3— Nicole Oresme as Master of the Texts
1. For discussion of these issues, see Copeland, Rhetoric, Hermeneutics, and Translation , 15-21. [BACK]
2. Mary J. Carruthers, The Book of Memory: A Study of Memory in Medieval Culture (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
3. Ibid., Chs. 6 and 7.
4. Ibid., Ch. 2. [BACK]
2. Mary J. Carruthers, The Book of Memory: A Study of Memory in Medieval Culture (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
3. Ibid., Chs. 6 and 7.
4. Ibid., Ch. 2. [BACK]
2. Mary J. Carruthers, The Book of Memory: A Study of Memory in Medieval Culture (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
3. Ibid., Chs. 6 and 7.
4. Ibid., Ch. 2. [BACK]
5. Richard Rouse, "La diffusion en occident au XIIIe siècle des outils de travail facilitant l'accès aux textes autoritatifs," Revue des études islamiques 44 (1976): 139-41. break [BACK]
6. For a recent study of an important center, see Mary A. Rouse and Richard Rouse, "The Book Trade at the University of Paris, ca. 1250-ca. 1350," in La production des livres universitaires au moyen âge: Exemplar et pecia , ed. Louis J. Bataillon, Bertrand G. Guyot, and Richard Rouse (Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1988), 41-114. [BACK]
7. Rouse, "La diffusion," 143-44. [BACK]
8. "The Influence of the Concepts of Ordinatio and Compilatio on the Development of the Book," in Medieval Learning and Literature: Essays Presented to Richard William Hunt , ed. J. J. G. Alexander and M. T. Gibson (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976), 115-27. [BACK]
9. Rouse, "La diffusion," 123.
10. Ibid.
11. The oldest manuscript to include a table of contents begins with a list of incipits of Ethics chapters, followed by an alphabetical table of contents (Pisa, Biblioteca del Seminario, MS 124). Ibid.
12. Ibid., 133. [BACK]
9. Rouse, "La diffusion," 123.
10. Ibid.
11. The oldest manuscript to include a table of contents begins with a list of incipits of Ethics chapters, followed by an alphabetical table of contents (Pisa, Biblioteca del Seminario, MS 124). Ibid.
12. Ibid., 133. [BACK]
9. Rouse, "La diffusion," 123.
10. Ibid.
11. The oldest manuscript to include a table of contents begins with a list of incipits of Ethics chapters, followed by an alphabetical table of contents (Pisa, Biblioteca del Seminario, MS 124). Ibid.
12. Ibid., 133. [BACK]
9. Rouse, "La diffusion," 123.
10. Ibid.
11. The oldest manuscript to include a table of contents begins with a list of incipits of Ethics chapters, followed by an alphabetical table of contents (Pisa, Biblioteca del Seminario, MS 124). Ibid.
12. Ibid., 133. [BACK]
13. Parkes, "Ordinatio," 125 , citing Daniel A. Callus, ed., Robert Grosseteste: Scholar and Bishop (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1955), 64. See also Jean Dunbabin, "Robert Grosseteste as Translator, Transmitter, and Commentator: The Nicomachean Ethics," Traditio 28 (1972): 460-72. [BACK]
14. "Methoden und Hilfsmittel des Aristotelesstudiums im Mittelalter," SBAW (1939): 5-191. Among the insights provided in this article is that King Robert of Anjou had shortened versions of many Aristotelian works made by a Franciscan theologian, Jacobus de Blanchis of Alexandria (78-84). For an illuminating discussion of the assimilation of Aristotle's thought, see Charles H. Lohr, "The Medieval Interpretation of Aristotle," in The Cambridge History of Later Medieval Philosophy: From the Rediscovery of Aristotle to the Disintegration of Scholasticism, 1100-1600 , ed. Norman Kretzmann et al. (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982), 80-98. [BACK]
15. Bernard Guenée, Histoire et culture historique dans l'occident médiéval (Paris: Aubier-Montaigne, 1980), 234.
16. Ibid., 235. Guenée gives an interesting account of the development in historical texts of verbal aids to readers. Their evolution differs from that in theological or philosophical works. See ibid., 231-37. [BACK]
15. Bernard Guenée, Histoire et culture historique dans l'occident médiéval (Paris: Aubier-Montaigne, 1980), 234.
16. Ibid., 235. Guenée gives an interesting account of the development in historical texts of verbal aids to readers. Their evolution differs from that in theological or philosophical works. See ibid., 231-37. [BACK]
17. Parkes, " Ordination ," 133. [BACK]
18. Ethiques , vii and 5. For a critique of Menut's edition, see J. P. H. Knops, Etudes sur la traduction française de la morale à Nicomache d'Aristote par Nicole Oresme (The Hague: Excelsior, 1952). break
19. The history of the Grosseteste translation is discussed in Gauthier and Jolif, Ethique à Nicomaque , vol. 1, pt. 1, 120-46. For a diagram of the family of Grosseteste MSS, including the hypothetical archetype ( Rp ) of the Oresme translation, see ibid., 129 and 138. For the edition of Grosseteste's work, see Ethica Nicomachea, Translatio Roberti Grosseteste Lincolniensis , ed. René A. Gauthier, Aristoteles Latinus , vol. 26, 1-3, fasc. 4 (Leiden: Brill, 1973). For further discussion of critical editions of Grosseteste's translation, see James McEvoy, The Philosophy of Robert Grosseteste (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982), 471-77. See also Georg Wieland, "The Reception and Interpretation of Aristotle's Ethics ," in The Cambridge History of Later Medieval Philosophy , 657-72. [BACK]
18. Ethiques , vii and 5. For a critique of Menut's edition, see J. P. H. Knops, Etudes sur la traduction française de la morale à Nicomache d'Aristote par Nicole Oresme (The Hague: Excelsior, 1952). break
19. The history of the Grosseteste translation is discussed in Gauthier and Jolif, Ethique à Nicomaque , vol. 1, pt. 1, 120-46. For a diagram of the family of Grosseteste MSS, including the hypothetical archetype ( Rp ) of the Oresme translation, see ibid., 129 and 138. For the edition of Grosseteste's work, see Ethica Nicomachea, Translatio Roberti Grosseteste Lincolniensis , ed. René A. Gauthier, Aristoteles Latinus , vol. 26, 1-3, fasc. 4 (Leiden: Brill, 1973). For further discussion of critical editions of Grosseteste's translation, see James McEvoy, The Philosophy of Robert Grosseteste (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982), 471-77. See also Georg Wieland, "The Reception and Interpretation of Aristotle's Ethics ," in The Cambridge History of Later Medieval Philosophy , 657-72. [BACK]
20. See Appendix I for a description and history of the manuscript. In a letter to the author (27 November 1972) Menut stated that MS 2668 of the Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal had "priority" over A , constituting a " redactio prima in the best sense." An examination of the Arsenal manuscript by Carla Bozzolo of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique led her to conclude that the manuscript was not the author's copy. Its presentation is too elaborate and the appearance of cursive script beginning with folio 60 brings the date of the manuscript to the 1380s. Furthermore, the presence of several hands, particularly in the notes, indicates that the manuscript was not written at one time. [BACK]
21. For the history of the Moerbeke translation, see Politiques , 24-26.
22. Ibid., 32; Avranches, Bibl. Municipale, MS 223. Léopold Delisle, "Observations sur plusieurs manuscrits de la Politique et de l' Economique de Nicole Oresme," BiblEC 30 (1869): 601-20. [BACK]
21. For the history of the Moerbeke translation, see Politiques , 24-26.
22. Ibid., 32; Avranches, Bibl. Municipale, MS 223. Léopold Delisle, "Observations sur plusieurs manuscrits de la Politique et de l' Economique de Nicole Oresme," BiblEC 30 (1869): 601-20. [BACK]
23. Yconomique , 785-88. For further details on the textual tradition of the Economics , see Ch. 24. [BACK]
24. Morse, Truth and Convention , 216. [BACK]
25. Copeland, Rhetoric, Hermeneutics, and Translation , 7. [BACK]
26. Jeanette Beer, "Introduction: Medieval Translators," in Medieval Translators and Their Craft , ed. Jeanette Beer, Studies in Medieval Culture, 25 (Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University, 1989), 1. [BACK]
30. Politiques , 28, n. 5a; Babbitt, Oresme's Livre de Politiques , 10, n. 79. For a list of neologisms introduced by Oresme in the Ethiques , see Ethiques , 79-82. For a recent study, see F.-J. Meissner, "Maistre Nicole Oresme et la lexicographie française," Cahiers de lexicologie 40 (1982): 51-66. [BACK]
31. See Morse, Truth and Convention , 217. break [BACK]
32. For examples of Oresme's interpolations in the text, explanatory translations, double translations, omissions and changes, and calques , see Knops, Etudes , 56-69, 70-76, and 82-86. For examples of etymological definitions, see Politiques , 28. [BACK]
33. Beer, "Medieval Translators," 1; Morse, Truth and Convention , 218-19. [BACK]
34. Brussels, Bibl. Royale Albert Ier, MS 9543. I am grateful to Michael Camille for calling this manuscript to my attention. For references both to the published glossary and the text, as well as to other information on the manuscript, see Marguerite Debae, La librairie de Marguerite d'Autriche, Europalia 87, Österreich (Brussels: Bibliothèque Royale Albert Ier, 1987), no. 30, 103-5. Particularly interesting is the fact that certain Aristotelian terms from the Ethics were used in the section on virtue. [BACK]
35. Later copies of the text show that the numbers in the margin were dropped by scribes, who were perhaps unaware of their significance. Oresme describes the glossary this way:
Item j'ay parlé en ce traictié, en aucuns lieux, prolixement et ay esté long afin que chascun de bon entendement puisse ce que j'ay dit legierement entendre et sans expositeur. Et encor pour ceste cause ay je yci en la fin faicte une table des mos estranges qui sont en ce traictié en laquelle table je signe les chapitre [sic] ou tielx mos sont exposés et les met selon l'ordre de l'A, B, C, affin que, quant l'en treuve un tel mot en aucun chapitre, l'en puisse avoir recours et trouver aisiement le chapitre en quel le mot est devant exposé ou diffini. Car chascun mot est exposé ou diffini ou chappitre la ou il est premierement trouvé. Explicit .
( Traitié de l'espere , ed. McCarthy, 274; ibid., ed. Myers, 83-84).
36. "Pour ceste science plus clerement entendre, je vueil de habondant esposer aucuns moz selon l'ordre de l'a.b.c., lesquelz par aventure sembleroient obscurs a aucuns qui ne sont pas excercitéz en ceste science; ja soit ce que il n'y ait rien obscur, ce me semble, quant a ceuls qui seroient .i. peu acoustumés a lire en cest livre" ( Ethiques , 541). [BACK]
37. Guenée, Histoire et culture historique , 232-34. [BACK]
38. See, for example, the reference to gerre ( Ethiques , 544). [BACK]
39. Aristocracie, commune policie, democracie , and olygarchie ( Politiques , 45). The other two forms, tyrannie and royaume , were presumably well known to contemporary readers. For discussion of these concepts, see Ch. 16. [BACK]
40. Politiques , 360.
41. The first two sentences explain: "Par les intitulations des livrez et des chapitres l'en peut veoir les matieres de tout le livre et en quelz lieus elles sunt traictees. Mes oveques ce sunt pluseurs choses notables, tant ou texte comment es gloses, desqueles aucunes sunt ici apres designees en table, selon a.b.c." (ibid., 358). For an exhaustive discussion of the index of noteworthy subjects, see Serge Lusignan, "Lire, indexer, et gloser: Nicole Oresme et la Politique d'Aristote," in L'écrit dans la société médiévale: Divers aspects de sa pratique du XIe au XVe siècle , ed. Caroline Bourlet and Annie Dufour (Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1991), 167-81. break [BACK]
40. Politiques , 360.
41. The first two sentences explain: "Par les intitulations des livrez et des chapitres l'en peut veoir les matieres de tout le livre et en quelz lieus elles sunt traictees. Mes oveques ce sunt pluseurs choses notables, tant ou texte comment es gloses, desqueles aucunes sunt ici apres designees en table, selon a.b.c." (ibid., 358). For an exhaustive discussion of the index of noteworthy subjects, see Serge Lusignan, "Lire, indexer, et gloser: Nicole Oresme et la Politique d'Aristote," in L'écrit dans la société médiévale: Divers aspects de sa pratique du XIe au XVe siècle , ed. Caroline Bourlet and Annie Dufour (Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1991), 167-81. break [BACK]
42. Oresme's concern for the readers' ability to make their way through the Politiques originally led him to conceive of separate glossaries and indexes for individual books. Several manuscripts preserve these aids for Books III, IV, and V; others for Book VIII (see Politiques , 34-35). Although Oresme does not say why he gave up these separate features in favor of integrated compilations at the end of the volume, it probably became clear that the latter scheme avoids repetition and is more convenient to use. Only B preserves the glossary and index for Book VIII; D lacks this feature as well as the integrated glossary. In B the glossary directly follows the index (fols. 367-72) and precedes the Yconomique , which begins on fol. 373. In D , the Yconomique (fols. 365-87) precedes the index (fols. 388-403) following the last folio of the Politiques . [BACK]
43. Martin Grabmann, "Die mittelalterlichen Kommentare zur Politik des Aristoteles," SBAW 2/10 (1941): 50. For the relevant mnemonic tradition regarding the division of the text into short units, see Carruthers, The Book of Memory , 83-85. [BACK]
44. See above, Ch. 1 at n. 53, and below, Ch. 5 at nn. 5-8. [BACK]
45. See above, Appendix V. I published this text previously as "A Second Instruction to the Reader from Nicole Oresme, Translator of Aristotle's Politics " AB 61/3 (1979): 468-69. [BACK]
46. Raoul de Presles, translator of the City of God , introduces a rubricated summary paragraph entitled "Exposition sur ce chapitre," with the words "Le translateur" also rubricated in the margin. These features are notable in Charles V's presentation copy of the manuscript (Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS fr. 22912-13). The king's copy of Simon de Hesdin's translation of Valerius Maximus's Factorum et dictorum memorabilium libri novem (Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS fr. 9749) contains new exempla labeled "Addicions" set apart from the text by rubrics and painted initials. [BACK]
47. Yconomique , 795.
48. Le livre du ciel et du monde contains the greatest proportion of commentary of the four Aristotelian translations, twice as much interpolation as the Politiques ( Le livre du ciel et du monde , ed. Menut and Denomy, 14). Oresme addresses some of the leading problems of fourteenth-century science and tries to reconcile them with Christian cosmology. For a summary of the commentary, see ibid., 16-31. [BACK]
47. Yconomique , 795.
48. Le livre du ciel et du monde contains the greatest proportion of commentary of the four Aristotelian translations, twice as much interpolation as the Politiques ( Le livre du ciel et du monde , ed. Menut and Denomy, 14). Oresme addresses some of the leading problems of fourteenth-century science and tries to reconcile them with Christian cosmology. For a summary of the commentary, see ibid., 16-31. [BACK]
49. Oresme's Livre de Politiques , 11-13. Babbitt also gives an excellent account of the commentary tradition of the Politics in Ch. 2 of her work, including full bibliographic citations of primary and secondary sources.
50. Babbitt (ibid., 12-13) mentions the following topics (numbers refer to the pages in Menut's edition of the Politiques ): natural slavery, 59-60; voluntary poverty, 83-84; Old Testament kingship, 149-50; elective versus hereditary monarchy, 153-56; rule by law in the church, 159-61; sedition, 203-5; moderate kingship, 242-44; the active versus the contemplative life, 285-86; universal monarchy, 289-94 (the longest commentary); geography and distribution of power, 297-99; the necessity of the presence of a sacerdotal element in the state, 302-4; voluntary poverty, 306-8; jurisdiction and distribution of the goods of the church, 311-14; government of the church seen in Aristotelian terms, 319-20. break [BACK]
49. Oresme's Livre de Politiques , 11-13. Babbitt also gives an excellent account of the commentary tradition of the Politics in Ch. 2 of her work, including full bibliographic citations of primary and secondary sources.
50. Babbitt (ibid., 12-13) mentions the following topics (numbers refer to the pages in Menut's edition of the Politiques ): natural slavery, 59-60; voluntary poverty, 83-84; Old Testament kingship, 149-50; elective versus hereditary monarchy, 153-56; rule by law in the church, 159-61; sedition, 203-5; moderate kingship, 242-44; the active versus the contemplative life, 285-86; universal monarchy, 289-94 (the longest commentary); geography and distribution of power, 297-99; the necessity of the presence of a sacerdotal element in the state, 302-4; voluntary poverty, 306-8; jurisdiction and distribution of the goods of the church, 311-14; government of the church seen in Aristotelian terms, 319-20. break [BACK]
51. Grabmann, "Die mittelalterlichen Kommentare zur Politik des Aristoteles," 49. [BACK]
52. According to Mario Grignaschi, Oresme depends more heavily on the commentary of Albert the Great than on that of Thomas Aquinas, since Albert tended to relate the text to contemporary conditions. See his "Nicole Oresme et son commentaire à la Politique d'Aristote," in Album Helen Maude Cam, Studies Presented to the International Commission for the History of Representative and Parliamentary Institutions , 23 (Louvain: Publications Universitaires de Louvain, 1960), 103. For further studies of the commentaries on the Politics , see Ferdinand E. Cranz, "Aristotelianism in Medieval Political Theory: A Study of the Reception of the Politics " (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1938). For a listing of Charles H. Lohr's articles on this subject, see Babbitt, Oresme's Livre de Politiques , 152. See also Jean Dunbabin, "The Reception and Interpretation of Aristotle's Politics ," in The Cambridge History of Later Medieval Philosophy , 723-37. [BACK]
53. Yconomique , 794. [BACK]
54. Politiques , 45, n. 3; MS D , fol. 1. [BACK]
55. For an exhaustive study of the illustrated cycles of the Grandes chroniques de France , see Hedeman, Royal Image . [BACK]
56. Truth and Convention , 215. [BACK]
57. For colophons using the word parfere (bring to completion), see Delisle, Recherches , vol. 1, 155, 229, and 259. More common are colophons stating that the king had commissioned the manuscript and had it written. [BACK]
58. Fais et bonnes meurs , vol. 2, 42. For the translated passage, see Patrick M. de Winter, "The Grandes Heures of Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy: The Copyist Jean l'Avenant and His Patrons at the French Court," Speculum 57/4 (1982): 811-12, n. 72. [BACK]
59. De Winter, " Grandes Heures ," 806, n. 65, and 812-13, n. 78. [BACK]
60. Sherman, "The Queen," 261-64; Hedeman, "Valois Legitimacy," 99; idem, Royal Image , 95-133; and Le songe du vergier , ed. Schnerb-Lièvre, vol. 1, lxix-lxx. [BACK]
61. Sherman, "The Queen," 261-62; for the Livy text, see Paris, Bibl. Ste.-Geneviève, MS 777, fol. 434v, and Ch. 1 above, at nn. 16, 18-19, 21-23, and 64-65. [BACK]
62. "Une Bible historiale de Charles V," Jahrbuch der Hamburger Kunstsammlungen 14-15 (1970): 73. [BACK]
63. See Ch. 4 at nn. 25-28. [BACK]
64. For a selected bibliography on these topics, see De causis mirabilium , ed. Hansen, 7, n. 10.
65. See " Memoria ," in Index verborum et nominum, in ibid., 415; and "Nicholas Oresme's Questiones super libros Aristotelis De anima ," ed. Peter Marshall (Ph.D. diss., Cornell University, 1980). vol. 1, Chs. 2 and 3. break [BACK]
64. For a selected bibliography on these topics, see De causis mirabilium , ed. Hansen, 7, n. 10.
65. See " Memoria ," in Index verborum et nominum, in ibid., 415; and "Nicholas Oresme's Questiones super libros Aristotelis De anima ," ed. Peter Marshall (Ph.D. diss., Cornell University, 1980). vol. 1, Chs. 2 and 3. break [BACK]
66. "Late Scholastic Memoria et Reminiscentia : Its Uses and Abuses," in Intellectuals and Writers in Fourteenth-Century Europe , ed. Piero Boitani and Anna Torti, The J. A. W. Bennett Memorial Lectures, Perugia, 1984 (Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1986), 23. Coleman cites the translation and commentary of Richard Sorabji, Aristotle on Memory (Providence, R.I.: Brown University Press, 1972), 449a 9f. [BACK]
67. The Art of Memory (London: Penguin Books, 1969), 93-113; Carruthers, The Book of Memory , 64-71. See also Lina Bolzoni, "The Play of Images: The Art of Memory from Its Origins to the Seicento," in The Mill of Thought: From the Art of Memory to the Neurosciences , ed. Pietro Corsi (Milan: Electa, 1989), 19-21; John B. Friedman, "Les images mnémotechniques dans les manuscrits de l'époque gothique," in Jeux de mémoire: Aspects de la mnémotechnie médiévale , ed. Bruno Roy and Paul Zumthor (Paris: Vrin, 1985), 169-84. [BACK]
68. For a modern edition of this work, see Ch. 2, n. 14. [BACK]
69. Ethiques , 284-85. [BACK]
70. For a description of the production of deluxe manuscripts, see de Winter, " Grandes Heures ," 787-88.
71. Idem, "Copistes, éditeurs et enlumineurs de la fin du XIVe siècle," 176-80. For an excellent discussion of the role of the illuminator within medieval manuscript production, see Sandra L. Hindman, Christine de Pizan's Epistre Othéa: Paintings and Politics at the Court of Charles VI , Studies and Texts, 77 (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1988), 63-68. See also idem, "The Roles of Author and Artists in the Procedure of Illustrating Late Medieval Texts," Text and Image, Acta 10 (1983): 27-62. For a recent work on the collaborative nature of book illumination, see Jonathan J. G. Alexander, Medieval Illuminators and Their Methods of Work (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1992). See ibid., Ch. 3, for a discussion of instructions to illuminators. [BACK]
70. For a description of the production of deluxe manuscripts, see de Winter, " Grandes Heures ," 787-88.
71. Idem, "Copistes, éditeurs et enlumineurs de la fin du XIVe siècle," 176-80. For an excellent discussion of the role of the illuminator within medieval manuscript production, see Sandra L. Hindman, Christine de Pizan's Epistre Othéa: Paintings and Politics at the Court of Charles VI , Studies and Texts, 77 (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1988), 63-68. See also idem, "The Roles of Author and Artists in the Procedure of Illustrating Late Medieval Texts," Text and Image, Acta 10 (1983): 27-62. For a recent work on the collaborative nature of book illumination, see Jonathan J. G. Alexander, Medieval Illuminators and Their Methods of Work (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1992). See ibid., Ch. 3, for a discussion of instructions to illuminators. [BACK]
72. For the colophon of C , see above, Appendix II. [BACK]
73. Delisle, Recherches , vol. 1, 71-79.
74. For the verses in Charles V's Bible historiale (The Hague, Rijksmuseum Meermanno-Westreenianum, MS B 23), see ibid., vol. 1, 74-76. [BACK]
73. Delisle, Recherches , vol. 1, 71-79.
74. For the verses in Charles V's Bible historiale (The Hague, Rijksmuseum Meermanno-Westreenianum, MS B 23), see ibid., vol. 1, 74-76. [BACK]
75. De Winter, " Grandes Heures ," 811. [BACK]
76. Les histoires que l'on peut raisonnablement faire sur les livres de Salluste , ed. and intro. Jean Porcher (Paris: Librairie Giraud-Badin, 1962). On facing pages this edition pairs the specific instruction with the resulting miniature in Geneva, Bibl. Publique et Universitaire, MS lat. 54. For an excellent analysis of the program and its relationship to Lebègue's glosses, see Donal Byrne, "An Early French Humanist and Sallust: Jean Lebègue and the lconographical Programme for the Catiline and Jugurtha ," JWCI 49 (1986): 41-65. [BACK]
77. Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS fr. 14939. The text is published in Delisle, Recherches , vol. 1, 243-46. The manuscript is related to the Somme le roi , a moral treatise composed in 1279 by the continue
Dominican Frère Laurent for King Philip III. For further references to this text, see Ch. 12 at nn. 7-10. [BACK]
78. Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS lat. 10843, fols. 2-4. This text was first published by Marcel de Fréville, "Commentaire sur le symbolisme religieux de miniatures d'un manuscrit du XIVe siècle par le miniaturiste lui-même," Nouvelles archives de l'art français (1874-75): 146-51. For a recent analysis, as well as the text and translation, see Lucy Freeman Sandler, "Jean Pucelle and the Lost Miniatures of the Belleville Breviary," AB 66/1 (1984): 73-96. For further references to the literature about instructions to readers and illuminators, see Avril, "Une Bible historiale ," 74, nn. 62-67. [BACK]
79. Avril, "Une Bible historiale ," 75. [BACK]
80. Smith, "Illustrations of Raoul de Praelle's Translation of St. Augustine's City of God ," 63. [BACK]
81. For examples, see Chs. 9, 11, and 13. [BACK]
82. Hedeman, "Valois Legitimacy," 109-11. [BACK]