Oresme collected in the translator's copy of the Politiques (Avranches, Bibl. Mun., MS 223, fol. 356). For an earlier Question in Book V, Ch. 19, see ibid., 316-21.
15. Menut names Albert the Great, Thomas Aquinas, Walter Burley, and Jean Buridan as the "pluseurs docteurs" mentioned by Oresme (ibid., 460, n. 5).
16. Ibid., Gloss 8, 460.
17. Ibid., 460-61.
18. Ibid., 461.
19. Ibid., 461-62. In this Question, Oresme stresses the claims of amistié de lignage but says that the closeness of family ties, the virtue and value of the nonfamily friend, and the good deeds or benefits received can vary and make the decision more difficult. [BACK]
12. Ethiques , Gloss 5, 456.
13. Ibid., 458-62.
14. Ibid., Gloss 8, 460-61; Question, 461-62. Menut (ibid., 460, n. 4) points out that this gloss (but not the Question) was included in the selection of favorite passages by Oresme collected in the translator's copy of the Politiques (Avranches, Bibl. Mun., MS 223, fol. 356). For an earlier Question in Book V, Ch. 19, see ibid., 316-21.
15. Menut names Albert the Great, Thomas Aquinas, Walter Burley, and Jean Buridan as the "pluseurs docteurs" mentioned by Oresme (ibid., 460, n. 5).
16. Ibid., Gloss 8, 460.
17. Ibid., 460-61.
18. Ibid., 461.
19. Ibid., 461-62. In this Question, Oresme stresses the claims of amistié de lignage but says that the closeness of family ties, the virtue and value of the nonfamily friend, and the good deeds or benefits received can vary and make the decision more difficult. [BACK]
12. Ethiques , Gloss 5, 456.
13. Ibid., 458-62.
14. Ibid., Gloss 8, 460-61; Question, 461-62. Menut (ibid., 460, n. 4) points out that this gloss (but not the Question) was included in the selection of favorite passages by Oresme collected in the translator's copy of the Politiques (Avranches, Bibl. Mun., MS 223, fol. 356). For an earlier Question in Book V, Ch. 19, see ibid., 316-21.
15. Menut names Albert the Great, Thomas Aquinas, Walter Burley, and Jean Buridan as the "pluseurs docteurs" mentioned by Oresme (ibid., 460, n. 5).
16. Ibid., Gloss 8, 460.
17. Ibid., 460-61.
18. Ibid., 461.
19. Ibid., 461-62. In this Question, Oresme stresses the claims of amistié de lignage but says that the closeness of family ties, the virtue and value of the nonfamily friend, and the good deeds or benefits received can vary and make the decision more difficult. [BACK]
12. Ethiques , Gloss 5, 456.
13. Ibid., 458-62.
14. Ibid., Gloss 8, 460-61; Question, 461-62. Menut (ibid., 460, n. 4) points out that this gloss (but not the Question) was included in the selection of favorite passages by Oresme collected in the translator's copy of the Politiques (Avranches, Bibl. Mun., MS 223, fol. 356). For an earlier Question in Book V, Ch. 19, see ibid., 316-21.
15. Menut names Albert the Great, Thomas Aquinas, Walter Burley, and Jean Buridan as the "pluseurs docteurs" mentioned by Oresme (ibid., 460, n. 5).
16. Ibid., Gloss 8, 460.
17. Ibid., 460-61.
18. Ibid., 461.
19. Ibid., 461-62. In this Question, Oresme stresses the claims of amistié de lignage but says that the closeness of family ties, the virtue and value of the nonfamily friend, and the good deeds or benefits received can vary and make the decision more difficult. [BACK]
12. Ethiques , Gloss 5, 456.
13. Ibid., 458-62.
14. Ibid., Gloss 8, 460-61; Question, 461-62. Menut (ibid., 460, n. 4) points out that this gloss (but not the Question) was included in the selection of favorite passages by Oresme collected in the translator's copy of the Politiques (Avranches, Bibl. Mun., MS 223, fol. 356). For an earlier Question in Book V, Ch. 19, see ibid., 316-21.
15. Menut names Albert the Great, Thomas Aquinas, Walter Burley, and Jean Buridan as the "pluseurs docteurs" mentioned by Oresme (ibid., 460, n. 5).
16. Ibid., Gloss 8, 460.
17. Ibid., 460-61.
18. Ibid., 461.
19. Ibid., 461-62. In this Question, Oresme stresses the claims of amistié de lignage but says that the closeness of family ties, the virtue and value of the nonfamily friend, and the good deeds or benefits received can vary and make the decision more difficult. [BACK]
12. Ethiques , Gloss 5, 456.
13. Ibid., 458-62.
14. Ibid., Gloss 8, 460-61; Question, 461-62. Menut (ibid., 460, n. 4) points out that this gloss (but not the Question) was included in the selection of favorite passages by Oresme collected in the translator's copy of the Politiques (Avranches, Bibl. Mun., MS 223, fol. 356). For an earlier Question in Book V, Ch. 19, see ibid., 316-21.
15. Menut names Albert the Great, Thomas Aquinas, Walter Burley, and Jean Buridan as the "pluseurs docteurs" mentioned by Oresme (ibid., 460, n. 5).
16. Ibid., Gloss 8, 460.
17. Ibid., 460-61.
18. Ibid., 461.
19. Ibid., 461-62. In this Question, Oresme stresses the claims of amistié de lignage but says that the closeness of family ties, the virtue and value of the nonfamily friend, and the good deeds or benefits received can vary and make the decision more difficult. [BACK]
12. Ethiques , Gloss 5, 456.
13. Ibid., 458-62.
14. Ibid., Gloss 8, 460-61; Question, 461-62. Menut (ibid., 460, n. 4) points out that this gloss (but not the Question) was included in the selection of favorite passages by Oresme collected in the translator's copy of the Politiques (Avranches, Bibl. Mun., MS 223, fol. 356). For an earlier Question in Book V, Ch. 19, see ibid., 316-21.
15. Menut names Albert the Great, Thomas Aquinas, Walter Burley, and Jean Buridan as the "pluseurs docteurs" mentioned by Oresme (ibid., 460, n. 5).
16. Ibid., Gloss 8, 460.
17. Ibid., 460-61.
18. Ibid., 461.
19. Ibid., 461-62. In this Question, Oresme stresses the claims of amistié de lignage but says that the closeness of family ties, the virtue and value of the nonfamily friend, and the good deeds or benefits received can vary and make the decision more difficult. [BACK]
20. The sequence from the top to the bottom register generally follows Oresme's arguments in Gloss 8 regarding the claims of father versus son, while the obligations to a father or a friend are explained in the Question. The words in the inscriptions do not derive from these sources. [BACK]
21. Ethiques , Question, 461.
22. Ibid., Gloss 5, 456. [BACK]
21. Ethiques , Question, 461.
22. Ibid., Gloss 5, 456. [BACK]
23. NE IX.3 1165a; Ethiques , 460 and Gloss 8, 460. [BACK]
24. Jacques Le Goff, Les intellectuels au moyen âge (Paris: Seuil, 1969), 100-104; Palémon Glorieux, La littérature quodlibétique , 2 vols. (Paris: J. Vrin, 1925-36). See also Leff, Paris and Oxford Universities , 171-73. break [BACK]
25. See Oresme, De causis mirabilium , ed. Hansen, especially 30-36. [BACK]
26. Fais et bonnes meurs , vol. 2, 13 and 46; see also Ch. 4 above at n. 19. [BACK]
27. See Henneman, Royal Taxation in Fourteenth-Century France , chs. 3, 6, and 8; Cazelles, Société politique , 354-55, 358-61, 376-99, 421-28, and 447-49. [BACK]