1. This summary is a paraphrase of Menut's discussion in the introduction to his edition of Oresme's Yconomique , 786-88. Menut mentions that in the sixteenth century the humanist scholar Lefèvre d'Etaples questioned the attribution of the Economics as a genuine work of Aristotle and found the second book to be "entirely spurious," as it includes references to events and persons that postdate the Philosopher's death. [BACK]

2. The Greek text of the third book is now lost. An anonymous Latin translation of 1310 from a Greek original included all three books. [BACK]

3. Yconomique , 785.

4. Ibid., 786. For a discussion of illustrated manuscripts of the French translation of Crescenzi's text, see Calkins, Programs of Medieval Illumination , 141-48. For further discussion of continue

illuminated manuscripts of this text, see idem, "Piero de' Crescenzi and the Medieval Garden," in Medieval Gardens (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1986), 157-69. [BACK]

3. Yconomique , 785.

4. Ibid., 786. For a discussion of illustrated manuscripts of the French translation of Crescenzi's text, see Calkins, Programs of Medieval Illumination , 141-48. For further discussion of continue

illuminated manuscripts of this text, see idem, "Piero de' Crescenzi and the Medieval Garden," in Medieval Gardens (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1986), 157-69. [BACK]

5. For a modern English translation, see The Treasure of the City of Ladies or The Book of the Three Virtues , trans. and intro. Sarah Lawson (London: Penguin Books, 1985). For a discussion of this text, see Willard, Christine de Pizan, Her Life and Works , 145-53. [BACK]

6. For the Vérard edition, see Politiques , 39. For a discussion of Laurent de Premierfait's version of Oresme's translation of the Economics , see Albert D. Menut, "The French Version of Aristotle's Economics in Rouen, Bibl. Municipale, MS 927," Romance Philology 4 (1950): 55-62. [BACK]

7. Yconomique , 786. For a discussion of the widespread dissemination of Leonardo Bruni's Latin translation of the Economics , see Josef Soudek, "A Fifteenth-Century Humanistic Bestseller: The Manuscript Diffusion of Leonardo Bruni's Annotated Latin Version of the (Pseudo-) Aristotelian Economics ," in Philosophy and Humanism: Renaissance Essays in Honor of Paul Oskar Kristeller , ed. Edward P. Mahoney (New York: Columbia University Press, 1976), 129-43. [BACK]

8. Yconomique , 808. [BACK]

9. See Ch. 15 at nn. 10-11. [BACK]

10. Yconomique , 796.

11. For Menut's discussion of the glosses, see ibid., 794-99.

12. Ibid., 847. All English translations of the Yconomique are furnished by Menut in the facing page of his edition of Oresme's work. [BACK]

10. Yconomique , 796.

11. For Menut's discussion of the glosses, see ibid., 794-99.

12. Ibid., 847. All English translations of the Yconomique are furnished by Menut in the facing page of his edition of Oresme's work. [BACK]

10. Yconomique , 796.

11. For Menut's discussion of the glosses, see ibid., 794-99.

12. Ibid., 847. All English translations of the Yconomique are furnished by Menut in the facing page of his edition of Oresme's work. [BACK]

13. See Lilian M. C. Randall, Images in the Margins of Gothic Manuscripts (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1966), 19; and in the Index of Subjects, Woman Carding Wool, 230, and Woman Spinning, 231. [BACK]

14. For examples of the headmaster's work in this manuscript, see Sherman, Portraits , pls. 16-19. [BACK]

15. Yconomique , 807. [BACK]

16. Politiques , 372. [BACK]

17. Yconomique , 809.

18. Ibid.

19. Ibid., 809-10.

20. Ibid., 810. break

21. Ibid.

22. Ibid.

23. Ibid., 811.

24. Ibid., 815.

25. Ibid.

26. Ibid., 813.

27. Ibid., 812.

28. "Ou tiers chapitre il determine de communication de mariage" (ibid., 811).

29. Ibid. [BACK]

17. Yconomique , 809.

18. Ibid.

19. Ibid., 809-10.

20. Ibid., 810. break

21. Ibid.

22. Ibid.

23. Ibid., 811.

24. Ibid., 815.

25. Ibid.

26. Ibid., 813.

27. Ibid., 812.

28. "Ou tiers chapitre il determine de communication de mariage" (ibid., 811).

29. Ibid. [BACK]

17. Yconomique , 809.

18. Ibid.

19. Ibid., 809-10.

20. Ibid., 810. break

21. Ibid.

22. Ibid.

23. Ibid., 811.

24. Ibid., 815.

25. Ibid.

26. Ibid., 813.

27. Ibid., 812.

28. "Ou tiers chapitre il determine de communication de mariage" (ibid., 811).

29. Ibid. [BACK]

17. Yconomique , 809.

18. Ibid.

19. Ibid., 809-10.

20. Ibid., 810. break

21. Ibid.

22. Ibid.

23. Ibid., 811.

24. Ibid., 815.

25. Ibid.

26. Ibid., 813.

27. Ibid., 812.

28. "Ou tiers chapitre il determine de communication de mariage" (ibid., 811).

29. Ibid. [BACK]

17. Yconomique , 809.

18. Ibid.

19. Ibid., 809-10.

20. Ibid., 810. break

21. Ibid.

22. Ibid.

23. Ibid., 811.

24. Ibid., 815.

25. Ibid.

26. Ibid., 813.

27. Ibid., 812.

28. "Ou tiers chapitre il determine de communication de mariage" (ibid., 811).

29. Ibid. [BACK]

17. Yconomique , 809.

18. Ibid.

19. Ibid., 809-10.

20. Ibid., 810. break

21. Ibid.

22. Ibid.

23. Ibid., 811.

24. Ibid., 815.

25. Ibid.

26. Ibid., 813.

27. Ibid., 812.

28. "Ou tiers chapitre il determine de communication de mariage" (ibid., 811).

29. Ibid. [BACK]

17. Yconomique , 809.

18. Ibid.

19. Ibid., 809-10.

20. Ibid., 810. break

21. Ibid.

22. Ibid.

23. Ibid., 811.

24. Ibid., 815.

25. Ibid.

26. Ibid., 813.

27. Ibid., 812.

28. "Ou tiers chapitre il determine de communication de mariage" (ibid., 811).

29. Ibid. [BACK]

17. Yconomique , 809.

18. Ibid.

19. Ibid., 809-10.

20. Ibid., 810. break

21. Ibid.

22. Ibid.

23. Ibid., 811.

24. Ibid., 815.

25. Ibid.

26. Ibid., 813.

27. Ibid., 812.

28. "Ou tiers chapitre il determine de communication de mariage" (ibid., 811).

29. Ibid. [BACK]

17. Yconomique , 809.

18. Ibid.

19. Ibid., 809-10.

20. Ibid., 810. break

21. Ibid.

22. Ibid.

23. Ibid., 811.

24. Ibid., 815.

25. Ibid.

26. Ibid., 813.

27. Ibid., 812.

28. "Ou tiers chapitre il determine de communication de mariage" (ibid., 811).

29. Ibid. [BACK]

17. Yconomique , 809.

18. Ibid.

19. Ibid., 809-10.

20. Ibid., 810. break

21. Ibid.

22. Ibid.

23. Ibid., 811.

24. Ibid., 815.

25. Ibid.

26. Ibid., 813.

27. Ibid., 812.

28. "Ou tiers chapitre il determine de communication de mariage" (ibid., 811).

29. Ibid. [BACK]

17. Yconomique , 809.

18. Ibid.

19. Ibid., 809-10.

20. Ibid., 810. break

21. Ibid.

22. Ibid.

23. Ibid., 811.

24. Ibid., 815.

25. Ibid.

26. Ibid., 813.

27. Ibid., 812.

28. "Ou tiers chapitre il determine de communication de mariage" (ibid., 811).

29. Ibid. [BACK]

17. Yconomique , 809.

18. Ibid.

19. Ibid., 809-10.

20. Ibid., 810. break

21. Ibid.

22. Ibid.

23. Ibid., 811.

24. Ibid., 815.

25. Ibid.

26. Ibid., 813.

27. Ibid., 812.

28. "Ou tiers chapitre il determine de communication de mariage" (ibid., 811).

29. Ibid. [BACK]

30. Fabian Parmisano, O.P., "Love and Marriage in the Middle Ages—I," New Blackfriars 50 (1969): 600. I am grateful to J. B. Ross for bringing this article to my attention. The author is quoting Yconomique , 812. [BACK]

31. Yconomique , 812.

32. Ibid. But Oresme makes a distinction between sexual activity as love and as fulfillment of lust. The latter is a bestial sin.

33. Ibid., 813. This passage is summarized by Fabiano, "Love and Marriage," 601. [BACK]

31. Yconomique , 812.

32. Ibid. But Oresme makes a distinction between sexual activity as love and as fulfillment of lust. The latter is a bestial sin.

33. Ibid., 813. This passage is summarized by Fabiano, "Love and Marriage," 601. [BACK]

31. Yconomique , 812.

32. Ibid. But Oresme makes a distinction between sexual activity as love and as fulfillment of lust. The latter is a bestial sin.

33. Ibid., 813. This passage is summarized by Fabiano, "Love and Marriage," 601. [BACK]

34. Yconomique , 813.

35. Ibid., 816. [BACK]

34. Yconomique , 813.

35. Ibid., 816. [BACK]

36. See Sherman, "The Queen," 287-91. [BACK]

37. See H. Diane Russell with Bernadine Barnes, Eve/Ave: Women in Renaissance and Baroque Prints , exh. cat. (Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art, 1991), cat. nos. 115 and 184. [BACK]

38. In the text of Book II, however, her authority is confined and limited. See Yconomique , 826-27. [BACK]