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8— Generosity, Magnanimity, Profligacy, and Avarice (Book IV)

1. Carruthers, The Book of Memory , 63. [BACK]

2. Ethiques , 230. [BACK]

3. For the philosophical context of Liberality and Magnanimity, see the helpful discussion of Gauthier and Jolif, Ethique à Nicomaque , vol. 2, pt. 1, 251-62 and 272-97. See also Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics , trans. and intro. Martin Ostwald (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1962), 306 and 310-11. [BACK]

4. M. 456, fol. 39. [BACK]

5. NE IV.1 1120a; Ethiques , 232. [BACK]

6. Katzenellenbogen cites examples of the virtues acting in genre scenes dating from about 1245-55 on the right portal of the west façade of Reims cathedral ( Virtues and Vices , 75-81, figs. 72-73). [BACK]

7. For further discussion of these points, see Ch. 9 below at nn. 54-55. [BACK]

8. Ross, Aristotle , 202-3. [BACK]

9. Ethiques , Gloss 10, 256. See also Gloss 7, 250; Gloss 17, 252; and Gloss 10, 254. break

10. Ibid., 247-48.

11. Ibid., 251.

12. Ibid. [BACK]

9. Ethiques , Gloss 10, 256. See also Gloss 7, 250; Gloss 17, 252; and Gloss 10, 254. break

10. Ibid., 247-48.

11. Ibid., 251.

12. Ibid. [BACK]

9. Ethiques , Gloss 10, 256. See also Gloss 7, 250; Gloss 17, 252; and Gloss 10, 254. break

10. Ibid., 247-48.

11. Ibid., 251.

12. Ibid. [BACK]

9. Ethiques , Gloss 10, 256. See also Gloss 7, 250; Gloss 17, 252; and Gloss 10, 254. break

10. Ibid., 247-48.

11. Ibid., 251.

12. Ibid. [BACK]

13. Carruthers, The Book of Memory , 93.

14. Ethiques , 256. Chaymes , Oresme's transliteration of a Greek word, appears in the glossary of difficult words (ibid., 542). [BACK]

13. Carruthers, The Book of Memory , 93.

14. Ethiques , 256. Chaymes , Oresme's transliteration of a Greek word, appears in the glossary of difficult words (ibid., 542). [BACK]

15. For a discussion of this formula, see Ch. 1 above at n. 59. See also Hedeman, Royal Image , 128-33. [BACK]

16. Prof. Carl Nordenfalk suggested the connection between the stag's head and the hunt ritual. For a description and illustration of the ritual presentation of the stag, see Francis Klingender, Animals in Art and Thought to the End of the Middle Ages , ed. Evelyn Antal and John Harthan (Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Press, 1971), 468-69 and figs. 248-49. For a thorough account of the actual procedure of the hunt, see Marcelle Thiébaux, "The Mediaeval Chase," Speculum 42 (1967): 260-74. See also idem, The Stag of Love: The Chase in Medieval Literature (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1974), 21-40. [BACK]

17. NE IV.1 1121a; Ethiques , 236. [BACK]

18. Ethiques , 546. [BACK]

19. For the tradition of moral criticism of the hunt, see Thiébaux, "The Mediaeval Chase," 263-65. For an illustration of this negative attitude in the French translation of the Policraticus of John of Salisbury executed for Charles V (Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS fr. 24287, fol. 12), see Sherman, Portraits , 76-77, and fig. 73. [BACK]

20. "Quant est de exposer peccune ou richesces ou de les prendre et aquerir, liberalité est le moien; et la superhabundance, c'est prodigalité que nous povons apeller fole largesce. Et la deffaute est illiberalité et est avarice et convoitise" ( Ethiques , 165).

21. Ibid., Gloss 2, 236. According to Menut, Illiberalité is a neologism (ibid., 80).

22. Ibid., Gloss 2, 239. [BACK]

20. "Quant est de exposer peccune ou richesces ou de les prendre et aquerir, liberalité est le moien; et la superhabundance, c'est prodigalité que nous povons apeller fole largesce. Et la deffaute est illiberalité et est avarice et convoitise" ( Ethiques , 165).

21. Ibid., Gloss 2, 236. According to Menut, Illiberalité is a neologism (ibid., 80).

22. Ibid., Gloss 2, 239. [BACK]

20. "Quant est de exposer peccune ou richesces ou de les prendre et aquerir, liberalité est le moien; et la superhabundance, c'est prodigalité que nous povons apeller fole largesce. Et la deffaute est illiberalité et est avarice et convoitise" ( Ethiques , 165).

21. Ibid., Gloss 2, 236. According to Menut, Illiberalité is a neologism (ibid., 80).

22. Ibid., Gloss 2, 239. [BACK]

23. See Ch. 7 above at nn. 28-29. For the association of Avarice with usury, see Morton W. Bloomfield, The Seven Deadly Sins: An Introduction to the History of a Religious Concept, with Special Reference to Medieval English Literature (East Lansing: Michigan State College Press, 1952), 183, 197, and 231. For a horn as a symbol of other vices such as Pride, see Rosemond Tuve, "Notes on the Virtues and Vices," JWCI 27 (1963): 63. For the tradition that, like the devil, the Jews had horns, see Mellinkoff, Horned Moses , 135-36. [BACK]

24. Ethiques , 240. NE IV.1 1121b refers to "those who lend small sums and at high rates." See also William C. Jordan, "Jews on Top: Women and the Availability of Consumption continue

Loans in Northern France in the Mid-Thirteenth Century," Journal of Jewish Studies 29 (1978): 53. [BACK]

25. NE IV.1 1121b; Ethiques , 238. [BACK]


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