Notes
1— Royal Patronage of Vernacular Translations
1. For two illuminating studies dealing with the theoretical and cultural context of medieval vernacular translations, see Rita Copeland, Rhetoric, Hermeneutics, and Translation in the Middle Ages: Academic Traditions and Vernacular Texts (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991); and Ruth Morse, Truth and Convention in the Middle Ages: Rhetoric, Representation, and Reality (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991). [BACK]
2. Gabrielle M. Spiegel, The Chronicle Tradition of Saint-Denis: A Survey (Brookline, Mass.: Classical Folia Editions, 1978), 72-75. [BACK]
3. Marie-Thérèse d'Alverny, "Translations and Translators," in Renaissance and Renewal in the Twelfth Century , ed. Robert L. Benson and Giles Constable (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1982), 421-61; Gordon Leff, Paris and Oxford Universities in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1968); Ethiques , 3. [BACK]
4. For an excellent account of this process, see Serge Lusignan, Parler vulgairement: Les intellectuels et la langue française au XIIIe et XIVe siècles , 2d ed. (Paris: J. Vrin, 1987). See also Morse, Truth and Convention , 215. [BACK]
5. Politiques , 27; Morse, Truth and Convention , 215-16. [BACK]
6. Pearl Kibre, "Intellectual Interests Reflected in the Libraries of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries," Journal of the History of Ideas 7/3 (1946): 257, n. 2; Paul Saenger, "Silent Reading: Its Impact on Late Medieval Script and Society," Viator 13 (1982): 403-6; Malcolm B. Parkes, "The Literacy of the Laity," in The Medieval World , ed. David Daiches and Anthony Thorlby (London: Aldus Books, 1973), 555-57. [BACK]
7. Spiegel, Chronicle Tradition , 74-76. For further discussion, see idem, Romancing the Past: The Rise of Historiography in Thirteenth-Century France (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1993).
8. Ibid., 76; see also Anne D. Hedeman, The Royal Image: The Illustrations of the "Grandes Chroniques de France," 1274-1422 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1991), intro. and Ch. 1. [BACK]
7. Spiegel, Chronicle Tradition , 74-76. For further discussion, see idem, Romancing the Past: The Rise of Historiography in Thirteenth-Century France (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1993).
8. Ibid., 76; see also Anne D. Hedeman, The Royal Image: The Illustrations of the "Grandes Chroniques de France," 1274-1422 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1991), intro. and Ch. 1. [BACK]
9. Saenger, "Silent Reading," 406. See below, Ch. 3. break [BACK]
10. Lusignan, Parler vulgairement , 138-39. [BACK]
11. Wilhelm Berges, Die Fürstenspiegel des hohen und späten Mittelalters: Schriften des Reichsinstituts für ältere deutsche Geschichtskunde , Monumenta germaniae historica, 2 (Leipzig: Verlag Karl W. Hiersemann, 1938), 320-22; Dora M. Bell, L'idéal éthique de la royauté en France au moyen âge (Geneva: Droz, 1962), 52. For Jean de Meun's translation of the Consolatio and its revealing dedication to Philip IV, see Copeland, Rhetoric, Hermeneutics, and Translation , 133-36, and Morse, Truth and Convention , 218-19. [BACK]
12. François Avril, "Manuscrits," in Les fastes du gothique: Le siècle de Charles V , exh. cat. (Paris: Editions de la Réunion des Musées Nationaux, 1981), 279. For a discussion of specific patrons and texts, see Léopold Delisle, "Le livre royal de Jean de Chavenges: Notice sur un manuscrit du Musée Condé," BiblEC 62 (1901): 328-31. [BACK]
13. Léopold Delisle, Le cabinet des manuscrits de la Bibliothèque Impériale (Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1868), vol. 1, 17; Avril, "Manuscrits," 279. [BACK]
14. For this sumptuously illustrated volume, see Avril, "Manuscrits," 325-26. [BACK]
15. Delisle, Recherches , vol. 1, 331. [BACK]
16. Jacques Monfrin, "Humanisme et traductions au moyen âge," Journal des savants (1963): 171-72; idem, "La traduction française de Tite-Live," Histoire littéraire de la France 39 (1962): 363-71; and Giuseppe Billanovich, "Petrarch and the Textual Tradition of Livy," JWCI 14 (1951): 137-208. For a discussion of the manuscript closest to Bersuire's original, as well as to the translator's manuscript, see Marie-Hélène Tesnière, "Le livre IX des Décades de Tite-Live traduites par Pierre Bersuire, suivi du commentaire de Nicolas Trevet, édition critique," Position des thèses (Paris: Ecole Nationale des Chartes, 1977), 144-45. [BACK]
17. For an account of this meeting, see Delachenal, Histoire de Charles V , vol. 2, 270-72. For Charles V's commission of a French translation of Petrarch's Latin work, De remediis utriusque fortunae , see below at n. 66. [BACK]
18. Monfrin, "La traduction française de Tite-Live," 363.
19. Ibid., 359. For the whole prologue, see ibid., 359-61. [BACK]
18. Monfrin, "La traduction française de Tite-Live," 363.
19. Ibid., 359. For the whole prologue, see ibid., 359-61. [BACK]
20. See below at nn. 49-53. [BACK]
21. Many of the Incidens derive from Nicholas Trevet's commentaries on Livy's first and third Decades. See Monfrin, "La traduction française de Tite-Live," 371 and 379. For a breakdown of the Incidens , see Keith V. Sinclair, The Melbourne Livy: A Study of Bersuire's Translation Based on the Manuscript in the Collection of the National Gallery of Victoria (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1961), 25-28. [BACK]
22. For sample entries and the entire word list, see Monfrin, "La traduction française de Tite-Live," 383-86. break
23. Sinclair, Melbourne Livy , 31; for further details about Bersuire's methods of translation, see ibid., 32-36. [BACK]
22. For sample entries and the entire word list, see Monfrin, "La traduction française de Tite-Live," 383-86. break
23. Sinclair, Melbourne Livy , 31; for further details about Bersuire's methods of translation, see ibid., 32-36. [BACK]
24. Saenger, "Silent Reading," 406. [BACK]
25. For examples, see Georges Tessier, Diplomatique royale française (Paris: Ricard, 1962), 305. This source is cited by Saenger, "Silent Reading," 406. [BACK]
26. See Michael T. Clanchy, From Memory to Written Record: England, 1066-1377 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1979), 201. This work is cited by Franz H. Bäuml, "Varieties and Consequences of Medieval Literacy and Illiteracy," Speculum 55/2 (1980): 244, n. 19. See also Michael T. Clanchy, "Looking Back from the Invention of Printing," in Literacy in Historical Perspective , ed. Daniel P. Resnick (Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, 1983), 16-19. [BACK]
27. For discussion of this evidence, see Sherman, "Some Visual Definitions," 321; Lusignan, Parler vulgairement , 149-50.
28. For examples, see Bersuire's explanation in Monfrin, "La traduction française de Tite-Live," 360. Among the translators working for Charles V, see Denis Foulechat's complaints in the prologue to his French version of the Policraticus of John of Salisbury (Delisle, Recherches , vol. 1, 89); for similar sentiments voiced by Simon de Hesdin, translator of Valerius Maximus, see ibid., vol. 1, 115. [BACK]
27. For discussion of this evidence, see Sherman, "Some Visual Definitions," 321; Lusignan, Parler vulgairement , 149-50.
28. For examples, see Bersuire's explanation in Monfrin, "La traduction française de Tite-Live," 360. Among the translators working for Charles V, see Denis Foulechat's complaints in the prologue to his French version of the Policraticus of John of Salisbury (Delisle, Recherches , vol. 1, 89); for similar sentiments voiced by Simon de Hesdin, translator of Valerius Maximus, see ibid., vol. 1, 115. [BACK]
29. Babbitt, Oresme's Livre de Politiques , 39, nn. 27 and 29. Babbitt cites Peter S. Lewis, Later Medieval France: The Polity (London: Macmillan, 1968), 65-66; and Bernard Guenée, "Etat et nation en France au moyen âge," Revue historique 481 (1967): 17-30. [BACK]
30. "Car françois est un biau langage et bon, et sont pluseurs gens de langue françoise qui sont de grant entendement et de excellent engin et qui n'entendent pas souffisanment latin." See Roland Delachenal, "Note sur un manuscrit de la bibliothèque de Charles V," BiblEC 71 (1910): 37-38. This part of the Quadripartit prologue is repeated almost exactly in Oresme's preface to the last translation that he executed for Charles V, Aristotle's On the Heavens . See Le livre du ciel et du monde , ed. Albert D. Menut and Alexander J. Denomy (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1968), 731. For my adherence to Delachenal's attribution of the Quadripartit to Nicole, rather than to Guillaume, Oresme, see below, Ch. 2, n. 34. [BACK]
31. Le songe du vergier , ed. Marion Schnerb-Lièvre (Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1982), vol. 1, 6-7. See also Donal Byrne, "Rex imago Dei : Charles V of France and the Livre des propriétés des choses," Journal of Medieval History 7 (1981): 100-101. [BACK]
32. Ethiques , 99-100; for the Quadripartit and Du ciel et du monde prologues, see above, n. 30. [BACK]
33. Politiques , 27. For a similar expression of these sentiments, see Ethiques , 101. [BACK]
34. Jacques Monfrin, "Les traducteurs et leur publique en France au moyen âge," Journal des savants (1964): 5-20. break [BACK]
35. See Patrick M. de Winter, "Copistes, éditeurs, et enlumineurs de la fin du XIVe siècle: La production à Paris de manuscrits à miniatures," Actes du 100e Congrès National des Sociétés Savantes (Paris: Bibliothèque Nationale, 1978), 173-74. For a summary of the recent literature, see Hedeman, Royal Image , 305, n. 1. [BACK]
36. For a recent discussion of these points, see Lusignan, Parler vulgairement , 134-35. [BACK]
37. Charles V's own intervention in the compilation and illustration of this text seems certain. Among the major themes is the incorporation of the king's speech during the visit of his uncle the Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV justifying the resumption of the war against the English. See Anne D. Hedeman, "Valois Legitimacy: Editorial Changes in Charles V's Grandes chroniques de France," AB , 66/1 (1984): 101-3. [BACK]
38. Delachenal, "Note sur un manuscrit," 38. [BACK]
39. Fais et bonnes meurs , vol. 2, 43. [BACK]
40. Cited by Delisle, Recherches , vol. 1, 83-84. A modern edition of this work was published by Robert Püschel (Berlin: Damköhler and Paris: Le Soudier, 1881; Geneva: Slatkine Reprints, 1974). [BACK]
41. Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS fr. 22912-13, fol. 4v. For a printed edition of the prologue, see Alexandre de Laborde, Les manuscrits à peintures de la Cité de Dieu de Saint Augustin (Paris: Edouard Rahir, Libraire pour la Société des Bibliophiles François, 1909), vol. 1, 63-67. See also Morse, Truth and Convention , 226. [BACK]
42. Delisle, Recherches , vol. 1, 84.
43. Ibid., vol. 1, 89-90. [BACK]
42. Delisle, Recherches , vol. 1, 84.
43. Ibid., vol. 1, 89-90. [BACK]
44. For a discussion of this and other astrological manuscripts, see below, Ch. 2. [BACK]
45. Paris, Bibl. de l'Arsenal, MS 2247. The vernacular versions of these writings were ordered by an unknown woman, who gave the volume to Charles V. A tiny miniature at the beginning of the book depicts a king (probably a conventional portrait of Charles) accepting the manuscript. [BACK]
46. See below, Ch. 3 at nn. 76-79. [BACK]
47. For the complex textual history of the Economics , see Menut's summary in the introduction to Oresme, Yconomique , 786-88. For full discussions of the dating of Oresme's translations of the Ethics and the Politics , see above, Appendixes I-IV. [BACK]
48. In his critical edition of this text, Richard A. Jackson leaves open the question whether Golein's work is a translation ("The Traité du sacre of Jean Golein," Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 113/4 (1969): 307, n. 15). In his recent work, Vive le roi!: A History of the French Coronation Ceremony from Charles V to Charles X (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984), Jackson includes the Traité among the group of medie- soft
val coronation texts collected in Appendix B (222-23). Jackson notes that the "structural framework of the piece" is based on manuscripts containing texts of two coronation orders. The Traité also includes much original material, as is often the case with medieval translations. [BACK]
49. Fais et bonnes meurs , vol. 2, 47-49. [BACK]
50. For the background of the translatio studii theme, see Lusignan, Parler vulgairement , 158-62. For a convenient summary of these ideas, see A. G. Jongkees, "Translatio studii : Les avatars d'un thème médiéval," in Miscellanea mediaevalia in memoriam Jan Frederik Niermeyer (Groningen: J. B. Wolters, 1967), 41-51. Jongkees cites the classic study of Werner Goez, Translatio imperii: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Geschichtsdenkens und der politischen Theorien im Mittelalter und in der frühen Neuzeit (Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr, 1958), esp. 278-81. See also David Gassman, "Translatio studii : A Study of Intellectual History in the Thirteenth Century" (Ph.D. diss., Cornell University, 1973). [BACK]
51. Sandra L. Hindman and Gabrielle M. Spiegel, "The Fleur-de-lis Frontispieces to Guillaume de Nangis's Chronique abrégée : Political Iconography in Late Fifteenth-Century France," Viator 12 (1981): 387-89. See also William M. Hinkle, The Fleurs-de-lis of the Kings of France, 1285-1499 (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1991). [BACK]
52. For Lusignan's important discussion, see Parler vulgairement , 154-58. See also idem, "La topique de la Translatio studii et les traductions françaises de textes savants au XIVe siècle," in Traduction et traducteurs au moyen âge , Colloque international du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 26-28 May 1986 (Paris: Editions du Centre, 1989), 303-15. [BACK]
53. Ethiques , 101; Lusignan, Parler vulgairement , 157. [BACK]
54. A passage of Raoul de Presles's prologue to his translation of the City of God states that Charles V followed the example of Charlemagne, who, among all the books that he studied, read with special devotion the works of St. Augustine, particularly the volume in question (de Laborde, Les manuscrits à peintures de la Cité de Dieu , vol. 1, 66). Denis Foulechat's preface to his French version of the Policraticus refers to Charlemagne as sovereign emperor and most Christian king of France, as well as a student of the liberal arts devoted to Scripture and the City of God (Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS fr. 24287, fol. 4). [BACK]
55. Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS fr. 437, fol. 2v; cited by Delisle, Recherches , vol. 1, 99, n. 1. [BACK]
56. Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS fr. 437, fol. 43, cited by Franco Simone, "Il Petrarca e la cultura francese del suo tempo," Studi francesi 42 (1970): 403. Golein boldly uses the myth that the realm of France had returned to the heirs of Charlemagne through the maternal and paternal lines of Louis VIII, a twelfth-century Capetian ruler. See Gabrielle M. Spiegel, "The Reditus regni ad stirpem Karoli Magni : A New Look," French Historical Studies 7/2 (1971): 145-74. For further discussion of Charles V's cultivation of Carolingian roots, see Hedeman, Royal Image , 98-99 and 103-4. [BACK]
57. For further details, see Hindman and Spiegel, "The Fleur-de-lis Frontispieces," 397. break [BACK]
58. Sherman, Portraits , pl. 22; Danielle Gaborit-Chopin, Fastes du gothique , no. 202, 249. The scepter also appears in a miniature from Charles V's copy of the Grandes chroniques de France (Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS fr. 2813, fol. 439). See Sherman, Portraits , pl. 21. [BACK]
59. Cazelles, Société politique , 529. Charles V also exempted the merchants of Charlemagne's capital from customs duties. See Gaston Zeller, "Les rois de France, candidats à l'Empire: Essai sur l'idéologie impériale en France," Revue historique 173 (1934): 305. [BACK]
60. Gaines Post, Studies in Medieval Legal Thought, Public Law, and the State, 1100-1322 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1964), 468. [BACK]
61. Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS fr. 175, cited by Delisle, Recherches , vol. 1, 98; and Golein, Traité du sacre , ed. Jackson, 322.
62. Le songe du vergier , ed. Schnerb-Lièvre, vol. 1, 269-88. Schnerb-Lièvre has established that the unknown translator of the Songe added the above-mentioned chapters and others that do not exist in the Latin text (the Somnium viridarii ) on which it is based. See ibid., vol. 1, lxvi. [BACK]
61. Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS fr. 175, cited by Delisle, Recherches , vol. 1, 98; and Golein, Traité du sacre , ed. Jackson, 322.
62. Le songe du vergier , ed. Schnerb-Lièvre, vol. 1, 269-88. Schnerb-Lièvre has established that the unknown translator of the Songe added the above-mentioned chapters and others that do not exist in the Latin text (the Somnium viridarii ) on which it is based. See ibid., vol. 1, lxvi. [BACK]
63. Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS fr. 2813, fol. 470v. See Sherman, Portraits , pl. 33 and 42-43. For an exhaustive treatment of this cycle, see Hedeman, Royal Image , 128-33. [BACK]
64. "L'original de Titus Livius en françois. La première translation qui en fu faite, escript de mauvaise lettre, mal enluminée, et point historiée" (Delisle, Recherches , vol. 2, no. 975, 160). Monfrin believes that the king's librarian, Gilles Malet, is referring to an earlier translation into French of the first Decade made in Italy in 1323 by Filippo da Santa Croce ("Humanisme et traductions au moyen âge," 171). In another inventory a citation seems to refer specifically to Bersuire's translation: "Titus Livius en françois, en très grant volume . . . de la translacion du prieur de Saint Eloy de Paris" (Delisle, Recherches , vol. 2, no. 981, 160; Monfrin, "Humanisme et traductions au moyen âge," 171). [BACK]
65. This manuscript is identified by the colophon as Charles V's copy (Paris, Bibl. Ste.-Geneviève, MS 777, fol. 434v). For the literature on the manuscript, see Avril, La librairie , no. 189, 108-9. For a discussion of the miniatures of Charles V's illustrated copies of Bersuire's translation, see Inge Zacher, "Die Livius-Illustration in der Pariser Buchmalerei, 1370-1420" (Ph.D. diss., Freie Universität Berlin, 1971), 14-15. [BACK]
66. Franco Simone, The French Renaissance: Medieval Tradition and Italian Influence in Shaping the Renaissance in France , trans. H. Gaston Hall (London: Macmillan, 1969), 90-92. See also Nicholas Mann, "La fortune de Pétrarque en France: Recherches sur le De remediis," Studi francesi 37 (1969): 1-15. For a useful summary of recent scholarship on the development of early French humanism, see G. Matteo Roccati, "L'umanesimo francese e l'Italia nella bibliografia recente, 1980-1990," Franco-Italia (1992): 161-71. [BACK]
67. Simone, French Renaissance , 55. See also Charity Cannon Willard, "Raoul de Presles's Translation of St. Augustine's De civitate Dei ," in Medieval Translators and Their Craft , ed. Jeanette Beer, Studies in Medieval Culture, 25 (Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University, 1989), 329-46. break [BACK]
68. Beryl Smalley, English Friars and Antiquity in the Early Fourteenth Century (New York: Barnes & Noble, 1960), 108. [BACK]
69. De Laborde, Les manuscrits à peintures de la Cité de Dieu , vol. 1, 69. See Willard, "Raoul de Presles's Translation," 335-42. [BACK]
70. Sharon Off Dunlop Smith, "Illustrations of Raoul de Praelle's Translation of St. Augustine's City of God between 1375 and 1420" (Ph.D. diss., New York University, 1975); Willard, "Raoul de Presles's Translation," 333 and 341. [BACK]
71. Marjorie A. Berlincourt, "The Commentary on Valerius Maximus by Dionysius de Burgo Sancti Sepulchri and Its Influence upon Later Commentaries" (Ph.D. diss., Yale University, 1954). See also Giuseppe Di Stefano, "Tradizione esegetica e traduzioni di Valerio Massimo nel primo umanesimo francese," Studi francesi 21 (1963): 403-17; and idem, Essais sur le moyen français (Padua: Liviana Editrice, 1977), 29-38. [BACK]
72. Brussels, Bibl. Royale Albert Ier, MS 9091; see Delisle, Recherches , vol. 1, 257-58. [BACK]
73. Cornelia C. Coulter, "The Library of the Angevin Kings at Naples," Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 75 (1944): 145 and 152-54; Monfrin, "Humanisme et traductions au moyen âge," 171. [BACK]
74. François Avril, "Trois manuscrits napolitains des collections de Charles V et de Jean de Berry," BiblEC 127 (1969): 291-328. The texts of the manuscripts are a Faits des Romains , a Histoire ancienne jusqu'à César , and a Bible of Robert of Anjou. [BACK]
2— Intellectual and Political Ties between Nicole Oresme and Charles V
1. For a concise and illuminating account of Oresme's career, see Marshall Clagett, "Nicole Oresme," Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York: Scribner, 1974), vol. 10, 223-30. For references to other biographical sources and Oresme's bibliography, see Babbitt, Oresme's Livre de Politiques , 1, n. 2. A full reconsideration of the life and work of Nicole Oresme and his family is included in the introduction to the new critical edition of his Livre de divinacions by Sylvie Lefèvre (Ph.D. diss., University of Paris III, 1992), 203-302. I am grateful to Mlle Lefèvre for sharing this information with me. [BACK]
2. Delachenal, who wrote the definitive biography of Charles V, denies the existence of a formal relationship ( Historie de Charles V , vol. 1, 14-15). The tradition that Oresme was an actual tutor of the young prince has a long history. See Charles Jourdain, "Nicole Oresme et les astrologues de la cour de Charles V," Excursions historiques et philosophiques à travers le moyen âge (Paris: Firmin-Didot, 1888), 582. Jourdain cites a fifteenth-century manuscript (Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS fr. 1223, fol. 116), which uses the term "son instructeur." For a recent critique of Jourdain's interpretation, see Lefèvre, ed., " Livre de divinacions ," 218-20. See also Babbitt, Oresme's Livre de Politiques , 3, n. 14. Others believe that Oresme played the part of an informal director of studies. See Emile Bridrey, La théorie de la monnaie au XIVe siècle: Nicole Oresme, étude d'histoire des doctrines et des faits économiques (Paris: Giard & continue
Brière, 1906), 445; and De proportionibus proportionum and Ad pauca respicientes , ed. and trans. Edward Grant (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1966), 6, n. 17. [BACK]
3. For a summary of views on the influence of nominalism on Oresme, see Nicole Oresme and the Marvels of Nature: A Study of His De causis mirabilium , ed. and trans. Bert Hansen, Studies and Texts, 68 (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1985), 104-9. [BACK]
4. For a short discussion of this topic with references to the literature, see Claire Richter Sherman, "The Queen in King Charles V's Coronation Book : Jeanne de Bourbon and the Ordo ad reginam benedicendam," Viator 8 (1977): 258, n. 9. [BACK]
5. Raymond Cazelles, "Le parti navarrais jusqu'à la mort de Etienne Marcel," Bulletin philologique et historique (1960): 860-62. See idem, Société politique , 30 and 102. [BACK]
6. The De moneta of Nicholas Oresme and English Mint Documents , ed. and trans. Charles Johnson (London: Thomas Nelson, 1956). For an evaluation of the De moneta in the scholarly literature, see Babbitt, Oresme's Livre de Politiques , 4, n. 25. [BACK]
7. De moneta , 11 and 37-38. See Cazelles, Société politique , 102. [BACK]
8. De moneta , 42. The references are to the Politics , V.3 1302b-1303a and V.11 1314a. [BACK]
9. As evidence that Oresme himself translated the De moneta , in the Ethiques and Politiques he refers to "his" treatise by a French title. Oresme frequently cites works in the language in which they were written. See the introduction by John E. Parker to his edition of the Traictié des monnoyes (Ph.D. diss., Syracuse University, 1952), 8a-11a. For Oresme's citations, see Ethiques , Book V, Ch. 11, Gloss 6, 295, and Politiques , Book I, Ch. 10, Gloss, 64, and Ch. 12, Gloss, 67. The full title of the French translation, with spelling variants, is the Traictié de mutacions de monnoies . [BACK]
10. Traictié de la première invention des monnoies de Nicole Oresme et Traité de la monnoie de Copernic , ed. M. Louis Wolowski (Paris, 1864; Geneva: Slatkine Reprints, 1976). The problems with the manuscripts on which Wolowski's translation is based are discussed by Bridrey, Théorie de la monnaie , 62-64. The revealing form of address appears in the conclusion of the Traictié , which states that the work is destined for "la correction des saiges et prudens hommes, et mesmement de vous, mon très chier et honnoré seigneur, qui en la plupart d'icelles vous congnoissez et estes expert; car selon que dit Aristote, les besongnes civilles sont plus souvent doubteuses et incertaines" (ed. Wolowski, 86).
Charles is referred to as "chier sire" in the frontispiece of the roughly contemporary Livre des neuf anciens juges d'astrologie (Fig. 1). See below at n. 23. The phrase "mon tres chèr et redoubté seigneur" occurs in the prologue of the French translation by Jean Daudin of Petrarch's De remediis commissioned by Charles V (Delisle, Recherches , vol. 1, 93). The Traictié couples a compliment to the wisdom of the "seigneur" with a reference to Aristotle. In the prologue, Oresme declares that certain basic arguments of the present treatise accord with "les raisons d'Aristote" ( Traictié , ed. Wolowski, 2). [BACK]
11. Bridrey, Théorie de la monnaie , 71-72; Parker, ed., " Traictié des monnoyes ," 14a, and Grant, ed., De proportionibus , 12, accept this early dating. break [BACK]
12. John Bell Henneman, Royal Taxation in Fourteenth-Century France: The Captivity and Ransom of John II, 1356-1370 , Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society, 116 (Philadelphia: The Society, 1976), 117-18. [BACK]
13. Théorie de la monnaie , 460-64. [BACK]
14. The document cited by Bridrey ( Théorie de la monnaie , 449) comes from a lost register of the Chambre des Comptes dated 2 November 1369. See Abraham Tessereau, Histoire chronologique de la grande Chancellerie de France (Paris: Pierre Emery, 1710), vol. 1, 22. [BACK]
15. Ferdinand Lot and Robert Fawtier, Histoire des institutions françaises au moyen âge (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1958), vol. 2, 87-89. [BACK]
16. Bridrey, Théorie de la monnaie , 449. Lefèvre, ed. (Oresme, " Livre de divinacions ," 220), says that Oresme was not involved in this transaction, which dates from 1370. In general, Lefèvre challenges the accuracy of Bridrey's documentation. [BACK]
17. "A Case Study in Medieval Nonliterary Translation: Scientific Texts from Latin to French," in Medieval Translators and Their Craft , ed. Jeanette Beer, Studies in Medieval Culture, 25 (Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University, 1989), 308. [BACK]
18. De causis mirabilium , 22. In her discussion of astrological translations made for Charles V, Shore seems to share Hansen's evaluation (see "A Case Study," 307-10). [BACK]
19. "Christine de Pizan: The Astrologer's Daughter," in Mélanges à la mémoire de Franco Simone (Geneva: Editions Slatkine, 1980), 97-98. For further discussion see also Willard's recent study, Christine de Pizan: Her Life and Works (New York: Persea Books, 1985), 20-22. [BACK]
20. Fais et bonnes meurs , vol. 2, 15-19. [BACK]
21. Lynn Thorndike, A History of Magic and Experimental Science (New York: Columbia University Press, 1934), vol. 3, 585-86. Thorndike draws upon a fifteenth-century treatise by Symon de Phares ( Recueil des plus célèbres astrologues et quelques hommes doctes , ed. Ernest Wickersheimer [Paris: Champion, 1929], 221-29). Phares gives the names of the astrologers connected with John the Good and others employed by the Dauphin in the 1360s. [BACK]
22. See Shore, "A Case Study," 308-10. [BACK]
23. See Camille Gaspar and Frédéric Lyna, Les principaux manuscrits à peintures de la Bibliothèque Royale de Belgique (Paris: Société Française de la Reproduction de Manuscrits à Peintures, 1937), vol. 1, 337-38; Avril, La librairie , no. 200, 116. The other copy of the text is Paris, Bibl. de l'Arsenal, MS 2872. [BACK]
24. For the identification of the judges and the history of the Latin text, see Francis J. Carmody, Arabic Astronomical and Astrological Sciences in Latin Translations: A Critical Bibliography (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1956), 103-12. For Charles's image, see Sherman, Portraits , 18-19. break [BACK]
25. Delisle, Recherches , vol. 1, 267-68; Thorndike, History of Magic , vol. 3, 587; Sherman, Portraits , 22; Avril, La librairie , no. 99, 115; and Shore, "A Case Study," 310. [BACK]
26. "Et se son estude bel à devis estoit bien ordenné, comme il voulsist toutes ses choses belles et nettes, polies et ordennées, ne convient demander, car mieulz estre ne peust" ( Fais et bonne meurs , vol. 2, 42). [BACK]
27. Emmanuel Poulle, "Horoscopes princiers des XIVe et XVe siècles," Bulletin de la Société Nationale des Antiquaires de France (1969): 63-77. [BACK]
28. De causis mirabilium , ed. Hansen, 17-25.
29. Ibid., 21. [BACK]
28. De causis mirabilium , ed. Hansen, 17-25.
29. Ibid., 21. [BACK]
30. Nicole Oresme and the Astrologers: A Study of His Livre de divinacions , ed. George W. Coopland (Liverpool: University of Liverpool Press, 1952), 51. This edition has the French and English versions of the text on facing pages.
31. Ibid., 105.
32. Ibid., 107; Politiques , 44. [BACK]
30. Nicole Oresme and the Astrologers: A Study of His Livre de divinacions , ed. George W. Coopland (Liverpool: University of Liverpool Press, 1952), 51. This edition has the French and English versions of the text on facing pages.
31. Ibid., 105.
32. Ibid., 107; Politiques , 44. [BACK]
30. Nicole Oresme and the Astrologers: A Study of His Livre de divinacions , ed. George W. Coopland (Liverpool: University of Liverpool Press, 1952), 51. This edition has the French and English versions of the text on facing pages.
31. Ibid., 105.
32. Ibid., 107; Politiques , 44. [BACK]
33. The Arabic commentary was translated into Latin by Aegidius de Thebaldis in 1256. For the history of this text, see Carmody, Arabic Astronomical and Astrological Sciences , 18-19. For an edition of Oresme's translation by Jay Gossner, see " Le quadripartit ptholomée ," edited from the text of MS Français 1348 of the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris (Ph.D. diss., Syracuse University, 1951). For a recent discussion of this text, see Max Lejbowicz, "Guillaume Oresme, traducteur de la Tetrabible de Claude Ptolémée," Pallas 30 (1983): 107-33. On paleographic and textual grounds Lejbowicz believes that Guillaume Oresme is the translator. [BACK]
34. Delachenal, "Note sur un manuscrit," 33-38; Avril, La librairie , no. 198, 114-15. Marshall Clagett, The Science of Mechanics in the Middle Ages (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1959), 338-39, n. 11. See also Ethiques , 26, n. 33. Shore attributes the Quadripartitum to Guillaume Oresme ("A Case Study," 308-9), as do Lusignan ( Parler vulgairement , 156) and Lefèvre, ed. (Oresme, " Le Livre de divinacions ," 245-46). The latter two scholars agree with Lejbowicz, "Guillaume Oresme," as in n. 33 above. My adherence to the attribution to Nicole Oresme is based on the iconography of the dedication portrait (Fig. 3) and the similar language of Nicole's prologues to those of his Aristotle translations. [BACK]
35. Delachenal, "Note sur un manuscrit," 36. See Ch. 1 above, n. 30. [BACK]
36. Ethiques , Book VII, Ch. 1, Gloss 5, 364, and Ch. 10, Gloss 8, 384; Politiques , Book VII, Ch. 10, 291, and Ch. 11, 297. [BACK]
37. I was not familiar with this image until after the publication of Portraits . The style of the miniature can be attributed to the workshop of the Master of the Bible of Jean de Sy. This master and his atelier later worked on Charles V's official library copies of the Ethiques (MS A ) and the Politiques (MS B ). See above, Appendixes I and III. break [BACK]
38. Delachenal, "Note sur un manuscrit," 37-38. [BACK]
39. Oresme states: "il veut aussi avoir des livres en françois de la plus noble science de cest siècle, c'est vraie astrologie sans superstecion et par especial ce que en ont composé les philosophes excellens et approuvés." Idem, "Note sur un manuscrit," 38.
40. Ibid. [BACK]
39. Oresme states: "il veut aussi avoir des livres en françois de la plus noble science de cest siècle, c'est vraie astrologie sans superstecion et par especial ce que en ont composé les philosophes excellens et approuvés." Idem, "Note sur un manuscrit," 38.
40. Ibid. [BACK]
41. Oxford, St. John's College, MS 164, fols. 1-32. This treatise, which contains no evidence of Oresme's authorship, was not attributed to him by Delisle ( Recherches , vol. 1, 266). In Portraits , I mistakenly credited Pélerin de Prusse with authorship of this treatise, since the latter translated several astrological works collected in this volume. Although two critical editions of the Traitié de l'espere exist, neither is based on the St. John's College MS, perhaps the earliest extant example of the text. See "Maistre Nicole Oresme, Le traitié de l'espere ," ed. Lillian M. McCarthy (Ph.D. diss., University of Toronto, 1943), and "Maistre Nicole Oresme, Le traité de la sphère ," ed. John V. Myers (Master's thesis, Syracuse University, 1940). Both critical editions are based on Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS fr. 1350. Scholars now believe that Oresme's Traitié de l'espere is not a translation of John of Sacrabosco's De sphaera but an original work that uses that text as a source. See Shore, "A Case Study," 302. Nor is there general agreement on the dating of the St. John's College manuscript, which ranges from 1361 to 1367. Lefèvre, ed. (Oresme, " Le Livre de divinacions ," 245), dates the work around 1364 to 1365.
42. "A tout homme, et par especial a prince de noble engin" (Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS fr. 1350, fol. 37, ed. Myers, 83). The warning that the ruler should limit his knowledge of astrology in order to devote himself to the government "de la chose publique" echoes the message in the Livre de divinacions , to which Oresme then indirectly refers (ibid., fol. 37v, ed. Myers, 83). [BACK]
41. Oxford, St. John's College, MS 164, fols. 1-32. This treatise, which contains no evidence of Oresme's authorship, was not attributed to him by Delisle ( Recherches , vol. 1, 266). In Portraits , I mistakenly credited Pélerin de Prusse with authorship of this treatise, since the latter translated several astrological works collected in this volume. Although two critical editions of the Traitié de l'espere exist, neither is based on the St. John's College MS, perhaps the earliest extant example of the text. See "Maistre Nicole Oresme, Le traitié de l'espere ," ed. Lillian M. McCarthy (Ph.D. diss., University of Toronto, 1943), and "Maistre Nicole Oresme, Le traité de la sphère ," ed. John V. Myers (Master's thesis, Syracuse University, 1940). Both critical editions are based on Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS fr. 1350. Scholars now believe that Oresme's Traitié de l'espere is not a translation of John of Sacrabosco's De sphaera but an original work that uses that text as a source. See Shore, "A Case Study," 302. Nor is there general agreement on the dating of the St. John's College manuscript, which ranges from 1361 to 1367. Lefèvre, ed. (Oresme, " Le Livre de divinacions ," 245), dates the work around 1364 to 1365.
42. "A tout homme, et par especial a prince de noble engin" (Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS fr. 1350, fol. 37, ed. Myers, 83). The warning that the ruler should limit his knowledge of astrology in order to devote himself to the government "de la chose publique" echoes the message in the Livre de divinacions , to which Oresme then indirectly refers (ibid., fol. 37v, ed. Myers, 83). [BACK]
43. For the glossaries in Oresme's translations, see below, Ch. 3 at nn. 35-39. [BACK]
44. For documentation of these events in Oresme's career, see Babbitt, Oresme's Livre de Politiques , 3. [BACK]
3— Nicole Oresme as Master of the Texts
1. For discussion of these issues, see Copeland, Rhetoric, Hermeneutics, and Translation , 15-21. [BACK]
2. Mary J. Carruthers, The Book of Memory: A Study of Memory in Medieval Culture (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
3. Ibid., Chs. 6 and 7.
4. Ibid., Ch. 2. [BACK]
2. Mary J. Carruthers, The Book of Memory: A Study of Memory in Medieval Culture (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
3. Ibid., Chs. 6 and 7.
4. Ibid., Ch. 2. [BACK]
2. Mary J. Carruthers, The Book of Memory: A Study of Memory in Medieval Culture (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
3. Ibid., Chs. 6 and 7.
4. Ibid., Ch. 2. [BACK]
5. Richard Rouse, "La diffusion en occident au XIIIe siècle des outils de travail facilitant l'accès aux textes autoritatifs," Revue des études islamiques 44 (1976): 139-41. break [BACK]
6. For a recent study of an important center, see Mary A. Rouse and Richard Rouse, "The Book Trade at the University of Paris, ca. 1250-ca. 1350," in La production des livres universitaires au moyen âge: Exemplar et pecia , ed. Louis J. Bataillon, Bertrand G. Guyot, and Richard Rouse (Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1988), 41-114. [BACK]
7. Rouse, "La diffusion," 143-44. [BACK]
8. "The Influence of the Concepts of Ordinatio and Compilatio on the Development of the Book," in Medieval Learning and Literature: Essays Presented to Richard William Hunt , ed. J. J. G. Alexander and M. T. Gibson (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976), 115-27. [BACK]
9. Rouse, "La diffusion," 123.
10. Ibid.
11. The oldest manuscript to include a table of contents begins with a list of incipits of Ethics chapters, followed by an alphabetical table of contents (Pisa, Biblioteca del Seminario, MS 124). Ibid.
12. Ibid., 133. [BACK]
9. Rouse, "La diffusion," 123.
10. Ibid.
11. The oldest manuscript to include a table of contents begins with a list of incipits of Ethics chapters, followed by an alphabetical table of contents (Pisa, Biblioteca del Seminario, MS 124). Ibid.
12. Ibid., 133. [BACK]
9. Rouse, "La diffusion," 123.
10. Ibid.
11. The oldest manuscript to include a table of contents begins with a list of incipits of Ethics chapters, followed by an alphabetical table of contents (Pisa, Biblioteca del Seminario, MS 124). Ibid.
12. Ibid., 133. [BACK]
9. Rouse, "La diffusion," 123.
10. Ibid.
11. The oldest manuscript to include a table of contents begins with a list of incipits of Ethics chapters, followed by an alphabetical table of contents (Pisa, Biblioteca del Seminario, MS 124). Ibid.
12. Ibid., 133. [BACK]
13. Parkes, "Ordinatio," 125 , citing Daniel A. Callus, ed., Robert Grosseteste: Scholar and Bishop (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1955), 64. See also Jean Dunbabin, "Robert Grosseteste as Translator, Transmitter, and Commentator: The Nicomachean Ethics," Traditio 28 (1972): 460-72. [BACK]
14. "Methoden und Hilfsmittel des Aristotelesstudiums im Mittelalter," SBAW (1939): 5-191. Among the insights provided in this article is that King Robert of Anjou had shortened versions of many Aristotelian works made by a Franciscan theologian, Jacobus de Blanchis of Alexandria (78-84). For an illuminating discussion of the assimilation of Aristotle's thought, see Charles H. Lohr, "The Medieval Interpretation of Aristotle," in The Cambridge History of Later Medieval Philosophy: From the Rediscovery of Aristotle to the Disintegration of Scholasticism, 1100-1600 , ed. Norman Kretzmann et al. (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982), 80-98. [BACK]
15. Bernard Guenée, Histoire et culture historique dans l'occident médiéval (Paris: Aubier-Montaigne, 1980), 234.
16. Ibid., 235. Guenée gives an interesting account of the development in historical texts of verbal aids to readers. Their evolution differs from that in theological or philosophical works. See ibid., 231-37. [BACK]
15. Bernard Guenée, Histoire et culture historique dans l'occident médiéval (Paris: Aubier-Montaigne, 1980), 234.
16. Ibid., 235. Guenée gives an interesting account of the development in historical texts of verbal aids to readers. Their evolution differs from that in theological or philosophical works. See ibid., 231-37. [BACK]
17. Parkes, " Ordination ," 133. [BACK]
18. Ethiques , vii and 5. For a critique of Menut's edition, see J. P. H. Knops, Etudes sur la traduction française de la morale à Nicomache d'Aristote par Nicole Oresme (The Hague: Excelsior, 1952). break
19. The history of the Grosseteste translation is discussed in Gauthier and Jolif, Ethique à Nicomaque , vol. 1, pt. 1, 120-46. For a diagram of the family of Grosseteste MSS, including the hypothetical archetype ( Rp ) of the Oresme translation, see ibid., 129 and 138. For the edition of Grosseteste's work, see Ethica Nicomachea, Translatio Roberti Grosseteste Lincolniensis , ed. René A. Gauthier, Aristoteles Latinus , vol. 26, 1-3, fasc. 4 (Leiden: Brill, 1973). For further discussion of critical editions of Grosseteste's translation, see James McEvoy, The Philosophy of Robert Grosseteste (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982), 471-77. See also Georg Wieland, "The Reception and Interpretation of Aristotle's Ethics ," in The Cambridge History of Later Medieval Philosophy , 657-72. [BACK]
18. Ethiques , vii and 5. For a critique of Menut's edition, see J. P. H. Knops, Etudes sur la traduction française de la morale à Nicomache d'Aristote par Nicole Oresme (The Hague: Excelsior, 1952). break
19. The history of the Grosseteste translation is discussed in Gauthier and Jolif, Ethique à Nicomaque , vol. 1, pt. 1, 120-46. For a diagram of the family of Grosseteste MSS, including the hypothetical archetype ( Rp ) of the Oresme translation, see ibid., 129 and 138. For the edition of Grosseteste's work, see Ethica Nicomachea, Translatio Roberti Grosseteste Lincolniensis , ed. René A. Gauthier, Aristoteles Latinus , vol. 26, 1-3, fasc. 4 (Leiden: Brill, 1973). For further discussion of critical editions of Grosseteste's translation, see James McEvoy, The Philosophy of Robert Grosseteste (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982), 471-77. See also Georg Wieland, "The Reception and Interpretation of Aristotle's Ethics ," in The Cambridge History of Later Medieval Philosophy , 657-72. [BACK]
20. See Appendix I for a description and history of the manuscript. In a letter to the author (27 November 1972) Menut stated that MS 2668 of the Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal had "priority" over A , constituting a " redactio prima in the best sense." An examination of the Arsenal manuscript by Carla Bozzolo of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique led her to conclude that the manuscript was not the author's copy. Its presentation is too elaborate and the appearance of cursive script beginning with folio 60 brings the date of the manuscript to the 1380s. Furthermore, the presence of several hands, particularly in the notes, indicates that the manuscript was not written at one time. [BACK]
21. For the history of the Moerbeke translation, see Politiques , 24-26.
22. Ibid., 32; Avranches, Bibl. Municipale, MS 223. Léopold Delisle, "Observations sur plusieurs manuscrits de la Politique et de l' Economique de Nicole Oresme," BiblEC 30 (1869): 601-20. [BACK]
21. For the history of the Moerbeke translation, see Politiques , 24-26.
22. Ibid., 32; Avranches, Bibl. Municipale, MS 223. Léopold Delisle, "Observations sur plusieurs manuscrits de la Politique et de l' Economique de Nicole Oresme," BiblEC 30 (1869): 601-20. [BACK]
23. Yconomique , 785-88. For further details on the textual tradition of the Economics , see Ch. 24. [BACK]
24. Morse, Truth and Convention , 216. [BACK]
25. Copeland, Rhetoric, Hermeneutics, and Translation , 7. [BACK]
26. Jeanette Beer, "Introduction: Medieval Translators," in Medieval Translators and Their Craft , ed. Jeanette Beer, Studies in Medieval Culture, 25 (Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University, 1989), 1. [BACK]
30. Politiques , 28, n. 5a; Babbitt, Oresme's Livre de Politiques , 10, n. 79. For a list of neologisms introduced by Oresme in the Ethiques , see Ethiques , 79-82. For a recent study, see F.-J. Meissner, "Maistre Nicole Oresme et la lexicographie française," Cahiers de lexicologie 40 (1982): 51-66. [BACK]
31. See Morse, Truth and Convention , 217. break [BACK]
32. For examples of Oresme's interpolations in the text, explanatory translations, double translations, omissions and changes, and calques , see Knops, Etudes , 56-69, 70-76, and 82-86. For examples of etymological definitions, see Politiques , 28. [BACK]
33. Beer, "Medieval Translators," 1; Morse, Truth and Convention , 218-19. [BACK]
34. Brussels, Bibl. Royale Albert Ier, MS 9543. I am grateful to Michael Camille for calling this manuscript to my attention. For references both to the published glossary and the text, as well as to other information on the manuscript, see Marguerite Debae, La librairie de Marguerite d'Autriche, Europalia 87, Österreich (Brussels: Bibliothèque Royale Albert Ier, 1987), no. 30, 103-5. Particularly interesting is the fact that certain Aristotelian terms from the Ethics were used in the section on virtue. [BACK]
35. Later copies of the text show that the numbers in the margin were dropped by scribes, who were perhaps unaware of their significance. Oresme describes the glossary this way:
Item j'ay parlé en ce traictié, en aucuns lieux, prolixement et ay esté long afin que chascun de bon entendement puisse ce que j'ay dit legierement entendre et sans expositeur. Et encor pour ceste cause ay je yci en la fin faicte une table des mos estranges qui sont en ce traictié en laquelle table je signe les chapitre [sic] ou tielx mos sont exposés et les met selon l'ordre de l'A, B, C, affin que, quant l'en treuve un tel mot en aucun chapitre, l'en puisse avoir recours et trouver aisiement le chapitre en quel le mot est devant exposé ou diffini. Car chascun mot est exposé ou diffini ou chappitre la ou il est premierement trouvé. Explicit .
( Traitié de l'espere , ed. McCarthy, 274; ibid., ed. Myers, 83-84).
36. "Pour ceste science plus clerement entendre, je vueil de habondant esposer aucuns moz selon l'ordre de l'a.b.c., lesquelz par aventure sembleroient obscurs a aucuns qui ne sont pas excercitéz en ceste science; ja soit ce que il n'y ait rien obscur, ce me semble, quant a ceuls qui seroient .i. peu acoustumés a lire en cest livre" ( Ethiques , 541). [BACK]
37. Guenée, Histoire et culture historique , 232-34. [BACK]
38. See, for example, the reference to gerre ( Ethiques , 544). [BACK]
39. Aristocracie, commune policie, democracie , and olygarchie ( Politiques , 45). The other two forms, tyrannie and royaume , were presumably well known to contemporary readers. For discussion of these concepts, see Ch. 16. [BACK]
40. Politiques , 360.
41. The first two sentences explain: "Par les intitulations des livrez et des chapitres l'en peut veoir les matieres de tout le livre et en quelz lieus elles sunt traictees. Mes oveques ce sunt pluseurs choses notables, tant ou texte comment es gloses, desqueles aucunes sunt ici apres designees en table, selon a.b.c." (ibid., 358). For an exhaustive discussion of the index of noteworthy subjects, see Serge Lusignan, "Lire, indexer, et gloser: Nicole Oresme et la Politique d'Aristote," in L'écrit dans la société médiévale: Divers aspects de sa pratique du XIe au XVe siècle , ed. Caroline Bourlet and Annie Dufour (Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1991), 167-81. break [BACK]
40. Politiques , 360.
41. The first two sentences explain: "Par les intitulations des livrez et des chapitres l'en peut veoir les matieres de tout le livre et en quelz lieus elles sunt traictees. Mes oveques ce sunt pluseurs choses notables, tant ou texte comment es gloses, desqueles aucunes sunt ici apres designees en table, selon a.b.c." (ibid., 358). For an exhaustive discussion of the index of noteworthy subjects, see Serge Lusignan, "Lire, indexer, et gloser: Nicole Oresme et la Politique d'Aristote," in L'écrit dans la société médiévale: Divers aspects de sa pratique du XIe au XVe siècle , ed. Caroline Bourlet and Annie Dufour (Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1991), 167-81. break [BACK]
42. Oresme's concern for the readers' ability to make their way through the Politiques originally led him to conceive of separate glossaries and indexes for individual books. Several manuscripts preserve these aids for Books III, IV, and V; others for Book VIII (see Politiques , 34-35). Although Oresme does not say why he gave up these separate features in favor of integrated compilations at the end of the volume, it probably became clear that the latter scheme avoids repetition and is more convenient to use. Only B preserves the glossary and index for Book VIII; D lacks this feature as well as the integrated glossary. In B the glossary directly follows the index (fols. 367-72) and precedes the Yconomique , which begins on fol. 373. In D , the Yconomique (fols. 365-87) precedes the index (fols. 388-403) following the last folio of the Politiques . [BACK]
43. Martin Grabmann, "Die mittelalterlichen Kommentare zur Politik des Aristoteles," SBAW 2/10 (1941): 50. For the relevant mnemonic tradition regarding the division of the text into short units, see Carruthers, The Book of Memory , 83-85. [BACK]
44. See above, Ch. 1 at n. 53, and below, Ch. 5 at nn. 5-8. [BACK]
45. See above, Appendix V. I published this text previously as "A Second Instruction to the Reader from Nicole Oresme, Translator of Aristotle's Politics " AB 61/3 (1979): 468-69. [BACK]
46. Raoul de Presles, translator of the City of God , introduces a rubricated summary paragraph entitled "Exposition sur ce chapitre," with the words "Le translateur" also rubricated in the margin. These features are notable in Charles V's presentation copy of the manuscript (Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS fr. 22912-13). The king's copy of Simon de Hesdin's translation of Valerius Maximus's Factorum et dictorum memorabilium libri novem (Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS fr. 9749) contains new exempla labeled "Addicions" set apart from the text by rubrics and painted initials. [BACK]
47. Yconomique , 795.
48. Le livre du ciel et du monde contains the greatest proportion of commentary of the four Aristotelian translations, twice as much interpolation as the Politiques ( Le livre du ciel et du monde , ed. Menut and Denomy, 14). Oresme addresses some of the leading problems of fourteenth-century science and tries to reconcile them with Christian cosmology. For a summary of the commentary, see ibid., 16-31. [BACK]
47. Yconomique , 795.
48. Le livre du ciel et du monde contains the greatest proportion of commentary of the four Aristotelian translations, twice as much interpolation as the Politiques ( Le livre du ciel et du monde , ed. Menut and Denomy, 14). Oresme addresses some of the leading problems of fourteenth-century science and tries to reconcile them with Christian cosmology. For a summary of the commentary, see ibid., 16-31. [BACK]
49. Oresme's Livre de Politiques , 11-13. Babbitt also gives an excellent account of the commentary tradition of the Politics in Ch. 2 of her work, including full bibliographic citations of primary and secondary sources.
50. Babbitt (ibid., 12-13) mentions the following topics (numbers refer to the pages in Menut's edition of the Politiques ): natural slavery, 59-60; voluntary poverty, 83-84; Old Testament kingship, 149-50; elective versus hereditary monarchy, 153-56; rule by law in the church, 159-61; sedition, 203-5; moderate kingship, 242-44; the active versus the contemplative life, 285-86; universal monarchy, 289-94 (the longest commentary); geography and distribution of power, 297-99; the necessity of the presence of a sacerdotal element in the state, 302-4; voluntary poverty, 306-8; jurisdiction and distribution of the goods of the church, 311-14; government of the church seen in Aristotelian terms, 319-20. break [BACK]
49. Oresme's Livre de Politiques , 11-13. Babbitt also gives an excellent account of the commentary tradition of the Politics in Ch. 2 of her work, including full bibliographic citations of primary and secondary sources.
50. Babbitt (ibid., 12-13) mentions the following topics (numbers refer to the pages in Menut's edition of the Politiques ): natural slavery, 59-60; voluntary poverty, 83-84; Old Testament kingship, 149-50; elective versus hereditary monarchy, 153-56; rule by law in the church, 159-61; sedition, 203-5; moderate kingship, 242-44; the active versus the contemplative life, 285-86; universal monarchy, 289-94 (the longest commentary); geography and distribution of power, 297-99; the necessity of the presence of a sacerdotal element in the state, 302-4; voluntary poverty, 306-8; jurisdiction and distribution of the goods of the church, 311-14; government of the church seen in Aristotelian terms, 319-20. break [BACK]
51. Grabmann, "Die mittelalterlichen Kommentare zur Politik des Aristoteles," 49. [BACK]
52. According to Mario Grignaschi, Oresme depends more heavily on the commentary of Albert the Great than on that of Thomas Aquinas, since Albert tended to relate the text to contemporary conditions. See his "Nicole Oresme et son commentaire à la Politique d'Aristote," in Album Helen Maude Cam, Studies Presented to the International Commission for the History of Representative and Parliamentary Institutions , 23 (Louvain: Publications Universitaires de Louvain, 1960), 103. For further studies of the commentaries on the Politics , see Ferdinand E. Cranz, "Aristotelianism in Medieval Political Theory: A Study of the Reception of the Politics " (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1938). For a listing of Charles H. Lohr's articles on this subject, see Babbitt, Oresme's Livre de Politiques , 152. See also Jean Dunbabin, "The Reception and Interpretation of Aristotle's Politics ," in The Cambridge History of Later Medieval Philosophy , 723-37. [BACK]
53. Yconomique , 794. [BACK]
54. Politiques , 45, n. 3; MS D , fol. 1. [BACK]
55. For an exhaustive study of the illustrated cycles of the Grandes chroniques de France , see Hedeman, Royal Image . [BACK]
56. Truth and Convention , 215. [BACK]
57. For colophons using the word parfere (bring to completion), see Delisle, Recherches , vol. 1, 155, 229, and 259. More common are colophons stating that the king had commissioned the manuscript and had it written. [BACK]
58. Fais et bonnes meurs , vol. 2, 42. For the translated passage, see Patrick M. de Winter, "The Grandes Heures of Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy: The Copyist Jean l'Avenant and His Patrons at the French Court," Speculum 57/4 (1982): 811-12, n. 72. [BACK]
59. De Winter, " Grandes Heures ," 806, n. 65, and 812-13, n. 78. [BACK]
60. Sherman, "The Queen," 261-64; Hedeman, "Valois Legitimacy," 99; idem, Royal Image , 95-133; and Le songe du vergier , ed. Schnerb-Lièvre, vol. 1, lxix-lxx. [BACK]
61. Sherman, "The Queen," 261-62; for the Livy text, see Paris, Bibl. Ste.-Geneviève, MS 777, fol. 434v, and Ch. 1 above, at nn. 16, 18-19, 21-23, and 64-65. [BACK]
62. "Une Bible historiale de Charles V," Jahrbuch der Hamburger Kunstsammlungen 14-15 (1970): 73. [BACK]
63. See Ch. 4 at nn. 25-28. [BACK]
64. For a selected bibliography on these topics, see De causis mirabilium , ed. Hansen, 7, n. 10.
65. See " Memoria ," in Index verborum et nominum, in ibid., 415; and "Nicholas Oresme's Questiones super libros Aristotelis De anima ," ed. Peter Marshall (Ph.D. diss., Cornell University, 1980). vol. 1, Chs. 2 and 3. break [BACK]
64. For a selected bibliography on these topics, see De causis mirabilium , ed. Hansen, 7, n. 10.
65. See " Memoria ," in Index verborum et nominum, in ibid., 415; and "Nicholas Oresme's Questiones super libros Aristotelis De anima ," ed. Peter Marshall (Ph.D. diss., Cornell University, 1980). vol. 1, Chs. 2 and 3. break [BACK]
66. "Late Scholastic Memoria et Reminiscentia : Its Uses and Abuses," in Intellectuals and Writers in Fourteenth-Century Europe , ed. Piero Boitani and Anna Torti, The J. A. W. Bennett Memorial Lectures, Perugia, 1984 (Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1986), 23. Coleman cites the translation and commentary of Richard Sorabji, Aristotle on Memory (Providence, R.I.: Brown University Press, 1972), 449a 9f. [BACK]
67. The Art of Memory (London: Penguin Books, 1969), 93-113; Carruthers, The Book of Memory , 64-71. See also Lina Bolzoni, "The Play of Images: The Art of Memory from Its Origins to the Seicento," in The Mill of Thought: From the Art of Memory to the Neurosciences , ed. Pietro Corsi (Milan: Electa, 1989), 19-21; John B. Friedman, "Les images mnémotechniques dans les manuscrits de l'époque gothique," in Jeux de mémoire: Aspects de la mnémotechnie médiévale , ed. Bruno Roy and Paul Zumthor (Paris: Vrin, 1985), 169-84. [BACK]
68. For a modern edition of this work, see Ch. 2, n. 14. [BACK]
69. Ethiques , 284-85. [BACK]
70. For a description of the production of deluxe manuscripts, see de Winter, " Grandes Heures ," 787-88.
71. Idem, "Copistes, éditeurs et enlumineurs de la fin du XIVe siècle," 176-80. For an excellent discussion of the role of the illuminator within medieval manuscript production, see Sandra L. Hindman, Christine de Pizan's Epistre Othéa: Paintings and Politics at the Court of Charles VI , Studies and Texts, 77 (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1988), 63-68. See also idem, "The Roles of Author and Artists in the Procedure of Illustrating Late Medieval Texts," Text and Image, Acta 10 (1983): 27-62. For a recent work on the collaborative nature of book illumination, see Jonathan J. G. Alexander, Medieval Illuminators and Their Methods of Work (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1992). See ibid., Ch. 3, for a discussion of instructions to illuminators. [BACK]
70. For a description of the production of deluxe manuscripts, see de Winter, " Grandes Heures ," 787-88.
71. Idem, "Copistes, éditeurs et enlumineurs de la fin du XIVe siècle," 176-80. For an excellent discussion of the role of the illuminator within medieval manuscript production, see Sandra L. Hindman, Christine de Pizan's Epistre Othéa: Paintings and Politics at the Court of Charles VI , Studies and Texts, 77 (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1988), 63-68. See also idem, "The Roles of Author and Artists in the Procedure of Illustrating Late Medieval Texts," Text and Image, Acta 10 (1983): 27-62. For a recent work on the collaborative nature of book illumination, see Jonathan J. G. Alexander, Medieval Illuminators and Their Methods of Work (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1992). See ibid., Ch. 3, for a discussion of instructions to illuminators. [BACK]
72. For the colophon of C , see above, Appendix II. [BACK]
73. Delisle, Recherches , vol. 1, 71-79.
74. For the verses in Charles V's Bible historiale (The Hague, Rijksmuseum Meermanno-Westreenianum, MS B 23), see ibid., vol. 1, 74-76. [BACK]
73. Delisle, Recherches , vol. 1, 71-79.
74. For the verses in Charles V's Bible historiale (The Hague, Rijksmuseum Meermanno-Westreenianum, MS B 23), see ibid., vol. 1, 74-76. [BACK]
75. De Winter, " Grandes Heures ," 811. [BACK]
76. Les histoires que l'on peut raisonnablement faire sur les livres de Salluste , ed. and intro. Jean Porcher (Paris: Librairie Giraud-Badin, 1962). On facing pages this edition pairs the specific instruction with the resulting miniature in Geneva, Bibl. Publique et Universitaire, MS lat. 54. For an excellent analysis of the program and its relationship to Lebègue's glosses, see Donal Byrne, "An Early French Humanist and Sallust: Jean Lebègue and the lconographical Programme for the Catiline and Jugurtha ," JWCI 49 (1986): 41-65. [BACK]
77. Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS fr. 14939. The text is published in Delisle, Recherches , vol. 1, 243-46. The manuscript is related to the Somme le roi , a moral treatise composed in 1279 by the continue
Dominican Frère Laurent for King Philip III. For further references to this text, see Ch. 12 at nn. 7-10. [BACK]
78. Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS lat. 10843, fols. 2-4. This text was first published by Marcel de Fréville, "Commentaire sur le symbolisme religieux de miniatures d'un manuscrit du XIVe siècle par le miniaturiste lui-même," Nouvelles archives de l'art français (1874-75): 146-51. For a recent analysis, as well as the text and translation, see Lucy Freeman Sandler, "Jean Pucelle and the Lost Miniatures of the Belleville Breviary," AB 66/1 (1984): 73-96. For further references to the literature about instructions to readers and illuminators, see Avril, "Une Bible historiale ," 74, nn. 62-67. [BACK]
79. Avril, "Une Bible historiale ," 75. [BACK]
80. Smith, "Illustrations of Raoul de Praelle's Translation of St. Augustine's City of God ," 63. [BACK]
81. For examples, see Chs. 9, 11, and 13. [BACK]
82. Hedeman, "Valois Legitimacy," 109-11. [BACK]
4— Preliminary Considerations
1. For other aspects of the prologues, see Ch. 1 above at nn. 32-33. [BACK]
8. For short descriptions of seventeen manuscripts, see Ethiques , 46-52. Four manuscripts containing Oresme's translations of the Ethics were unknown to Menut. All date from the fifteenth century: Rome, Vatican Library, MS reg. lat. 1341; Oxford University, Bodleian Library, MS 965a; New York, Columbia University, Rare Book and Manuscript Collections, MS 283; and London, Brit. Lib., Egerton MS 737. Only the last has a miniature, a frontispiece on fol. 1. [BACK]
9. "Traducteurs et leur publique," 18. [BACK]
10. Saenger, "Silent Reading," 407. break [BACK]
11. For further discussion of these images in Oxford, St. John's College, MS 164, and Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS fr. 24287, see Sherman, Portraits , 74-75; idem, "Representations of Charles V as a Wise Ruler," Medievalia et Humanistica , n.s. 2 (1971): 87-89. [BACK]
12. For a discussion of this image, see below, Ch. 5 at nn. 19-24. For Saenger's interpretation, see "Silent Reading," 407. [BACK]
13. Ethiques , 99. This phrase also appears in the Politiques prologue, 44. [BACK]
14. The image suggests a parallel to university lectures, at which masters read out the text and then commented on or explained it. [BACK]
15. Vol. 1, 222. [BACK]
16. Fais et bonnes meurs , vol. 1, 47-48.
17. Ibid., vol. 1, 40. [BACK]
16. Fais et bonnes meurs , vol. 1, 47-48.
17. Ibid., vol. 1, 40. [BACK]
18. Le livre de la paix , ed. Charity Cannon Willard (The Hague, Mouton, 1958), 68. [BACK]
19. Prologue, vol. 1, 4. [BACK]
20. Cited in de Laborde, Les manuscrits à peintures de la Cité de Dieu , vol. 1, 65. [BACK]
21. See Astrik L. Gabriel, The Educational Ideas of Vincent of Beauvais (Notre Dame, Ind.: Notre Dame Press, 1962), 45, citing Vincent's preface to the De morali principis institutione ; Gassman, " Translatio studii ," 534. The position continued at the court of Francis I. The title lecteurs royaux , applied to scholars who taught at the institution that Francis I founded, later called the College of France, was apparently unconnected with the earlier title and function. See William Nelson, "From 'Listen, Lordings' to 'Dear Reader,'" University of Toronto Quarterly 46/2 (1976-77): 113-14. [BACK]
22. Fais et bonnes meurs , vol. 2, 62-63. In this account Christine adds the moving anecdote that the accidental death of Malet's young son did not prevent Malet from continuing his daily reading. I am grateful to Joyce Coleman for calling this passage to my attention and for sharing information drawn from her dissertation, entitled "The World's Ear: The Aurality of Late Medieval Literature" (Ph.D. diss., University of Edinburgh, 1993). [BACK]
23. Ethiques , 461-62. [BACK]
24. See below, Ch. 13 at nn. 8-24, for discussion of the lavish illustration of this topic in MS C . [BACK]
25. Bäuml, "Varieties and Consequences of Medieval Literacy," 263-64; Beryl Smalley, Historians in the Middle Ages (New York: Scribner, 1975), 174-75. [BACK]
26. See Clanchy, From Memory to Written Record , 230. break [BACK]
27. V. A. Kolve, Chaucer and the Imagery of Narrative: The First Five Canterbury Tales (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1984), 20-58. The following paragraph owes much to his discussion of these topics.
28. Ibid., 25.
29. Ibid., 43-45, referring to Yates, The Art of Memory , Chs. 3 and 4. See also above, Ch. 3 at n. 67; Carruthers, The Book of Memory , particularly 122-55. [BACK]
27. V. A. Kolve, Chaucer and the Imagery of Narrative: The First Five Canterbury Tales (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1984), 20-58. The following paragraph owes much to his discussion of these topics.
28. Ibid., 25.
29. Ibid., 43-45, referring to Yates, The Art of Memory , Chs. 3 and 4. See also above, Ch. 3 at n. 67; Carruthers, The Book of Memory , particularly 122-55. [BACK]
27. V. A. Kolve, Chaucer and the Imagery of Narrative: The First Five Canterbury Tales (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1984), 20-58. The following paragraph owes much to his discussion of these topics.
28. Ibid., 25.
29. Ibid., 43-45, referring to Yates, The Art of Memory , Chs. 3 and 4. See also above, Ch. 3 at n. 67; Carruthers, The Book of Memory , particularly 122-55. [BACK]
30. For a full description of MSS A and C , see Appendixes I and II above. Henceforth, unless otherwise noted, references to Oresme's translation of the Politics also include that of the Economics . [BACK]
31. The term for the second category of illustrations was suggested by the excellent article of Morton W. Bloomfield, "A Grammatical Approach to Personification Allegory," Modern Philology 60/3 (1963): 161-71. [BACK]
32. Hercules am Scheidewege , 160. [BACK]
33. Delisle, Mélanges de paléographie , 264. Dimensions of manuscripts are given in millimeters; those of miniatures, in centimeters.
34. Ibid., 272. [BACK]
33. Delisle, Mélanges de paléographie , 264. Dimensions of manuscripts are given in millimeters; those of miniatures, in centimeters.
34. Ibid., 272. [BACK]
35. See Appendix II for further details. [BACK]
36. See Ch. 3 above at nn. 60-62. [BACK]
37. For the history of B , see above, Appendixes I and III. [BACK]
38. MS B is usually dated after 1374, whereas MS C was finished in, or by, 1376. [BACK]
39. See Ch. 22 below at n. 6. [BACK]
5— Dedication Frontispieces (Book I)
1. For further definition and discussion of this portrait type, see Sherman, Portraits , 21-22. The presence of a courtier at the extreme right of the dedication portraits of the A miniatures (Figs. 6 and 7) does not jeopardize the direct communication of Oresme and Charles V. [BACK]
2. For previous discussion of the Quadripartitum miniature, see above, Ch. 2 at n. 37. [BACK]
3. The homely cap called the béguin worn by Charles V in Figure 7 is a feature linked specifically to the Bondol portrait, while the crown of Figure 6 sets a more formal note. break [BACK]
4. The royal chamber, furnished with a bed, as the setting for literary presentations or discussions is attested by two miniatures of the early fifteenth century. The first depicts Queen Isabel of Bavaria receiving from Christine de Pizan the author's collected works (London, Brit. Lib., MS Harley 4431, fol. 3). See Sandra L. Hindman, "The Iconography of Queen Isabeau de Bavière, 1410-1415: An Essay in Method," GBA 102 (1983): 102-10, fig. 3. In another manuscript Queen Isabel's husband, King Charles VI, converses with the author Pierre Salmon in his curtained and canopied bedchamber (Geneva, Bibl. Publique et Universitaire, MS fr. 165, fol. 4). See Millard Meiss, French Painting in the Time of Jean de Berry , vol. 2, The Boucicaut Master (London: Phaidon Press, 1968), fig. 72. For a discussion of a ceremonial bed in a public space within the palace of the French king, see Robert W. Scheller, "The 'Lit de Justice,' or How to Sit on a Bed of State," Annus Quadriga Mundi (1989): 196. [BACK]
5. Ethiques , 97.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid. Oresme gives the date of the translation as 1370, a date that represents the number of years Aristotle's works had been popular since Christ's birth. He states in the same sentence that the books were written five hundred years before the Christian era.
8. Ibid., 98-99. [BACK]
5. Ethiques , 97.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid. Oresme gives the date of the translation as 1370, a date that represents the number of years Aristotle's works had been popular since Christ's birth. He states in the same sentence that the books were written five hundred years before the Christian era.
8. Ibid., 98-99. [BACK]
5. Ethiques , 97.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid. Oresme gives the date of the translation as 1370, a date that represents the number of years Aristotle's works had been popular since Christ's birth. He states in the same sentence that the books were written five hundred years before the Christian era.
8. Ibid., 98-99. [BACK]
5. Ethiques , 97.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid. Oresme gives the date of the translation as 1370, a date that represents the number of years Aristotle's works had been popular since Christ's birth. He states in the same sentence that the books were written five hundred years before the Christian era.
8. Ibid., 98-99. [BACK]
9. For this aspect of the design, see Donal Byrne, "Manuscript Ruling and Pictorial Design in the Work of the Limbourgs, the Bedford Master, and the Boucicaut Master," AB 66/1 (1984): 118-35. [BACK]
10. The two brothers are the Dauphin, the future Charles VI, born in 1368, and Louis, duke of Orléans, born in 1371. Their sister, Marie, was born in 1370. [BACK]
11. See Li livres du gouvernement des rois , ed. and intro. Samuel P. Molenaer (New York: Macmillan & Co., 1899), 189, ll. 8-28. [BACK]
12. "Item bons princes est tenuz de bon enseignement a ses enfanz donner et comment li peres aime le fil que filz le pere" (fol. 59v). For a recent discussion of the Avis au roys , see Michael Camille, "The King's New Bodies: An Illustrated Mirror for Princes in the Morgan Library," in Künstlerischer Austausch/Artistic Exchange , Akten des 28. Internationalen Kongresses für Kunstgeschichte, Berlin, 15-20 July 1992, ed. Thomas W. Gaehtgens (Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1993), 393-405. [BACK]
13. Fols. 59v and 74. [BACK]
14. See Delisle, Recherches , vol. 1, 260-62. [BACK]
15. Ethiques , 105.
16. Ibid., 97. break
17. "Amistiés royal et paternal sont semblables, comme il sera dit aprés" (ibid., Gloss 5, 438). [BACK]
15. Ethiques , 105.
16. Ibid., 97. break
17. "Amistiés royal et paternal sont semblables, comme il sera dit aprés" (ibid., Gloss 5, 438). [BACK]
15. Ethiques , 105.
16. Ibid., 97. break
17. "Amistiés royal et paternal sont semblables, comme il sera dit aprés" (ibid., Gloss 5, 438). [BACK]
18. For this point and related images, see Claire Richter Sherman, "Taking a Second Look: Notes on the Iconography of a French Queen, Jeanne de Bourbon," in Feminism and Art History: Questioning the Litany , ed. Norma Broude and Mary D. Garrard (New York: Harper & Row, 1982), 108-10 and figs. 11-14. [BACK]
19. Ethiques , 107.
20. Ibid., 99. [BACK]
19. Ethiques , 107.
20. Ibid., 99. [BACK]
21. See Ch. 4 above at n. 13. [BACK]
22. For my opinion that the bearded king wearing red should not be identified with the cleanshaven Charles V, clad in blue, who is depicted in the upper register, see Sherman, Portraits , 29; see also Avril, Manuscript Painting at the Court of France , 105. [BACK]
23. Ethiques , 107.
24. Ibid., Gloss 5. Menut has printed Thomas Aquinas's commentary on these points, which Oresme apparently used (ibid., 108, n. 3). [BACK]
23. Ethiques , 107.
24. Ibid., Gloss 5. Menut has printed Thomas Aquinas's commentary on these points, which Oresme apparently used (ibid., 108, n. 3). [BACK]
25. This statement of the king's purpose comes from Ecclesiastes 1:13. [BACK]
26. Sherman, "Representations of Charles V," 90-91. [BACK]
27. For another version of this setting in the closely related presentation miniature of the City of God translation, see Sherman, Portraits , pl. 7, and 22-24. [BACK]
28. A. W. Byvanck suggests that the figure was overpainted at a later date, although the argument he advances is not persuasive. See Les principaux manuscrits à peintures de la Bibliothèque Royale des Pays-Bas et du Musée Meermanno-Westreenianum à La Haye (Paris: Société Française de Reproductions de Manusçrits à Peintures, 1924), 112. [BACK]
29. Each register is the same size: 5 x 9.3 cm. [BACK]
30. Ethiques , 103. [BACK]
31. The Latin words show signs of having been painted over the dark background. In the word Stans , the S is red, the t black, and the somewhat worn a is brown. [BACK]
32. For discussion of frontality as a "theme of state" and the profile view as a "theme of action," see Meyer Schapiro, Words and Pictures: On the Literal and Symbolic in the Illustration of a Text , ed. Thomas A. Sebeok, Approaches to Semiotics, 11 (The Hague: Mouton, 1973), Ch. 2. [BACK]
33. Ethiques , 129. break
34. Ibid., Gloss 9, 135. For discussion of this comparison, see Knops, Etudes , 92. [BACK]
33. Ethiques , 129. break
34. Ibid., Gloss 9, 135. For discussion of this comparison, see Knops, Etudes , 92. [BACK]
6— Virtue as Queen and Mean (Book II)
1. NE II.6 1106b-1107a. [BACK]
2. For the antique and Christian sources of the cardinal virtues, see Michael Evans, "Tugenden," in LCI , vol. 4, col. 364. [BACK]
3. "Donques vertu est habit electif estant ou moien quant a nous par raison determinee ainsi comme le sage la determineroit" ( Ethiques , 162).
4. For the glossary references, see ibid., 543-44; for the chapter headings, 157 and 159. [BACK]
3. "Donques vertu est habit electif estant ou moien quant a nous par raison determinee ainsi comme le sage la determineroit" ( Ethiques , 162).
4. For the glossary references, see ibid., 543-44; for the chapter headings, 157 and 159. [BACK]
5. Figures 7 and 24, the half-page illustrations for Books I and V that take up the entire text block, also stand at the head of the folios. [BACK]
6. The dimensions of 8 × 7.2 cm compare to those of 8.1 × 6.7 cm for Figure 37, the illustration of Book VIII. [BACK]
7. Byrne, "Manuscript Ruling and Design," 119. [BACK]
11. I am grateful to Vicki Porter for suggesting this interpretation to me. [BACK]
12. NE II.7 1107b; Ethiques , 165 and 167. [BACK]
13. The qualifying inscription to the right of Vertu's head is the only one of the three that forms a complete sentence; those of the vices are only adjectival phrases. [BACK]
14. Schapiro, Words and Pictures , Ch. 4. [BACK]
15. See Sherman, "Taking a Second Look," 108-10. See also Ch. 5 above at n. 18. [BACK]
16. For other images of Jeanne de Bourbon in the same dress, see Sherman, "Taking a Second Look," figs. 14, 15, and 18. [BACK]
17. E. H. Gombrich, " Icones symbolicae : Philosophies of Symbolism and Their Bearing on Art," in Symbolic Images: Studies in the Art of the Renaissance (London: Phaidon, 1972), 130. [BACK]
18. Yates, The Art of Memory , 101. break
19. Ibid. [BACK]
18. Yates, The Art of Memory , 101. break
19. Ibid. [BACK]
20. Hercules am Scheidewege , 150-51. [BACK]
21. Figure 13 is related more closely to Figure 24, the illustration of Justice in A . See Ch. 9 below at n. 34. While the mean is mentioned in the relevant passage of fol. 48v of the Morgan manuscript (M. 456), it is associated with Prudence, considered the master virtue. In other illustrations of M. 456, the mean in regard to individual virtues is symbolized by a gold T square, signifying rule or measure. [BACK]
22. Among later manuscripts, the cycle of the Rouen Ethics of 1452, Bibl. Municipale, MS fr. I.2 (927), also shares the frontispiece format of C . [BACK]
23. The placement of the central figure in the space between the two text columns bears out Byrne's argument of the relationship between the image design and the folio layout ("Manuscript Ruling and Design," 119). [BACK]
24. Such fillets are worn by brides in C (Fig. 38) and D (Fig. 84) and by the princess in the upper right quadrilobe of A (Fig. 7). [BACK]
25. For kinship metaphors among personifications, see Robert Curtius, European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages , trans. Willard R. Trask (New York: Harper & Row, Torchbooks, 1963), 131-34; Gombrich, " Icones symbolicae ," 130. [BACK]
26. Ethiques , 156, and Glosses 5 and 6. [BACK]
27. For the Psychomachia illustration (Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS lat. 8318, fols. 62r-v), see Katzenel-lenbogen, Virtues and Vices , figs. 1 and 3. [BACK]
28. NE II.8 1108b; Ethiques , 169. [BACK]
7— Courage, Moderation, and Their Opposites (Book III)
1. See Katzenellenbogen, Virtues and Vices , 30-33. The neologism Fortitude may, however, have presented a problem to Oresme's audience. [BACK]
2. Ross, Aristotle , 197-99. [BACK]
3. NE II.8 1108b-1109a; Ethiques , 165. [BACK]
4. NE III.6-9, Fortitude; 10-12, Temperance. [BACK]
5. Although the two personifications of Figure 15 increase in number to seven in Figure 16, only two of them interact. [BACK]
6. Figure 15 is 7.1 × 6.9 cm; Figure 11, 8 × 7.2 cm. The width of Figure 15 is slightly narrower than that of Figure 11, since the first occurs on a folio laid out in two columns continue
of equal width, the usual format for the prefatory matter in this manuscript. The width of Figure 11 corresponds to the area taken up by a column of text plus a narrower one of gloss. [BACK]
7. Ethiques , 80.
8. Ibid., 544. The definition by Oresme in Gloss 12 of Ch. 16 offers a slightly more detailed version than the one provided in the glossary (ibid., 210). [BACK]
7. Ethiques , 80.
8. Ibid., 544. The definition by Oresme in Gloss 12 of Ch. 16 offers a slightly more detailed version than the one provided in the glossary (ibid., 210). [BACK]
9. New York, The Pierpont Morgan Library, M. 456, fol. 33. [BACK]
10. M. 456, fols. 35v-36. The miniature on fol. 34 depicts the seven types of Force. [BACK]
11. Fais et bonnes meurs , vol. 1, pt. 2. [BACK]
12. Ethiques , 219.
13. Ibid., Gloss 1, 219. [BACK]
12. Ethiques , 219.
13. Ibid., Gloss 1, 219. [BACK]
14. Kolve, Chaucer and the Imagery of Narrative , 81. [BACK]
15. For examples of virtues placed within city walls, see a tenth-century manuscript of the Psychomachia of Prudentius (Brussels, Bibl. Royale Albert Ier, MS 10066-10077), reproduced in Richard Stettiner, Die illustrierten Prudentius-Handschriften (Berlin: Preuss [text] and Grotesche [plates], 1895-1905), pl. 176. For virtues in a tower setting in a manuscript of the Liber scivias of ca. 1175 (Wiesbaden, Landesbibliothek, Cod. 1, fols. 138v-139), see Katzenellenbogen, Virtues and Vices , figs. 46 and 47. For a Tower of Wisdom in a castle defended by the virtues in a thirteenth-century text, see Fritz Saxl, "A Spiritual Encyclopaedia of the Later Middle Ages," JWCI 5 (1942): 109-10. For a fifteenth-century adaptation of the Psychomachia in which two castles are defended (one by the three theological virtues, the other by the four cardinal virtues), see Saxl, "A Spiritual Encyclopaedia," 103-5 (Rome, Bibl. Casanatense, pl. 25a). [BACK]
16. See Ch. 3 above at n. 67 and Ch. 4 at n. 29. [BACK]
17. See Kolve, Chaucer and the Imagery of Narrative , 25-26. [BACK]
18. Aristotle, Rhetoric , III.9, 7-10; Curtius, European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages , 65. [BACK]
19. Ethiques , 208.
20. Ibid., Gloss 6, 209. [BACK]
19. Ethiques , 208.
20. Ibid., Gloss 6, 209. [BACK]
21. NE II.8 1109a. [BACK]
22. Carruthers, The Book of Memory , 63. [BACK]
23. Ethiques , 208-9. break [BACK]
24. The scene is linked to the rubric, "Item comment a bon prince attrempence appartient." Other illustrations of this manuscript (fols. 6v, 10v, and 38) also emphasize the necessity of the good king's exercise of moderation in regard to bodily pleasures. [BACK]
25. For Oresme's association of "bodily pleasures" with Luxuria, or Lechery, see Ethiques , Gloss 3, 222. [BACK]
26. NE III.1119a; Ethiques , 225-26. [BACK]
27. "Et se il est aucun auquel nulle viande n'est delitable et qui ne fait difference de l'une a l'autre, tele personne seroit bien loing de la commune nature et de l'estre des hommes" ( Ethiques , 225). [BACK]
28. For an interpretation of the association of Jews with horns, see Ruth Mellinkoff, The Horned Moses in Medieval Art and Thought , California Studies in the History of Art, 14 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1970), 121-37. [BACK]
29. See Alfred Rubens, A History of Jewish Costume (New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1967), 118. See Ch. 8 below at nn. 23-24. [BACK]
30. Bolzoni, "The Play of Images," 19-20; Carruthers, The Book of Memory , Ch. 4. [BACK]
8— Generosity, Magnanimity, Profligacy, and Avarice (Book IV)
1. Carruthers, The Book of Memory , 63. [BACK]
2. Ethiques , 230. [BACK]
3. For the philosophical context of Liberality and Magnanimity, see the helpful discussion of Gauthier and Jolif, Ethique à Nicomaque , vol. 2, pt. 1, 251-62 and 272-97. See also Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics , trans. and intro. Martin Ostwald (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1962), 306 and 310-11. [BACK]
4. M. 456, fol. 39. [BACK]
5. NE IV.1 1120a; Ethiques , 232. [BACK]
6. Katzenellenbogen cites examples of the virtues acting in genre scenes dating from about 1245-55 on the right portal of the west façade of Reims cathedral ( Virtues and Vices , 75-81, figs. 72-73). [BACK]
7. For further discussion of these points, see Ch. 9 below at nn. 54-55. [BACK]
8. Ross, Aristotle , 202-3. [BACK]
9. Ethiques , Gloss 10, 256. See also Gloss 7, 250; Gloss 17, 252; and Gloss 10, 254. break
10. Ibid., 247-48.
11. Ibid., 251.
12. Ibid. [BACK]
9. Ethiques , Gloss 10, 256. See also Gloss 7, 250; Gloss 17, 252; and Gloss 10, 254. break
10. Ibid., 247-48.
11. Ibid., 251.
12. Ibid. [BACK]
9. Ethiques , Gloss 10, 256. See also Gloss 7, 250; Gloss 17, 252; and Gloss 10, 254. break
10. Ibid., 247-48.
11. Ibid., 251.
12. Ibid. [BACK]
9. Ethiques , Gloss 10, 256. See also Gloss 7, 250; Gloss 17, 252; and Gloss 10, 254. break
10. Ibid., 247-48.
11. Ibid., 251.
12. Ibid. [BACK]
13. Carruthers, The Book of Memory , 93.
14. Ethiques , 256. Chaymes , Oresme's transliteration of a Greek word, appears in the glossary of difficult words (ibid., 542). [BACK]
13. Carruthers, The Book of Memory , 93.
14. Ethiques , 256. Chaymes , Oresme's transliteration of a Greek word, appears in the glossary of difficult words (ibid., 542). [BACK]
15. For a discussion of this formula, see Ch. 1 above at n. 59. See also Hedeman, Royal Image , 128-33. [BACK]
16. Prof. Carl Nordenfalk suggested the connection between the stag's head and the hunt ritual. For a description and illustration of the ritual presentation of the stag, see Francis Klingender, Animals in Art and Thought to the End of the Middle Ages , ed. Evelyn Antal and John Harthan (Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Press, 1971), 468-69 and figs. 248-49. For a thorough account of the actual procedure of the hunt, see Marcelle Thiébaux, "The Mediaeval Chase," Speculum 42 (1967): 260-74. See also idem, The Stag of Love: The Chase in Medieval Literature (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1974), 21-40. [BACK]
17. NE IV.1 1121a; Ethiques , 236. [BACK]
18. Ethiques , 546. [BACK]
19. For the tradition of moral criticism of the hunt, see Thiébaux, "The Mediaeval Chase," 263-65. For an illustration of this negative attitude in the French translation of the Policraticus of John of Salisbury executed for Charles V (Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS fr. 24287, fol. 12), see Sherman, Portraits , 76-77, and fig. 73. [BACK]
20. "Quant est de exposer peccune ou richesces ou de les prendre et aquerir, liberalité est le moien; et la superhabundance, c'est prodigalité que nous povons apeller fole largesce. Et la deffaute est illiberalité et est avarice et convoitise" ( Ethiques , 165).
21. Ibid., Gloss 2, 236. According to Menut, Illiberalité is a neologism (ibid., 80).
22. Ibid., Gloss 2, 239. [BACK]
20. "Quant est de exposer peccune ou richesces ou de les prendre et aquerir, liberalité est le moien; et la superhabundance, c'est prodigalité que nous povons apeller fole largesce. Et la deffaute est illiberalité et est avarice et convoitise" ( Ethiques , 165).
21. Ibid., Gloss 2, 236. According to Menut, Illiberalité is a neologism (ibid., 80).
22. Ibid., Gloss 2, 239. [BACK]
20. "Quant est de exposer peccune ou richesces ou de les prendre et aquerir, liberalité est le moien; et la superhabundance, c'est prodigalité que nous povons apeller fole largesce. Et la deffaute est illiberalité et est avarice et convoitise" ( Ethiques , 165).
21. Ibid., Gloss 2, 236. According to Menut, Illiberalité is a neologism (ibid., 80).
22. Ibid., Gloss 2, 239. [BACK]
23. See Ch. 7 above at nn. 28-29. For the association of Avarice with usury, see Morton W. Bloomfield, The Seven Deadly Sins: An Introduction to the History of a Religious Concept, with Special Reference to Medieval English Literature (East Lansing: Michigan State College Press, 1952), 183, 197, and 231. For a horn as a symbol of other vices such as Pride, see Rosemond Tuve, "Notes on the Virtues and Vices," JWCI 27 (1963): 63. For the tradition that, like the devil, the Jews had horns, see Mellinkoff, Horned Moses , 135-36. [BACK]
24. Ethiques , 240. NE IV.1 1121b refers to "those who lend small sums and at high rates." See also William C. Jordan, "Jews on Top: Women and the Availability of Consumption continue
Loans in Northern France in the Mid-Thirteenth Century," Journal of Jewish Studies 29 (1978): 53. [BACK]
25. NE IV.1 1121b; Ethiques , 238. [BACK]
9— The Centrality of Justice (Book V)
1. For two basic definitions of Justice in the Politics , see I.2 and III.8-9. For Aristotle's discussion of Justice and associated concepts in the Ethics, Politics , and the Rhetoric , see Politics , Appendix 2, 361-72. [BACK]
2. Morris D. Forkosch, "Justice," in Dictionary of the History of Ideas , ed. Philip Wiener (New York: Scribner, 1973), vol. 2, 654. [BACK]
6. For a brief discussion of the transmission of these sources, see Michael Evans, "Tugenden," in LCI , vol. 4, col. 364. [BACK]
7. Ernst H. Kantorowicz, The King's Two Bodies: A Study in Mediaeval Political Theology (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1957), 96-97. [BACK]
8. Post, Studies in Medieval Legal Thought , 515, citing Berges, Die Fürstenspiegel , 43-46. [BACK]
9. Berges, Die Fürstenspiegel , 121-22. For a recent discussion of the connections between the Mirror of Princes literature and theories of kingship in late medieval political thought, see Jean Dunbabin, "Government," in CHMPT , 477-93. [BACK]
10. For relevant text passages, see Bell, L'idéal éthique , 65, 71, 73, and 74.
11. For the writings of the king's publicists and the tenor of the controversy, see Joseph R. Strayer, "Defense of the Realm and Royal Power in France," in Medieval Statecraft and the Perspectives of History (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1971), 295-99. For the Capetian's legal claims, see idem, "The Laicization of French and English Society in the Thirteenth Century," ibid., 251-65.
12. Joseph R. Strayer, "France, the Holy Land, the Chosen People, and the Most Christian King," ibid., 300-309.
13. Ibid., 310, citing Kantorowicz, King's Two Bodies , 249-59. [BACK]
10. For relevant text passages, see Bell, L'idéal éthique , 65, 71, 73, and 74.
11. For the writings of the king's publicists and the tenor of the controversy, see Joseph R. Strayer, "Defense of the Realm and Royal Power in France," in Medieval Statecraft and the Perspectives of History (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1971), 295-99. For the Capetian's legal claims, see idem, "The Laicization of French and English Society in the Thirteenth Century," ibid., 251-65.
12. Joseph R. Strayer, "France, the Holy Land, the Chosen People, and the Most Christian King," ibid., 300-309.
13. Ibid., 310, citing Kantorowicz, King's Two Bodies , 249-59. [BACK]
10. For relevant text passages, see Bell, L'idéal éthique , 65, 71, 73, and 74.
11. For the writings of the king's publicists and the tenor of the controversy, see Joseph R. Strayer, "Defense of the Realm and Royal Power in France," in Medieval Statecraft and the Perspectives of History (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1971), 295-99. For the Capetian's legal claims, see idem, "The Laicization of French and English Society in the Thirteenth Century," ibid., 251-65.
12. Joseph R. Strayer, "France, the Holy Land, the Chosen People, and the Most Christian King," ibid., 300-309.
13. Ibid., 310, citing Kantorowicz, King's Two Bodies , 249-59. [BACK]
10. For relevant text passages, see Bell, L'idéal éthique , 65, 71, 73, and 74.
11. For the writings of the king's publicists and the tenor of the controversy, see Joseph R. Strayer, "Defense of the Realm and Royal Power in France," in Medieval Statecraft and the Perspectives of History (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1971), 295-99. For the Capetian's legal claims, see idem, "The Laicization of French and English Society in the Thirteenth Century," ibid., 251-65.
12. Joseph R. Strayer, "France, the Holy Land, the Chosen People, and the Most Christian King," ibid., 300-309.
13. Ibid., 310, citing Kantorowicz, King's Two Bodies , 249-59. [BACK]
14. Strayer, "France, the Holy Land," 310. break [BACK]
15. For Joinville's famous description of Louis IX rendering justice, see his Life of Saint Louis , in Jean de Joinville and Geoffroi de Hardouin, Chronicles of the Crusades , trans. and intro. M. R. B. Shaw (Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1963), 177. [BACK]
16. This discussion depends heavily on an unpublished paper by Sarah Hanley, "Charles V and Royal Propaganda, 1364-1380," Department of History, University of Iowa, 1970. I am grateful to Prof. Hanley for making this study available to me. [BACK]
17. For the Latin and French forms of this treatise, see the introduction by Schnerb-Lièvre, Le songe du vergier , vol. 1, xix-xcii.
18. Ibid., vol. 1, 273-74.
19. This list was first incorporated in a register of the Parlement of Paris dated 8 March 1372 (ibid., vol. 2, 201-3).
20. Ibid., vol. 1, 5. For an earlier discussion of Charles V and sacral kingship in the prologues of translations commissioned by him, see above, Ch. 1.
21. For the main de justice , see Sherman, Portraits , figs. 18 and 22. In images other than the Coronation Book , see ibid., figs. 21 and 72. [BACK]
17. For the Latin and French forms of this treatise, see the introduction by Schnerb-Lièvre, Le songe du vergier , vol. 1, xix-xcii.
18. Ibid., vol. 1, 273-74.
19. This list was first incorporated in a register of the Parlement of Paris dated 8 March 1372 (ibid., vol. 2, 201-3).
20. Ibid., vol. 1, 5. For an earlier discussion of Charles V and sacral kingship in the prologues of translations commissioned by him, see above, Ch. 1.
21. For the main de justice , see Sherman, Portraits , figs. 18 and 22. In images other than the Coronation Book , see ibid., figs. 21 and 72. [BACK]
17. For the Latin and French forms of this treatise, see the introduction by Schnerb-Lièvre, Le songe du vergier , vol. 1, xix-xcii.
18. Ibid., vol. 1, 273-74.
19. This list was first incorporated in a register of the Parlement of Paris dated 8 March 1372 (ibid., vol. 2, 201-3).
20. Ibid., vol. 1, 5. For an earlier discussion of Charles V and sacral kingship in the prologues of translations commissioned by him, see above, Ch. 1.
21. For the main de justice , see Sherman, Portraits , figs. 18 and 22. In images other than the Coronation Book , see ibid., figs. 21 and 72. [BACK]
17. For the Latin and French forms of this treatise, see the introduction by Schnerb-Lièvre, Le songe du vergier , vol. 1, xix-xcii.
18. Ibid., vol. 1, 273-74.
19. This list was first incorporated in a register of the Parlement of Paris dated 8 March 1372 (ibid., vol. 2, 201-3).
20. Ibid., vol. 1, 5. For an earlier discussion of Charles V and sacral kingship in the prologues of translations commissioned by him, see above, Ch. 1.
21. For the main de justice , see Sherman, Portraits , figs. 18 and 22. In images other than the Coronation Book , see ibid., figs. 21 and 72. [BACK]
17. For the Latin and French forms of this treatise, see the introduction by Schnerb-Lièvre, Le songe du vergier , vol. 1, xix-xcii.
18. Ibid., vol. 1, 273-74.
19. This list was first incorporated in a register of the Parlement of Paris dated 8 March 1372 (ibid., vol. 2, 201-3).
20. Ibid., vol. 1, 5. For an earlier discussion of Charles V and sacral kingship in the prologues of translations commissioned by him, see above, Ch. 1.
21. For the main de justice , see Sherman, Portraits , figs. 18 and 22. In images other than the Coronation Book , see ibid., figs. 21 and 72. [BACK]
22. Figure 7 is 14.8 × 15.2 cm; Figure 24, 15.2 × 15.2 cm. [BACK]
23. Ethiques , 545. Also defined in the same place is the adjective légal .
24. Ibid., 278; see also the definition of illégal , 544.
25. Ibid., 277. [BACK]
23. Ethiques , 545. Also defined in the same place is the adjective légal .
24. Ibid., 278; see also the definition of illégal , 544.
25. Ibid., 277. [BACK]
23. Ethiques , 545. Also defined in the same place is the adjective légal .
24. Ibid., 278; see also the definition of illégal , 544.
25. Ibid., 277. [BACK]
26. For a late twelfth-century treatise, Quaestiones de iuris subtilitatibus , attributed to Placentinus (d. 1192), see Kantorowicz, King's Two Bodies , 107 and 108, n. 61; and Hermann Kantorowicz, Studies in the Glossators of the Roman Law: Newly Discovered Writings of the Twelfth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1938), 183. For a summary of the "parts" or attendants of Justice in four classical medieval sources, see Rosemond Tuve, Allegorical Imagery: Some Mediaeval Books and Their Posterity (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1966), Appendix, unpaged. [BACK]
27. Katzenellenbogen, Virtues and Vices , 52-53, n. 1.
28. For these symbols, see Johanna Flemming, "Palme," in LCI , vol. 3, cols. 364-65; for the ring, Alfonz Lengyel, "Ring," ibid., vol. 3, col. 554, and George Ferguson, Signs and Symbols in Christian Art (New York: Oxford University Press, 1961), 178-79. For the dog, see Peter Gerlach, "Hund," in LCI , vol. 2, cols. 334-35. [BACK]
27. Katzenellenbogen, Virtues and Vices , 52-53, n. 1.
28. For these symbols, see Johanna Flemming, "Palme," in LCI , vol. 3, cols. 364-65; for the ring, Alfonz Lengyel, "Ring," ibid., vol. 3, col. 554, and George Ferguson, Signs and Symbols in Christian Art (New York: Oxford University Press, 1961), 178-79. For the dog, see Peter Gerlach, "Hund," in LCI , vol. 2, cols. 334-35. [BACK]
29. Sub matris tutela: Untersuchungen zur Vorgeschichte der Schutzmantel Madonna , Abhandlungen der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-Historische Klasse (Hei- soft
delberg: Carl Winter Universitäts Verlag, 1976), 9-37. References to the older literature are included. [BACK]
30. Oxford, Merton College, MS 296, fol. 55. [BACK]
31. See Michael Camille, "Illustrations in Harley MS 3487 and the Perception of Aristotle's Libri naturales in Thirteenth-Century England," in England in the Thirteenth Century: Proceedings of the 1984 Harlaxton Symposium, ed . W. H. Ormrod (Dover, N.H.: Boydell Press, 1986), 41, fig. 16. I am grateful to Prof. Camille for bringing this illustration to my attention.
32. Ibid., 34-35. [BACK]
31. See Michael Camille, "Illustrations in Harley MS 3487 and the Perception of Aristotle's Libri naturales in Thirteenth-Century England," in England in the Thirteenth Century: Proceedings of the 1984 Harlaxton Symposium, ed . W. H. Ormrod (Dover, N.H.: Boydell Press, 1986), 41, fig. 16. I am grateful to Prof. Camille for bringing this illustration to my attention.
32. Ibid., 34-35. [BACK]
33. See Gertrud Schiller, Ikonographie der christlichen Kunst (Gütersloh: Gütersloher Verlagshaus Gerd Mohn, 1980), vol. 4, pt. 2, Maria , 195. [BACK]
34. For a discussion of these points, see Ch. 6 above at n. 21. [BACK]
35. Ethiques , 279. [BACK]
36. See Sherman, "The Queen," 279, n. 83; and idem, "Taking a Second Look," 107-9. [BACK]
37. Ordonnances des roys de France de la troisième race recueillies par ordre chronologique , ed. Denis F. Secousse (Paris: Imprimerie Royale, 1723-1829), vol. 6, 49-54. [BACK]
38. Hedeman, Royal Image , 106-9. [BACK]
39. See Sherman, "The Queen," figs. 3, 5, and 7. [BACK]
40. "Et que ne Hesperus ne Lucifer n'est si tres merveilleuse" ( Ethiques , 279). [BACK]
41. Yates, The Art of Memory , Chs. 3 and 4; Carruthers, The Book of Memory , Ch. 4. [BACK]
42. For such a literary monument developed in a twelfth-century dialogue, see Kantorowicz, King's Two Bodies , 107-11, and below at n. 56. [BACK]
43. See Forkosch, "Justice," 652; Kantorowicz, King's Two Bodies , 97-115; Rainer Kahsnitz, "Justitia," in LCI , vol. 2, 466-71; and Frances A. Yates, "Queen Elizabeth as Astraea," JWCI 10 (1947): 27-37. [BACK]
44. For an explanation of Aristotle's ideas, see the lucid translation of Ostwald, NE V.3 1131a. [BACK]
45. Ethiques , 285.
46. The diagrams he includes use both letters and numbers (ibid., text, and Gloss 3, 286). For a modern explanation of Aristotle's terms, see Ross, Aristotle , 205. [BACK]
45. Ethiques , 285.
46. The diagrams he includes use both letters and numbers (ibid., text, and Gloss 3, 286). For a modern explanation of Aristotle's terms, see Ross, Aristotle , 205. [BACK]
47. The depiction of Justice with a measuring rod is, however, not new in medieval art. See Katzenellenbogen, Virtues and Vices , 55. break [BACK]
48. The Latin translation of Aristotle's text by Robert Grosseteste uses words and letters, and not numbers, to explain the proportions. See Ethica Nicomachea, Translatio Roberti Grosseteste Lincolniensis , V.3-4, 31a15-31b17. For several modern editions of Oresme's works on mathematics, see De proportionibus proportionum and Ad pauca respicientes , trans. and ed. Grant, intro., 81-82; and Nicole Oresme and the Medieval Geometry of Qualities and Motions: A Treatise on the Uniformity and Difformity of Intensities Known as "Tractatus de configurationibus qualitatum et motuum ," trans. and ed. Marshall Clagett (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1968), Chs. 1 and 2. [BACK]
49. Although Menut ( Ethiques , 79-80) considers commutatif (like distributive ) a neologism, the two words appear in the earlier Morgan Avis au roys . See Bell, L'idéal éthique , 65. [BACK]
50. NEV .3 1132a, n. 2. [BACK]
51. Ross, Aristotle , 205. [BACK]
52. For a similar arrangement of the objects surrounding Art in MS C , see Ch. 10 at nn. 34-37. [BACK]
53. Ethiques , 289-90. [BACK]
54. Red robes were worn on some occasions by French judges. See W. N. Hargreaves-Mawdsley, A History of Legal Dress in Europe until the End of the Eighteenth Century (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963), 21-27. [BACK]
55. The only exceptions in C are the illustrations of Félicité humaine in Book I (Fig. 10) and Félicité contemplative in Book X (Fig. 43). [BACK]
56. See above, nn. 26 and 42. [BACK]
57. For an excellent study of Italian Aristotelianism, see Nicolai Rubenstein, "Marsilius of Padua and Italian Political Thought of His Time," in Europe in the Later Middle Ages , ed. John Hale et al. (London: Faber & Faber, 1965), 44-75. [BACK]
58. For a description of the Aristotelian sources, see Jonathan B. Riess, "French Influences on the Early Development of Civic Art in Italy," in Machaut's World: Science and Art in the Fourteenth Century , ed. Madeleine P. Cosman and Bruce Chandler, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 314 (New York: The New York Academy of Sciences, 1978), 292-99. [BACK]
59. "Political Ideas in Sienese Art: The Frescoes by Ambrogio Lorenzetti and Taddeo di Bartolo in the Palazzo Pubblico," JWCI 21 (1958): 179-207. [BACK]
60. "Ambrogio Lorenzetti: The Artist as Political Philosopher," Proceedings of the British Academy 72 (1986): 1-56.
61. Ibid., 48-56. In one sense Skinner builds upon Rosemond Tuve's idea that the Moralium dogma philosophorum , a treatise with Ciceronian roots, is the relevant source for the iconog- soft
raphy of the virtues and vices. See Tuve, "Notes on the Virtues and Vices," JWCI 26 (1963): 290-94. [BACK]
60. "Ambrogio Lorenzetti: The Artist as Political Philosopher," Proceedings of the British Academy 72 (1986): 1-56.
61. Ibid., 48-56. In one sense Skinner builds upon Rosemond Tuve's idea that the Moralium dogma philosophorum , a treatise with Ciceronian roots, is the relevant source for the iconog- soft
raphy of the virtues and vices. See Tuve, "Notes on the Virtues and Vices," JWCI 26 (1963): 290-94. [BACK]
62. "Ambrogio Lorenzetti," 3-6.
63. "The Republican Regime of the 'Room of Peace' in Siena, 1338-40," Representations 18 (1987): 1-32. For an expanded discussion of these views, see Randolph Starn and Loren Partridge, Arts of Power: Three Halls of State in Italy, 1300-1500 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1992), 11-59. For a summary of recent bibliography on the Lorenzetti frescoes, see ibid., 313, n. 15. [BACK]
62. "Ambrogio Lorenzetti," 3-6.
63. "The Republican Regime of the 'Room of Peace' in Siena, 1338-40," Representations 18 (1987): 1-32. For an expanded discussion of these views, see Randolph Starn and Loren Partridge, Arts of Power: Three Halls of State in Italy, 1300-1500 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1992), 11-59. For a summary of recent bibliography on the Lorenzetti frescoes, see ibid., 313, n. 15. [BACK]
64. A Distant City: Images of Urban Experience in the Medieval World , trans. William McCuaig (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1991), Ch. 6. [BACK]
65. For the divergence of these subsidiary types of Justice from Aristotelian concepts, see Rubenstein, "Political Ideas," 182-83.
66. For an image of this second representation of Justice, see ibid., pl. 16b. For Skinner's interpretation of this figure, see "Ambrogio Lorenzetti," 35-36. [BACK]
65. For the divergence of these subsidiary types of Justice from Aristotelian concepts, see Rubenstein, "Political Ideas," 182-83.
66. For an image of this second representation of Justice, see ibid., pl. 16b. For Skinner's interpretation of this figure, see "Ambrogio Lorenzetti," 35-36. [BACK]
67. For an interpretation of the feminine personifications, see Marina Warner, Monuments and Maidens: The Allegory of the Female Form (New York: Atheneum, 1985), 155-56. [BACK]
68. Yates, The Art of Memory , 100-101. [BACK]
69. See above at n. 49. [BACK]
10— Guides to the Intellectual Virtues (Book VI)
1. "Ci aprés commence les titres des chapitres du sexte livre d'Ethiques, ou il determine des vertus intellectueles qui sont en l'entendement. Et contient ceste livre .xvii. chapitres" ( Ethiques , 330).
2. "Ou premier chapitre il met son entencion et une diffinicion qui fait a son propos" (ibid.).
3. Ibid. [BACK]
1. "Ci aprés commence les titres des chapitres du sexte livre d'Ethiques, ou il determine des vertus intellectueles qui sont en l'entendement. Et contient ceste livre .xvii. chapitres" ( Ethiques , 330).
2. "Ou premier chapitre il met son entencion et une diffinicion qui fait a son propos" (ibid.).
3. Ibid. [BACK]
1. "Ci aprés commence les titres des chapitres du sexte livre d'Ethiques, ou il determine des vertus intellectueles qui sont en l'entendement. Et contient ceste livre .xvii. chapitres" ( Ethiques , 330).
2. "Ou premier chapitre il met son entencion et une diffinicion qui fait a son propos" (ibid.).
3. Ibid. [BACK]
4. Ross, Aristotle , 209; Ethiques , 332. [BACK]
5. NE VI.3 1139a; Ethiques , 331. [BACK]
6. According to Menut, these terms are neologisms introduced by Oresme. ( Ethiques , 79-81).
7. Ibid., 541-42. [BACK]
6. According to Menut, these terms are neologisms introduced by Oresme. ( Ethiques , 79-81).
7. Ibid., 541-42. [BACK]
8. Sherman, "Representations of Charles V," 87-92. break [BACK]
9. NE VI.4 1140a. [BACK]
10. Ethiques , 336. [BACK]
11. Renaissance Thought: Papers on Humanism and the Arts (New York: Harper, Torchbooks, 1965), vol. 2, 166.
12. Ibid. [BACK]
11. Renaissance Thought: Papers on Humanism and the Arts (New York: Harper, Torchbooks, 1965), vol. 2, 166.
12. Ibid. [BACK]
13. Ethiques , 336; NE VI.4 1140a. [BACK]
14. Ethiques , Gloss 1, 336.
15. Ibid., 544. [BACK]
14. Ethiques , Gloss 1, 336.
15. Ibid., 544. [BACK]
16. See Mircea Eliade, The Forge and the Crucible , trans. Stephen Corrin (New York: Harper & Bros., 1962), chs. 8-10. [BACK]
17. See R. F. Tylecote, "The Medieval Smith and His Methods," in Medieval Industry , ed. D. W. Crossley (London: Council for British Archaeology, 1981), 42-50, and in the same volume, Ian H. Goodall, "The Medieval Blacksmith and His Products," 51-62. See also W. A. Oddy, "Metalworkers," in DMA , vol. 8, 291-97. I am grateful to Prof. Natalie Zemon Davis for sharing material and ideas on medieval blacksmiths with me. [BACK]
18. This series of citations is drawn from Ross, Aristotle , 211. [BACK]
19. Ethiques , Gloss 3, 341. Although Aristotle's use of the term Intelligences probably refers to the highest intelligible things, Oresme probably means the word to connote heavenly spirits or angels included in the celestial hierarchies. I owe this explanation to Profs. Robert Mulvaney and Ellen Ginsberg. [BACK]
20. See Eugene F. Rice, Jr., The Renaissance Idea of Wisdom (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1958), 10-13.
21. Ibid., 15-17.
22. See ibid., 15, n. 41, citing Sum. Theol ., 1, 2, col. 2.
23. Ibid., 49, n. 17, citing Sum. Theol ., Ia, Q. XLI, art. Resp. ad. 4. [BACK]
20. See Eugene F. Rice, Jr., The Renaissance Idea of Wisdom (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1958), 10-13.
21. Ibid., 15-17.
22. See ibid., 15, n. 41, citing Sum. Theol ., 1, 2, col. 2.
23. Ibid., 49, n. 17, citing Sum. Theol ., Ia, Q. XLI, art. Resp. ad. 4. [BACK]
20. See Eugene F. Rice, Jr., The Renaissance Idea of Wisdom (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1958), 10-13.
21. Ibid., 15-17.
22. See ibid., 15, n. 41, citing Sum. Theol ., 1, 2, col. 2.
23. Ibid., 49, n. 17, citing Sum. Theol ., Ia, Q. XLI, art. Resp. ad. 4. [BACK]
20. See Eugene F. Rice, Jr., The Renaissance Idea of Wisdom (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1958), 10-13.
21. Ibid., 15-17.
22. See ibid., 15, n. 41, citing Sum. Theol ., 1, 2, col. 2.
23. Ibid., 49, n. 17, citing Sum. Theol ., Ia, Q. XLI, art. Resp. ad. 4. [BACK]
24. For a recent discussion of the Christian emphasis in the Sapience miniature, see Kolve, Chaucer and the Imagery of Narrative , 79-81.
25. See Ursula Nilgen, "Evangelisten," in LCI , vol. 1, cols. 696-713; and Erika Dinkler-von Schubert, " Vita activa et contemplativa ," in ibid., vol. 4, cols. 463-68. [BACK]
24. For a recent discussion of the Christian emphasis in the Sapience miniature, see Kolve, Chaucer and the Imagery of Narrative , 79-81.
25. See Ursula Nilgen, "Evangelisten," in LCI , vol. 1, cols. 696-713; and Erika Dinkler-von Schubert, " Vita activa et contemplativa ," in ibid., vol. 4, cols. 463-68. [BACK]
26. For further discussion of the contemplative life, see below Ch. 14. break [BACK]
27. Chaucer and the Imagery of Narrative , 81. [BACK]
28. For a summary of editorial changes in C , see Ch. 4 above. [BACK]
29. In other words, Art and Prudence, who fall into the sphere of practical wisdom, make a logical pairing on the top, whereas Science should more appropriately accompany Entendement and Sapience below. Or, if the upper register is equated with higher or spiritual values, as is often the case in medieval art, Science, Entendement, and Sapience should occupy the upper zone; Art and Prudence, the lower. [BACK]
30. Ross, Aristotle , 210; NE VI.3 1139b; Ethiques , 334-36. [BACK]
31. See Michael Evans, "Allegorical Women and Practical Men: The Iconography of the Artes Reconsidered," in Medieval Women , ed. Derek Baker, Studies in Church History, subsidia 1 (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, for the Ecclesiastical History Society, 1978), 305-28. For bibliography on the liberal arts, see Mary D. Garrard, "Artemisia Gentileschi's Self-Portrait as the Allegory of Painting," AB 62/1 (1980): 99, n. 8; for further discussion of the liberal arts, see idem, "The Liberal Arts and Michelangelo's First Project for the Tomb of Julius II (With a Coda on Raphael's 'School of Athens')," Viator 15 (1984): 335-55, and for further bibliography, 337, n. 7. See also David L. Wagner, ed., The Seven Liberal Arts in the Middle Ages (Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 1983). [BACK]
32. London, Brit. Lib., MS Add. 30024, fol. Iv. See Evans, "Allegorical Women and Practical Men," 305-6, 319-28, and pl. 1. [BACK]
33. The second part of Brunetto's encyclopedia is based on an abbreviated version of Aristotle's Ethics known as the Summa alexandrina , first translated into Italian by Maestro Taddeo of Florence, ca. 1260 (see Ethiques , 39). For Brunetto's work as a source of Ambrogio Lorenzetti's fresco cycle of Good and Bad Government, see Ch. 9 above at nn. 60-63. [BACK]
34. I owe this important observation to Rieneke Nieuwstraten. [BACK]
35. The Princeton Index of Christian Art identifies these tools. [BACK]
36. For this association, see Rudolf Berliner, "Arma Christi," Muenchner Jahrbuch der bildenden Kunst 6 (1955): 112. [BACK]
37. For another example of the migration of Passion iconography, see Ch. 9 above at nn. 51-52. [BACK]
38. Ross, Aristotle , 210.
39. Ibid., 211. [BACK]
38. Ross, Aristotle , 210.
39. Ibid., 211. [BACK]
40. Ethiques , Gloss 6, 360-61.
41. Ibid., 344-46. break
42. Prudence or Practical Wisdom is applied to the conduct of an individual, household management, legislation, and politics. Politics is subdivided into deliberative and judicial aspects (ibid., 345); for a diagram, see Ross, Aristotle , 212. [BACK]
40. Ethiques , Gloss 6, 360-61.
41. Ibid., 344-46. break
42. Prudence or Practical Wisdom is applied to the conduct of an individual, household management, legislation, and politics. Politics is subdivided into deliberative and judicial aspects (ibid., 345); for a diagram, see Ross, Aristotle , 212. [BACK]
40. Ethiques , Gloss 6, 360-61.
41. Ibid., 344-46. break
42. Prudence or Practical Wisdom is applied to the conduct of an individual, household management, legislation, and politics. Politics is subdivided into deliberative and judicial aspects (ibid., 345); for a diagram, see Ross, Aristotle , 212. [BACK]
43. Ethiques , 542-46. These terms are architectonique, demotique, eubulie, gnomé, rectitude , and synesie . [BACK]
44. The Princeton Index of Christian Art solved this puzzle. [BACK]
45. For a history of this tradition, see Erwin Panofsky, "Titian's Allegory of Prudence : A Postscript," in Meaning in the Visual Arts (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1955), 149-51. [BACK]
46. See Samuel C. Chew, The Pilgrimage of Life (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1952), 136. [BACK]
47. Martin of Braga, "Rules for an Honest Life ( Formula vitae honestae )," in Iberian Fathers , trans. Claude W. Barlow, The Fathers of the Church, A New Translation, 62 (Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 1969), 90; Cicero, De inventione , trans. and ed. H. M. Hubbell (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, Loeb Classical Library, 1949), II.liv.160; and Panofsky, "Titian's Allegory of Prudence ," 149-50. [BACK]
48. Panofsky, "Titian's Allegory of Prudence ," 149. [BACK]
49. See Li livres du gouvernement des rois , ed. Molenaer, 40, ll. 10-14. [BACK]
50. For the derivation of the eight-part division of Prudence from Macrobius, In somnium Scipionis , 1-8, see Tuve, Allegorical Imagery , 63-65, and Appendix 2. [BACK]
51. See Garrard, "The Liberal Arts," fig. 13. [BACK]
52. See Georg Troescher, "Dreikopfgottheit und Dreigesicht," in RDK , vol. 4, 501-12. [BACK]
53. Malines/Mechelen, Grand Séminaire, Codex I, fol. 3. For other Italian examples, see Panofsky, "Titian's Allegory of Prudence ," 150, nn. 12-14. [BACK]
54. New York, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Cloisters, 69.86, fols. 32Iv-322. [BACK]
55. Ethiques , Gloss 6, 340-41. [BACK]
56. For illustrations of Giovanni Pisano's Sibyls, see Michael Ayrton and Henry Moore, Giovanni Pisano, Sculptor (New York: Weybright and Talley, 1969), figs. 144-46 and 167. [BACK]
57. Among early examples in Carolingian manuscripts of an image of St. Matthew, see the Gospel Book of Lothair , Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS lat. 266, fol. 22b; and for an image of St. Mark, fol. 75b. The manuscript is dated between 840 and 851. See Wilhelm Koehler, Die karolingischen Miniaturen , vol. 1, Die Schule von Tours (Berlin: B. Cassirer, 1930), (text), 247, (plates), 99a and b. break [BACK]
58. Similar problems with the inscription occur in Figure 43, the illustration of Book X in C . Here too the iconographic type is like that of Sapience in Figure 34. [BACK]
59. For an example of Forgerie, see Evans, "Allegorical Women and Practical Men," fig. 1. [BACK]
60. Yates, The Art of Memory , 101. [BACK]
11— Reason and Desire: Moral Decisions (Book VII)
1. Hercules am Scheidewege , 160. Although the context is different, the Lover stands at the "two ways" in the Roman de la rose . A fourteenth-century illustration represents Amant in the center between the God of Love on the left and Lady Reason on the right (Brussels, Bibl. Royale Albert Ier, MS 9574-75, fol. 32r). See John V. Fleming, The Roman de la rose: A Study in Allegory and Iconography (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1969), pl. 32. For the history of Lady Reason in medieval literature, see idem, Reason and the Lover (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1984). [BACK]
2. Because they are used in Oresme's translation, the terms Continence and Incontinence are retained in this discussion. [BACK]
3. For Aristotle's use of the terms, see Amélie O. Rorty, " Akrasia and Pleasure: Nicomachean Ethics , Book 7," in Essays on Aristotle's Ethics , ed. Amélie O. Rorty (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1980), 267-84. For the history of the terms, see Gauthier and Jolif, Ethique à Nicomaque , vol. 2, pt. 2, 579-81. [BACK]
4. Ethiques , 542.
5. Ibid., 544.
6. Ibid., 363.
7. According to Menut, the term incontinent is a neologism (ibid., 80). [BACK]
4. Ethiques , 542.
5. Ibid., 544.
6. Ibid., 363.
7. According to Menut, the term incontinent is a neologism (ibid., 80). [BACK]
4. Ethiques , 542.
5. Ibid., 544.
6. Ibid., 363.
7. According to Menut, the term incontinent is a neologism (ibid., 80). [BACK]
4. Ethiques , 542.
5. Ibid., 544.
6. Ibid., 363.
7. According to Menut, the term incontinent is a neologism (ibid., 80). [BACK]
8. Hercules am Scheidewege , 160, n. 1. [BACK]
9. Ethiques , Gloss 2, 363-64.
10. The other two modes or states of conduct, the bestial and the heroic, were probably considered by Oresme too extreme to depict in a third zone. Yet he gives Hector as an example of heroic or divine virtue. Oresme notes: "De cestui Hector descendirent les François; ce dit un expositeur, et ainsi le dient les hystoires" ( Ethiques , Gloss 3, 364). Oresme here refers to the legend that the French are descended from the Trojans. This claim, Oresme states, figures in the commentaries on the Ethics of Buridan and Burley (ibid., 364, n. 3). Although Oresme does not refute this claim, he does not accept it either. See Babbitt, who cites the gloss in the context of Oresme's awareness of a national heritage ( Oresme's Livre de Politiques , 67, n. 173). break [BACK]
9. Ethiques , Gloss 2, 363-64.
10. The other two modes or states of conduct, the bestial and the heroic, were probably considered by Oresme too extreme to depict in a third zone. Yet he gives Hector as an example of heroic or divine virtue. Oresme notes: "De cestui Hector descendirent les François; ce dit un expositeur, et ainsi le dient les hystoires" ( Ethiques , Gloss 3, 364). Oresme here refers to the legend that the French are descended from the Trojans. This claim, Oresme states, figures in the commentaries on the Ethics of Buridan and Burley (ibid., 364, n. 3). Although Oresme does not refute this claim, he does not accept it either. See Babbitt, who cites the gloss in the context of Oresme's awareness of a national heritage ( Oresme's Livre de Politiques , 67, n. 173). break [BACK]
11. For exemplification and verisimilitude in illustrations of the Roman de la Rose , see the discussion by Fleming, Roman de la Rose , 31-36. [BACK]
12— Friendship: Personal and Social Relationships (Book VIII)
1. NE VIII.1 1155a. [BACK]
2. See the helpful discussion by William A. Wallace of "Friendship" in the New Catholic Encyclopedia (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967), vol. 6, 203-5. [BACK]
3. NE VIII.3 1156b. [BACK]
4. Wallace, "Friendship," 204.
5. Ibid., 205. [BACK]
4. Wallace, "Friendship," 204.
5. Ibid., 205. [BACK]
6. Ethiques , Gloss 7, 427-28. [BACK]
7. This set is added to the traditional four cardinal and three Christian virtues derived from the Psychomachia of Prudentius. See Ellen Kosmer, "A Study of the Style and Iconography of a Thirteenth-Century Somme le roi (British Museum, MS Add. 54180) with a Consideration of Other Illustrated Somme Manuscripts of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Centuries" (Ph.D. diss., Yale University, 1973), pt. 1, 52. For a list of these virtues, see Tuve, Allegorical Imagery , Appendix. Tuve discusses the virtues in the Somme le roi throughout ch. 2 of this volume and in the second part of her lengthy article, "Notes on the Virtues and Vices" (1964): 42-72. See also Alexander, Medieval Illuminators , 115-20. [BACK]
8. Kosmer, " Somme le roi ," pt. 1, 99. [BACK]
9. For Charles V's manuscript, Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS fr. 938, fol. 82, see Delisle, Recherches , vol. 1, 236-39. See also Tuve, "Notes on the Virtues and Vices," (1964): 43, pls. 7b, c, and d. [BACK]
10. Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS fr. 14939, fol. 105v. This manuscript contains a set of instructions to the illuminator for depicting the last ten of the set of fifteen miniatures. See Delisle, Recherches , vol. 1, 243-46; Kosmer, " Somme le roi ," pt. 2, 66-68. See Ch. 3 above at n. 77. [BACK]
11. Figure 37 is 8.1 × 6.7 cm; Figure 11 is 8 × 7.2 cm. The third and fourth undivided miniatures (Figs. 40 and 42) for Books IX and X are 7.3 × 6.9 and 7.6 × 6.9 cm respectively. [BACK]
12. It is also possible that a different member of the Jean de Sy workshop executed Figures 37 and 40, which would explain the change in color. [BACK]
13. Ethiques , Gloss 10, 417. break
14. Ibid., 412.
15. "Car, si comme il sera dit aprés, amistié est un habit electif en la maniere que est vertu, et aussi comme une espece de vertu reduite ou ramenee a justice; et donques science morale qui considerer des vertus doit considere de amistié" (ibid., Gloss 2, 412). [BACK]
13. Ethiques , Gloss 10, 417. break
14. Ibid., 412.
15. "Car, si comme il sera dit aprés, amistié est un habit electif en la maniere que est vertu, et aussi comme une espece de vertu reduite ou ramenee a justice; et donques science morale qui considerer des vertus doit considere de amistié" (ibid., Gloss 2, 412). [BACK]
13. Ethiques , Gloss 10, 417. break
14. Ibid., 412.
15. "Car, si comme il sera dit aprés, amistié est un habit electif en la maniere que est vertu, et aussi comme une espece de vertu reduite ou ramenee a justice; et donques science morale qui considerer des vertus doit considere de amistié" (ibid., Gloss 2, 412). [BACK]
16. Wallace, "Friendship," 204, citing St. Augustine's Confessions , trans. William Watts (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, Loeb Classical Library, 1942), vol. 1, 4.6.11; and Aristotle without specific reference, but possibly NE IX.8 1168b. [BACK]
17. NE VIII.3 1156b. [BACK]
18. Ethiques , 414.
19. See Guy de Tervarent, Attributs et symboles dans l'art profane, 1450-1600: Dictionnaire d'une langue perdue (Geneva: Droz, 1959), 102; Oskar Holl, "Herz," LCI , vol. 2, cols. 248-50; and Albert Walzer and Oskar Holl, "Herz Jesu," in ibid., vol. 2, cols. 248-54.
20. See R. Freyhan, "The Evolution of the Caritas Figure in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries," JWCI 11 (1948): 77-81, pls. 15a and 15c. Freyhan also states that while Amor with the flaming torch was well known, the Caritas figure with a flaming heart did not appear in fourteenth-century French art. Freyhan believes, however, that the flaming-heart motif derives from courtly love texts (ibid., 76 and 79). [BACK]
18. Ethiques , 414.
19. See Guy de Tervarent, Attributs et symboles dans l'art profane, 1450-1600: Dictionnaire d'une langue perdue (Geneva: Droz, 1959), 102; Oskar Holl, "Herz," LCI , vol. 2, cols. 248-50; and Albert Walzer and Oskar Holl, "Herz Jesu," in ibid., vol. 2, cols. 248-54.
20. See R. Freyhan, "The Evolution of the Caritas Figure in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries," JWCI 11 (1948): 77-81, pls. 15a and 15c. Freyhan also states that while Amor with the flaming torch was well known, the Caritas figure with a flaming heart did not appear in fourteenth-century French art. Freyhan believes, however, that the flaming-heart motif derives from courtly love texts (ibid., 76 and 79). [BACK]
18. Ethiques , 414.
19. See Guy de Tervarent, Attributs et symboles dans l'art profane, 1450-1600: Dictionnaire d'une langue perdue (Geneva: Droz, 1959), 102; Oskar Holl, "Herz," LCI , vol. 2, cols. 248-50; and Albert Walzer and Oskar Holl, "Herz Jesu," in ibid., vol. 2, cols. 248-54.
20. See R. Freyhan, "The Evolution of the Caritas Figure in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries," JWCI 11 (1948): 77-81, pls. 15a and 15c. Freyhan also states that while Amor with the flaming torch was well known, the Caritas figure with a flaming heart did not appear in fourteenth-century French art. Freyhan believes, however, that the flaming-heart motif derives from courtly love texts (ibid., 76 and 79). [BACK]
21. For the role of the heart in medieval psychology, see Carruthers, The Book of Memory , 48-49. [BACK]
22. See Raymond Koechlin, Les ivoires gothiques français (Paris: A. Picard, 1924), vol. 2, no. 1002, pl. 176, and no. 1109, pl. 187, with documentation. See also Danielle GaboritChopin, Ivoires du moyen âge (Fribourg: Office du Livre, 1978), no. 219, 207. [BACK]
23. Vienna, National Library, cod. 2592, fol. 15v. See Alfred Kuhn, "Die Illustration des Rosenromans," in Jahrbuch der Kunsthistorischen Sammlungen der allerhöchsten Kaiserhauses 31 (1913-14): pl. 5. [BACK]
24. Folio 149v is blank. Perhaps it was considered preferable to place the large frontispiece on the recto of fol. 150. In this manuscript all the miniatures, except that of Book II on fol. 24v, follow such a pattern. [BACK]
25. Although Friendship is spelled Amisté in C , for the sake of uniformity, I have retained the spelling of the word in A . [BACK]
30. A further glorification of the contemplative life is found in the monumental illustration in C of Book X of the Ethiques (Fig. 43). For a more detailed account, see below, Ch. 14. [BACK]
31. The other illustration in C with a similar background pattern is the Justice miniature (Fig. 25). In Book VIII Aristotle insists on the relationship between Justice and Amistié, both of which are essential to the peace and harmony of the political community. [BACK]
32. For a helpful discussion of the various hand gestures involved in the homage ceremony in Charles V's copy of the Grandes chroniques de France written under his direction, see Hedeman, "Valois Legitimacy," 99-103. [BACK]
33. Ethiques , 426.
34. Ibid., Gloss 2, 437.
35. Ibid., Glosses 9 and 10, 438.
36. Ibid., 436. Oresme further defines the wife's domain in Gloss 3 of Ch. 17 as control of spinning and care of the dwelling (ibid., 444).
37. Ibid., Gloss 5, 444. Oresme follows Aristotle's formulation in the Politics (1.13 1260a) that while both men and women have moral goodness, men have it in a ruling mode, women, in an obeying or serving one (see Politiques , 53 and 73-74). [BACK]
33. Ethiques , 426.
34. Ibid., Gloss 2, 437.
35. Ibid., Glosses 9 and 10, 438.
36. Ibid., 436. Oresme further defines the wife's domain in Gloss 3 of Ch. 17 as control of spinning and care of the dwelling (ibid., 444).
37. Ibid., Gloss 5, 444. Oresme follows Aristotle's formulation in the Politics (1.13 1260a) that while both men and women have moral goodness, men have it in a ruling mode, women, in an obeying or serving one (see Politiques , 53 and 73-74). [BACK]
33. Ethiques , 426.
34. Ibid., Gloss 2, 437.
35. Ibid., Glosses 9 and 10, 438.
36. Ibid., 436. Oresme further defines the wife's domain in Gloss 3 of Ch. 17 as control of spinning and care of the dwelling (ibid., 444).
37. Ibid., Gloss 5, 444. Oresme follows Aristotle's formulation in the Politics (1.13 1260a) that while both men and women have moral goodness, men have it in a ruling mode, women, in an obeying or serving one (see Politiques , 53 and 73-74). [BACK]
33. Ethiques , 426.
34. Ibid., Gloss 2, 437.
35. Ibid., Glosses 9 and 10, 438.
36. Ibid., 436. Oresme further defines the wife's domain in Gloss 3 of Ch. 17 as control of spinning and care of the dwelling (ibid., 444).
37. Ibid., Gloss 5, 444. Oresme follows Aristotle's formulation in the Politics (1.13 1260a) that while both men and women have moral goodness, men have it in a ruling mode, women, in an obeying or serving one (see Politiques , 53 and 73-74). [BACK]
33. Ethiques , 426.
34. Ibid., Gloss 2, 437.
35. Ibid., Glosses 9 and 10, 438.
36. Ibid., 436. Oresme further defines the wife's domain in Gloss 3 of Ch. 17 as control of spinning and care of the dwelling (ibid., 444).
37. Ibid., Gloss 5, 444. Oresme follows Aristotle's formulation in the Politics (1.13 1260a) that while both men and women have moral goodness, men have it in a ruling mode, women, in an obeying or serving one (see Politiques , 53 and 73-74). [BACK]
38. For the interpretation of the miniatures in this treatise on household management, see Chs. 24 and 25. [BACK]
13— Moral Obligations of Friendship (Book IX)
1. Except for the miniature of Book III (7.1 × 6.9 cm), Figure 40 (7.3 × 6.9 cm) is the smallest in the A cycle. [BACK]
6. NE IX.8 1168b; Ethiques , 477. [BACK]
7. Oresme's translation that the friends are as close as "jambe et genouil" ( Ethiques , 477) is nearer to the original Greek expression, "The knee is closer to the shin" (see Nicomachean Ethics , trans. Ostwald, 260, n. 26). break [BACK]
8. The small fold at the bottom of this folio and the string sewn in after the next one provide evidence for this procedure. See Petrus C. Boeren, Catalogus van de handschriften van het Rijksmuseum Meermanno-Westreenianum (The Hague: Staatsuitgeverij, 1979), 93. [BACK]
9. The alternation of apricot and blue backgrounds touched with gold for the separate registers of the miniatures in C continues here (Pl. 5). [BACK]
10. MS C , fol. 170. It is worth noting that in Figure 41 the decorative organization of the folio, rather than the inscriptions, forges the links between the image and text. [BACK]
11. NE IX.2 1164b-1165a; Ethiques , 456. [BACK]
12. Ethiques , Gloss 5, 456.
13. Ibid., 458-62.
14. Ibid., Gloss 8, 460-61; Question, 461-62. Menut (ibid., 460, n. 4) points out that this gloss (but not the Question) was included in the selection of favorite passages by Oresme collected in the translator's copy of the Politiques (Avranches, Bibl. Mun., MS 223, fol. 356). For an earlier Question in Book V, Ch. 19, see ibid., 316-21.
15. Menut names Albert the Great, Thomas Aquinas, Walter Burley, and Jean Buridan as the "pluseurs docteurs" mentioned by Oresme (ibid., 460, n. 5).
16. Ibid., Gloss 8, 460.
17. Ibid., 460-61.
18. Ibid., 461.
19. Ibid., 461-62. In this Question, Oresme stresses the claims of amistié de lignage but says that the closeness of family ties, the virtue and value of the nonfamily friend, and the good deeds or benefits received can vary and make the decision more difficult. [BACK]
12. Ethiques , Gloss 5, 456.
13. Ibid., 458-62.
14. Ibid., Gloss 8, 460-61; Question, 461-62. Menut (ibid., 460, n. 4) points out that this gloss (but not the Question) was included in the selection of favorite passages by Oresme collected in the translator's copy of the Politiques (Avranches, Bibl. Mun., MS 223, fol. 356). For an earlier Question in Book V, Ch. 19, see ibid., 316-21.
15. Menut names Albert the Great, Thomas Aquinas, Walter Burley, and Jean Buridan as the "pluseurs docteurs" mentioned by Oresme (ibid., 460, n. 5).
16. Ibid., Gloss 8, 460.
17. Ibid., 460-61.
18. Ibid., 461.
19. Ibid., 461-62. In this Question, Oresme stresses the claims of amistié de lignage but says that the closeness of family ties, the virtue and value of the nonfamily friend, and the good deeds or benefits received can vary and make the decision more difficult. [BACK]
12. Ethiques , Gloss 5, 456.
13. Ibid., 458-62.
14. Ibid., Gloss 8, 460-61; Question, 461-62. Menut (ibid., 460, n. 4) points out that this gloss (but not the Question) was included in the selection of favorite passages by Oresme collected in the translator's copy of the Politiques (Avranches, Bibl. Mun., MS 223, fol. 356). For an earlier Question in Book V, Ch. 19, see ibid., 316-21.
15. Menut names Albert the Great, Thomas Aquinas, Walter Burley, and Jean Buridan as the "pluseurs docteurs" mentioned by Oresme (ibid., 460, n. 5).
16. Ibid., Gloss 8, 460.
17. Ibid., 460-61.
18. Ibid., 461.
19. Ibid., 461-62. In this Question, Oresme stresses the claims of amistié de lignage but says that the closeness of family ties, the virtue and value of the nonfamily friend, and the good deeds or benefits received can vary and make the decision more difficult. [BACK]
12. Ethiques , Gloss 5, 456.
13. Ibid., 458-62.
14. Ibid., Gloss 8, 460-61; Question, 461-62. Menut (ibid., 460, n. 4) points out that this gloss (but not the Question) was included in the selection of favorite passages by Oresme collected in the translator's copy of the Politiques (Avranches, Bibl. Mun., MS 223, fol. 356). For an earlier Question in Book V, Ch. 19, see ibid., 316-21.
15. Menut names Albert the Great, Thomas Aquinas, Walter Burley, and Jean Buridan as the "pluseurs docteurs" mentioned by Oresme (ibid., 460, n. 5).
16. Ibid., Gloss 8, 460.
17. Ibid., 460-61.
18. Ibid., 461.
19. Ibid., 461-62. In this Question, Oresme stresses the claims of amistié de lignage but says that the closeness of family ties, the virtue and value of the nonfamily friend, and the good deeds or benefits received can vary and make the decision more difficult. [BACK]
12. Ethiques , Gloss 5, 456.
13. Ibid., 458-62.
14. Ibid., Gloss 8, 460-61; Question, 461-62. Menut (ibid., 460, n. 4) points out that this gloss (but not the Question) was included in the selection of favorite passages by Oresme collected in the translator's copy of the Politiques (Avranches, Bibl. Mun., MS 223, fol. 356). For an earlier Question in Book V, Ch. 19, see ibid., 316-21.
15. Menut names Albert the Great, Thomas Aquinas, Walter Burley, and Jean Buridan as the "pluseurs docteurs" mentioned by Oresme (ibid., 460, n. 5).
16. Ibid., Gloss 8, 460.
17. Ibid., 460-61.
18. Ibid., 461.
19. Ibid., 461-62. In this Question, Oresme stresses the claims of amistié de lignage but says that the closeness of family ties, the virtue and value of the nonfamily friend, and the good deeds or benefits received can vary and make the decision more difficult. [BACK]
12. Ethiques , Gloss 5, 456.
13. Ibid., 458-62.
14. Ibid., Gloss 8, 460-61; Question, 461-62. Menut (ibid., 460, n. 4) points out that this gloss (but not the Question) was included in the selection of favorite passages by Oresme collected in the translator's copy of the Politiques (Avranches, Bibl. Mun., MS 223, fol. 356). For an earlier Question in Book V, Ch. 19, see ibid., 316-21.
15. Menut names Albert the Great, Thomas Aquinas, Walter Burley, and Jean Buridan as the "pluseurs docteurs" mentioned by Oresme (ibid., 460, n. 5).
16. Ibid., Gloss 8, 460.
17. Ibid., 460-61.
18. Ibid., 461.
19. Ibid., 461-62. In this Question, Oresme stresses the claims of amistié de lignage but says that the closeness of family ties, the virtue and value of the nonfamily friend, and the good deeds or benefits received can vary and make the decision more difficult. [BACK]
12. Ethiques , Gloss 5, 456.
13. Ibid., 458-62.
14. Ibid., Gloss 8, 460-61; Question, 461-62. Menut (ibid., 460, n. 4) points out that this gloss (but not the Question) was included in the selection of favorite passages by Oresme collected in the translator's copy of the Politiques (Avranches, Bibl. Mun., MS 223, fol. 356). For an earlier Question in Book V, Ch. 19, see ibid., 316-21.
15. Menut names Albert the Great, Thomas Aquinas, Walter Burley, and Jean Buridan as the "pluseurs docteurs" mentioned by Oresme (ibid., 460, n. 5).
16. Ibid., Gloss 8, 460.
17. Ibid., 460-61.
18. Ibid., 461.
19. Ibid., 461-62. In this Question, Oresme stresses the claims of amistié de lignage but says that the closeness of family ties, the virtue and value of the nonfamily friend, and the good deeds or benefits received can vary and make the decision more difficult. [BACK]
12. Ethiques , Gloss 5, 456.
13. Ibid., 458-62.
14. Ibid., Gloss 8, 460-61; Question, 461-62. Menut (ibid., 460, n. 4) points out that this gloss (but not the Question) was included in the selection of favorite passages by Oresme collected in the translator's copy of the Politiques (Avranches, Bibl. Mun., MS 223, fol. 356). For an earlier Question in Book V, Ch. 19, see ibid., 316-21.
15. Menut names Albert the Great, Thomas Aquinas, Walter Burley, and Jean Buridan as the "pluseurs docteurs" mentioned by Oresme (ibid., 460, n. 5).
16. Ibid., Gloss 8, 460.
17. Ibid., 460-61.
18. Ibid., 461.
19. Ibid., 461-62. In this Question, Oresme stresses the claims of amistié de lignage but says that the closeness of family ties, the virtue and value of the nonfamily friend, and the good deeds or benefits received can vary and make the decision more difficult. [BACK]
20. The sequence from the top to the bottom register generally follows Oresme's arguments in Gloss 8 regarding the claims of father versus son, while the obligations to a father or a friend are explained in the Question. The words in the inscriptions do not derive from these sources. [BACK]
21. Ethiques , Question, 461.
22. Ibid., Gloss 5, 456. [BACK]
21. Ethiques , Question, 461.
22. Ibid., Gloss 5, 456. [BACK]
23. NE IX.3 1165a; Ethiques , 460 and Gloss 8, 460. [BACK]
24. Jacques Le Goff, Les intellectuels au moyen âge (Paris: Seuil, 1969), 100-104; Palémon Glorieux, La littérature quodlibétique , 2 vols. (Paris: J. Vrin, 1925-36). See also Leff, Paris and Oxford Universities , 171-73. break [BACK]
25. See Oresme, De causis mirabilium , ed. Hansen, especially 30-36. [BACK]
26. Fais et bonnes meurs , vol. 2, 13 and 46; see also Ch. 4 above at n. 19. [BACK]
27. See Henneman, Royal Taxation in Fourteenth-Century France , chs. 3, 6, and 8; Cazelles, Société politique , 354-55, 358-61, 376-99, 421-28, and 447-49. [BACK]
14— Contemplative Happiness and Intellectual Activity (Book X)
1. Ethiques , 496. I have consistently adopted modern usage in the spelling of Félicité , although in Menut's critical edition the first e is unaccented. [BACK]
2. Félicité humaine, the subject of the lower half of the frontispiece of C , is discussed in Ch. 5 above at nn. 29-33. [BACK]
3. NE X.7 1177a-1177b. [BACK]
4. Ross, Aristotle , 226. [BACK]
5. For the significance of Aristotle's development of the idea of the contemplative life, see Werner Jaeger, Aristotle: Fundamentals of the History of His Development , trans. Richard Robinson, 2d ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1948), 426-61; and Gauthier and Jolif, Ethique à Nicomaque , vol. 2, pt. 2, 848-66. [BACK]
6. Raymond Klibansky, Erwin Panofsky, and Fritz Saxl, Saturn and Melancholy (London: Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1964), 243-44. [BACK]
10. Ross, Aristotle , 226. [BACK]
11. NE X.8 1178a; Ethiques , Gloss 9, 523-24, and 524-25. [BACK]
12. For an illuminating discussion of conceptual and textual sources, as well as visual examples, see Dinkler-von Schubert, " Vita activa et contemplativa ," in LCI , vol. 4, cols. 463-68.
13. Ibid., 464. [BACK]
12. For an illuminating discussion of conceptual and textual sources, as well as visual examples, see Dinkler-von Schubert, " Vita activa et contemplativa ," in LCI , vol. 4, cols. 463-68.
13. Ibid., 464. [BACK]
14. Ethiques , 526.
15. Ibid., Gloss 15, 526. [BACK]
14. Ethiques , 526.
15. Ibid., Gloss 15, 526. [BACK]
16. Yates, The Art of Memory , 101; Carruthers, The Book of Memory , ch. 4. break [BACK]
17. L. Bowen, "The Tropology of Mediaeval Dedication Rites," Speculum 16 (1941): 472. [BACK]
18. NE X.7 1177b; Ethiques , Gloss 1, 521.
19. Ethiques , 82; ibid., 547.
20. Ibid., Gloss 1, 521. For the meaning in the Christian tradition of vacatio as an activity that unites God to man, see Dom Jean Leclercq, Otia monastica: Etudes sur le vocabulaire de la contemplation au moyen âge (Rome: Herder, 1963), 49. The author discusses the changing meaning of the term in classical, biblical, and patristic sources. For a specific summary of classical terms related to contemplation, see ibid., 58-59. [BACK]
18. NE X.7 1177b; Ethiques , Gloss 1, 521.
19. Ethiques , 82; ibid., 547.
20. Ibid., Gloss 1, 521. For the meaning in the Christian tradition of vacatio as an activity that unites God to man, see Dom Jean Leclercq, Otia monastica: Etudes sur le vocabulaire de la contemplation au moyen âge (Rome: Herder, 1963), 49. The author discusses the changing meaning of the term in classical, biblical, and patristic sources. For a specific summary of classical terms related to contemplation, see ibid., 58-59. [BACK]
18. NE X.7 1177b; Ethiques , Gloss 1, 521.
19. Ethiques , 82; ibid., 547.
20. Ibid., Gloss 1, 521. For the meaning in the Christian tradition of vacatio as an activity that unites God to man, see Dom Jean Leclercq, Otia monastica: Etudes sur le vocabulaire de la contemplation au moyen âge (Rome: Herder, 1963), 49. The author discusses the changing meaning of the term in classical, biblical, and patristic sources. For a specific summary of classical terms related to contemplation, see ibid., 58-59. [BACK]
25. For a discussion of the term contemplation in Aristotle, see Gauthier and Jolif, Ethique à Nicomaque , vol. 2, pt. 2, 851-56. [BACK]
26. See Ethiques , Glosses 2 and 5, 523. [BACK]
27. See Ch. 10 above at n. 57. [BACK]
28. See above at n. 20. [BACK]
29. See Dom Jean Leclercq, Contemplative Life , trans. Elizabeth Funder, Cistercian Studies series, 19 (Kalamazoo, Mich.: Cistercian Publications, 1978), 189-93. The author cites monastic sources in Etudes sur le vocabulaire monastique du moyen âge , Studia anselmiana philosophica theologica, 48 (Rome: Herder, 1961), 150-51. For another text that makes this point, see John Beleth, Summa de ecclesiasticis officiis , ed. Herbert Douteil, Corpus Christianorum, Continuatio Mediaeualis, 41 A (Tournhout: Brepols, 1976), ch. 39b, 70. This twelfth-century work was first published in the fifteenth century as the Rationale divinorum officiorum . [BACK]
30. See Wolfgang Braunfels, "Gott, Gottvater," in LCI , vol. 2, cols. 165-70. [BACK]
31. Ethiques , 527.
32. Ibid., Gloss 9, 525. [BACK]
31. Ethiques , 527.
32. Ibid., Gloss 9, 525. [BACK]
33. Frederick Copleston, S. J., A History of Philosophy: Mediaeval Philosophy, Augustine to Scotus (Westminster, Md.: Newman Press, 1950), vol. 2, 402-3. [BACK]
34. "Car philosophie a delectacions tres merveilleuses, et quant est en purté et quant est en fermeté" ( Ethiques , 519). break
35. Ibid., Gloss 11, 519. [BACK]
34. "Car philosophie a delectacions tres merveilleuses, et quant est en purté et quant est en fermeté" ( Ethiques , 519). break
35. Ibid., Gloss 11, 519. [BACK]
36. Klibansky, Panofsky, and Saxl, Saturn and Melancholy , 244-45. [BACK]
37. Clagett, "Nicole Oresme," 225. For the issue of philosophy versus theology, see De causis mirabilium , ed. Hansen, 96-101. [BACK]
38. Ethiques , Gloss 5, 521.
39. Ibid., Gloss 9, 523-24. [BACK]
38. Ethiques , Gloss 5, 521.
39. Ibid., Gloss 9, 523-24. [BACK]
40. See Sherman, "Representations of Charles V," 86-87. [BACK]
15— Contrasts and Continuities
1. Politiques , 44. [BACK]
2. For previous discussion of the prologue, see Ch. 1, at n. 33. [BACK]
3. For full descriptions of the manuscripts, see above, Appendixes III and IV. [BACK]
4. Codicological examination of D shows that these features were never part of the manuscript. The reasons for these omissions are not clear. [BACK]
5. For the payments and other documents, see Ethiques , 15-18. [BACK]
6. Delisle, "Observations sur plusieurs manuscrits de la Politique ," 607-19. Menut's critical editions of the Politiques and Yconomique are based on the Avranches manuscript (see Politiques , 34). [BACK]
7. It is not clear whether the corrections were made by Oresme himself or by a scribe. [BACK]
8. Moerbeke did an earlier translation of the first two books of the Politics ca. 1264, known as the Translatio prior imperfecta , to which Oresme refers as "l'autre translacion" ( Politiques , 25-26). For other aspects of the history of Moerbeke's translation, see Babbitt, Oresme's Livre de Politiques , 15. [BACK]
9. Babbitt, Oresme's Livre de Politiques , 25-27.
10. Ibid., 17-29. Oresme does not cite the Quaestiones on the Politics by his mentor, Jean Buridan, or the influential fourteenth-century commentary by Walter Burley.
11. Ibid., 11-13. [BACK]
9. Babbitt, Oresme's Livre de Politiques , 25-27.
10. Ibid., 17-29. Oresme does not cite the Quaestiones on the Politics by his mentor, Jean Buridan, or the influential fourteenth-century commentary by Walter Burley.
11. Ibid., 11-13. [BACK]
9. Babbitt, Oresme's Livre de Politiques , 25-27.
10. Ibid., 17-29. Oresme does not cite the Quaestiones on the Politics by his mentor, Jean Buridan, or the influential fourteenth-century commentary by Walter Burley.
11. Ibid., 11-13. [BACK]
12. They are aristocracie, commune policie, democracie , and olygarchie ( Politiques , 45). For further discussion, see Ch. 16 below. break [BACK]
13. This summary is drawn from Babbitt, Oresme's Livre de Politiques , 135-49. For a full discussion of Oresme's commentary, see Grignaschi, "Nicole Oresme et son commentaire à la Politique d'Aristote," 97-151. [BACK]
14. For this text, see Ch. 3 at n. 45 and Appendix V above. [BACK]
15. For the way illustrations update and concretize translations, see the imaginative study of Brigitte Buettner, "Les affinités séléctives: Image et texte dans les premiers manuscrits des Clères femmes," Studi sul Boccaccio 18 (1987): 281-99. [BACK]
19. For an interesting discussion of juxtaposition and contiguity in narrative representation, see Sixten Ringbom, "Some Pictorial Conventions for the Recounting of Thoughts and Experiences in Late Medieval Art," in Medieval Iconography and Narrative: A Symposium (Odense: Odense University Press, 1980), 38-69. [BACK]
20. A recent study discusses the etymological development of paradigm as a term and a rhetorical figure in Latin and subsequent vernacular literature, where it becomes associated with nonlinguistic forms (John D. Lyons, Exemplum: The Rhetoric of Example in Early Modern France and Italy [Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1989], 6-12). In his illuminating review of Lyons's book ("By Force of Example," Times Literary Supplement , 15 March 1991, 20), Terence Cave distinguishes between the rhetorical figure of exemplum , as paradigm, and its medieval or Renaissance usage, "as a short narrative that delivers a moral injunction." [BACK]
16— The Six-Forms-of-Government Frontispieces (Book I)
1. For an enlightening discussion of these points, see Babbitt, Oresme's Livre de Politiques , chs. 3 and 4. [BACK]
2. Not only is the recto (fol. 3r) blank, but extra sewing reveals the insertion. [BACK]
3. Fols. Iv and 2 belong to two separate gatherings (see Appendix IV). [BACK]
4. Politiques , 45. [BACK]
5. For the complete text and translation of this passage, see Appendix V above. [BACK]
6. Politiques , 372.
7. Ibid., 370. break
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid., 374.
10. Ibid., 373.
11. Ibid., 372.
12. Ibid., 371. [BACK]
6. Politiques , 372.
7. Ibid., 370. break
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid., 374.
10. Ibid., 373.
11. Ibid., 372.
12. Ibid., 371. [BACK]
6. Politiques , 372.
7. Ibid., 370. break
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid., 374.
10. Ibid., 373.
11. Ibid., 372.
12. Ibid., 371. [BACK]
6. Politiques , 372.
7. Ibid., 370. break
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid., 374.
10. Ibid., 373.
11. Ibid., 372.
12. Ibid., 371. [BACK]
6. Politiques , 372.
7. Ibid., 370. break
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid., 374.
10. Ibid., 373.
11. Ibid., 372.
12. Ibid., 371. [BACK]
6. Politiques , 372.
7. Ibid., 370. break
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid., 374.
10. Ibid., 373.
11. Ibid., 372.
12. Ibid., 371. [BACK]
6. Politiques , 372.
7. Ibid., 370. break
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid., 374.
10. Ibid., 373.
11. Ibid., 372.
12. Ibid., 371. [BACK]
13. For the association in Christian iconography of the right side of a building or representational image with positive values and the left with negative ones, see Erica Dinkler-von Schubert, "Rechts und Links," LCI , vol. 3, cols. 511-15. [BACK]
14. For a similar allusion, see the discussion of the fleur-de-lis background of certain miniatures in A , especially of Justice, in Ch. 9 above at n. 43. [BACK]
15. Babbitt, Oresme's Livre de Politiques , 45-51. [BACK]
16. Politiques , Book III, Ch. 20, Gloss, 145. For a discussion of the complexities of Oresme's position on the communitas perfecta , see Babbitt, Oresme's Livre de Politiques , 55-68. [BACK]
17. Babbitt, Oresme's Livre de Politiques , 75. For Oresme's espousal of these ideas, see Ethiques , 432-33. [BACK]
18. For Marsiglio of Padua's interpretation of this theme in the Defensor pacis , see Babbitt, Oresme's Livre de Politiques , 75. [BACK]
19. Ross, Aristotle , 243. [BACK]
20. Oresme states that "car tous les citoiens doivent aucunement participer en princey, si comme il fu dit ou premier chapitre, et par consequent il doivent participer ou profit" ( Politiques , Gloss, 128). [BACK]
21. Aesthetic considerations may account for the same three, rather than contrasting, numbers of rulers in Aristocracy or Timocracy called for in Aristotle's and Oresme's texts. The placement of many figures on a bench of the same or larger dimensions would have been difficult without adjusting the size of the picture field. [BACK]
22. Politics , 117, n. 1. [BACK]
23. Babbitt, Oresme's Livre de Politiques , 89-93; Politiques , Book III, Ch. 17, 142. Aristotle states that "rightly constituted laws should be the final sovereign" ( Politics III.11 1282b). See also on these points, Politiques , 138. [BACK]
24. See Anthony Melnikas, The Corpus of the Miniatures in the Manuscripts of Decretum Gratiani , Studia Gratiana, 18 (Rome: Libreria Ateneo Salesiano, 1975), vol. 1, Causa IV, pls. I and II; also Causa VI, pl. II; and Causa XIV, fig. 28. break [BACK]
25. For previous discussion of this treatise, see Ch. 2 above at nn. 6-13. [BACK]
26. De moneta , 42, 44, and 45.
27. Ibid., 47. [BACK]
26. De moneta , 42, 44, and 45.
27. Ibid., 47. [BACK]
28. Henneman, Royal Taxation in Fourteenth-Century France , 285-86. [BACK]
29. Politiques , 9, n. 13, and 19-20. Menut gives as the source Politics , III.11 1281b. [BACK]
30. See Katzenellenbogen, Virtues and Vices , figs. 54 and 55. The manuscript is now in Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, cod. lat. 13002, fols. 3v and 4. [BACK]
31. This manuscript is discussed in C. M. Kauffmann, Romanesque Manuscripts, 1066-1190 (London: Harvey Miller, 1975), 62. According to Kauffmann, this miniature is unique among the rarely illustrated Latin manuscripts of the City of God . [BACK]
32. For recent discussions of the textual sources of the Lorenzetti frescoes, see above, Ch. 9, at nn. 59-67. [BACK]
17— Classical Authorities on Political Theory (Book II)
1. Politics II.2 1261a; II.7 1266b; and II.8 1267b. [BACK]
2. D , fol. 36. [BACK]
3. See Joachim Prochno, Das Schreiber- und Dedikationsbild in der deutschen Buchmalerei, 800-1100 (Leipzig and Berlin: B. G. Teubner, 1929); Dorothee Klein, "Autorenbild," in RDK , vol. 1, cols. 1309-14. [BACK]
4. Erwin Panofsky, Renaissance and Renascences in Western Art (Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1960), 84. [BACK]
5. W. N. Hargreaves-Mawdsley, A History of Academical Dress in Europe until the End of the Eighteenth Century (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963), 38. Plate 3 (opp. p. 38) shows the lower left scene of our Figure 7 as a basis for identifying this academic costume. [BACK]
6. For an identification and discussion of this subject, see Paulina Ratkowska, "Sokrates i Platon: Uwagi o ikonografii tematu Magister cum discipulo w sztuce XII-XIII w," Biuletyn Historii Sztuki 36/2 (1974): 103-21. A French summary appears on pp. 120-21. Reference to the inversion of this theme (Plato dictating to Socrates) inspired the work by Jacques Derrida, The Postcard: From Socrates to Freud and Beyond , trans. and intro. Alan Bass (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1987). The postcard reproduction of the miniature that led Derrida to write the book is the drawing by Matthew Paris in a collection of prognosticating tracts (Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Ashmole 304, fol. 31v). The drawing is dated to 1250-55 by Suzanne Lewis, The Art of Matthew Paris in the Chronica Majora , continue
California Studies in the History of Art, 21 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1987), 386-88, fig. 230. John Tagg kindly called the Derrida publication to my attention. [BACK]
7. For two informative studies of the subdivisions of the medieval author portrait, see Derek A. Pearsall and Elizabeth Salter, "Pictorial Illustration of Late Medieval Poetic Texts: The Role of the Frontispiece or Prefatory Picture," in Medieval Iconography and Narrative: A Symposium (Odense: Odense University Press, 1980), 100-123; and Jacqueline Perry Turcheck, "A Neglected Manuscript of Peter Lombard's Liber sententiarum and Parisian Illumination of the Late Twelfth Century," Journal of the Walters Art Gallery 44 (1968): 54-60. Michael Gullick kindly brought the second article to my attention. [BACK]
8. Grabmann, "Methoden und Hilfsmittel des Aristotelesstudiums im Mittelalter," 13. [BACK]
9. Politiques , Gloss, 76. [BACK]
10. See Alastair J. Minnis, Medieval Theory of Authorship: Scholastic Literary Attitudes in the Later Middle Ages , 2d ed. (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1988), 75 and 159. [BACK]
11. Politiques , 83-84. [BACK]
12. See Pearsall and Salter, "Pictorial Illustration," 118. [BACK]
13. For further discussion of Guillaume de Machaut and his relationship to Charles V, see below, Ch. 23 at nn. 22-23. [BACK]
18— Threats to the Body Politic (Book III)
1. The dimensions are 18 × 14 cm for Figure 60 and 10.1 × 9.3 cm for Figure 61. [BACK]
7. Delisle writes that he is unable to identify the subject of Book III ( Mélanges de paléographie , 277-78 and 282). [BACK]
8. See E. Miller, "Notice d'un manuscrit contenant la traduction de la Politique d'Aristote par Nicole Oresme et ayant appartenu à la Bibliothèque de St. Médard de Soissons," Bulletin de la Société archéologique, historique, et scientifique de Soissons 3/3 (1869): 106-7. break [BACK]
9. The gesture of the figure's bent arms, the left on his chest and the right on his hips, signifies assurance, resolve, and determination (François Garnier, Le langage de l'image au moyen âge: Signification et symbolique [Paris: Le Léopard d'Or, 1982], vol. 1, 185ff.). [BACK]
10. Politics , III.13 1284b. Oresme's version in two successive text passages in Chapter 18 ( Politiques , 143) is as follows:
T. Et pour ce l'en ne doit pas cuidier du tout et simplement que ceulz qui vituperent et blasment tirannie et le conseil que Sybulo le poëte recite avoir esté donné par Periandre, car l'en dit que un appellé Taribulus envoia .i. message devers Periandre pour avoir son conseil. Mes il ostoit de son blé ou de tele chose les espis qui excedoient et passoient les autres afin que le are fust planee et onnie. T. Et quant le messager raporta a Taribulus ce que Periandre faisoit, de quoy il ignoroit la cause, lors Taribulus entendi par ce que l'en devoit occirre les hommes excellens.
11. "Mes il devoit entendre 'ou les bannir,' si comme il sera dit apres" (Ibid., 143). [BACK]
10. Politics , III.13 1284b. Oresme's version in two successive text passages in Chapter 18 ( Politiques , 143) is as follows:
T. Et pour ce l'en ne doit pas cuidier du tout et simplement que ceulz qui vituperent et blasment tirannie et le conseil que Sybulo le poëte recite avoir esté donné par Periandre, car l'en dit que un appellé Taribulus envoia .i. message devers Periandre pour avoir son conseil. Mes il ostoit de son blé ou de tele chose les espis qui excedoient et passoient les autres afin que le are fust planee et onnie. T. Et quant le messager raporta a Taribulus ce que Periandre faisoit, de quoy il ignoroit la cause, lors Taribulus entendi par ce que l'en devoit occirre les hommes excellens.
11. "Mes il devoit entendre 'ou les bannir,' si comme il sera dit apres" (Ibid., 143). [BACK]
12. Politics III.13 1284b.
13. Ibid. [BACK]
12. Politics III.13 1284b.
13. Ibid. [BACK]
14. Politiques , 143-44.
15. Ibid., 209. [BACK]
14. Politiques , 143-44.
15. Ibid., 209. [BACK]
16. Politics I.2 1253a. For Oresme's version, see Politiques , 49. For a helpful discussion and bibliography, see David C. Hale, "Analogy of the Body Politic," in Dictionary of the History of Ideas , ed. Philip Wiener (New York: Scribner, 1973), vol. 1, 68-70. See also Anton-Hermann Chroust, "The Corporate Idea and the Body Politic in the Middle Ages," Review of Politics 9/4 (1947): 423-52; and Jean Dunbabin, "Government," in CHMPT , 483. For the discussion by John of Salisbury, see Policraticus: Of the Frivolities of Courtiers and the Footprints of Philosophers , ed. and trans. Cary J. Nederman (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990), Books V and VI, 65-144. [BACK]
17. Politiques , 87, 209, and 290.
18. Ibid., 364. [BACK]
17. Politiques , 87, 209, and 290.
18. Ibid., 364. [BACK]
19. See Ch. 2 above at nn. 6-13. [BACK]
20. De moneta , 43. [BACK]
21. See Ch. 9 above at nn. 46-48. [BACK]
22. Herodotus, History , trans. A. D. Godley (London: William Heinemann Ltd.; Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, Loeb Classical Library, 1938), vol. 3, V.92. break [BACK]
23. For a list of antique sources, see Leben und Meinungen der Sieben Weisen: Griechische und lateinische Quellen , trans. Bruno Snell (Munich: Heimeran Verlag, 1971). [BACK]
24. For a modern edition, see Lives of Eminent Philosophers , trans. R. D. Hicks (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, Loeb Classical Library; London: William Heinemann Ltd., 1942), vol. 1, I.100. Although Walter Burley's De vita et moribus philosophorum , a widely disseminated treatise of the fourteenth century, draws on Diogenes Laertius as a source for the sayings of Periander, the tale of his advice is not included (Gualteri Burlaei, Liber de vita et moribus philosophorum , ed. Hermann Knust [Tübingen: Litterarische Verein in Stuttgart, 1886], 44-46). Prof. Paul O. Kristeller kindly directed me to these sources. [BACK]
25. Livy, History of Rome , ed. and trans. B. O. Foster (London: William Heinemann, 1919), vol. 1, 1.44, 4-10. The story is also found in Dionysius of Halicarnassus, The Roman Antiquities (London: William Heinemann Ltd.; Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1939), vol. 2, IV, 56. [BACK]
26. Valerii Maximi factorum et dictorum memorabilium libri novem , ed. C. Kemp (Stuttgart: Teubner, 1888; Stuttgart: Teubner, 1966), Book VII, Ch. 4.2, 1-22. [BACK]
27. English Friars and Antiquity , 86-87. For citations of Valerius Maximus as a classical source of medieval exempla literature, see Jean-Thiébaut Welter, L'exemplum dans la littérature religieuse et didactique du moyen âge (Paris: Occitania, 1927; New York, AMS Press, 1973), 11, n. 1. [BACK]
28. Smalley, English Friars and Antiquity , 85-87. [BACK]
29. Paris, Bibl. Ste.-Geneviève, MS 777. For the translation, see Jacques Monfrin, "Les traducteurs et leur publique au moyen âge," 171. See also Ch. 1 above, especially nn. 16-23 and 64-65. Although the folios containing the Periander/Tarquin tale have been cut from Charles V's copy of the Livy translation, the story exists in later manuscripts (Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS fr. 20321, fols. 25-25v; and Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University, Houghton Library, MS Richardson 32, fol. 36). For the illustrations, see Avril, La librairie , no. 189, 108-9; and idem, Manuscript Painting at the Court of France , pl. 32, 102. [BACK]
30. Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS fr. 9749. See Delisle, Recherches , vol. 1, 284. See also Ch. 1 above, especially n. 71. [BACK]
31. See the illuminating discussion of theories and techniques of translation in Frederick M. Rener, Interpretatio: Language and Translation from Cicero to Tytler (Amsterdam and Atlanta, Ga.: Rodopi, 1989), parts 2 and 3. [BACK]
32. Fear and Trembling , ed. and trans. Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1983), 3. Kierkegaard borrowed the allusion from Johann Georg Hamann. I am grateful to Profs. Ellen Ginsberg and Robert Ginsberg for alerting me to this reference and to the element of silent communication. [BACK]
33. For an account of these events, see Raymond Cazelles, Société politique , 318-37; idem, Etienne Marcel, champion de l'unité française (Paris: Tallandier, 1984). break [BACK]
34. See Lot and Fawtier, Histoire des institutions françaises , vol. 2, 41. The item referred to is Article VII published in Ordonnances des roys de France , ed. Secousse, vol. 5, 477-80. [BACK]
19— Foundations of Political Stability (Book IV)
1. Ross, Aristotle , 229 and 249-50. [BACK]
2. The dimensions of Figure 64 are 15.2 × 14.4 cm; left and right compartments are 7.8 × 5 cm, and the center ones are 4.5 cm. [BACK]
3. For a previous example of such a blank scroll, see above, Ch. 6 at nn. 11-13. There the personification of Deffaute (Fig. 11) carries no identifying tag.
4. Politiques , 373. For Menut's comment, see ibid., 179, n. 2.
5. Ibid., Gloss, 179. [BACK]
3. For a previous example of such a blank scroll, see above, Ch. 6 at nn. 11-13. There the personification of Deffaute (Fig. 11) carries no identifying tag.
4. Politiques , 373. For Menut's comment, see ibid., 179, n. 2.
5. Ibid., Gloss, 179. [BACK]
3. For a previous example of such a blank scroll, see above, Ch. 6 at nn. 11-13. There the personification of Deffaute (Fig. 11) carries no identifying tag.
4. Politiques , 373. For Menut's comment, see ibid., 179, n. 2.
5. Ibid., Gloss, 179. [BACK]
6. Ross, Aristotle , 52-57. [BACK]
7. For Oresme's commentary on how Polity strikes a mean between the extremes of Oligarchy and Democracy, see Politiques , 180.
8. Ibid., 179.
9. Ibid., 181.
10. Ibid., 366.
11. Ibid., 364.
12. Ibid., 366.
13. Ibid., 368.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid., 187. Barker's summary of this passage as an introduction to Chapter 11 of Book IV follows: "Goodness itself consists in a mean; and in any state the middle class is a mean between the rich and the poor. The middle class is free from the ambition of the rich and the pettiness of the poor: it is a natural link which helps to ensure political cohesion" ( Politics , 179; IV.11 1295a). [BACK]
7. For Oresme's commentary on how Polity strikes a mean between the extremes of Oligarchy and Democracy, see Politiques , 180.
8. Ibid., 179.
9. Ibid., 181.
10. Ibid., 366.
11. Ibid., 364.
12. Ibid., 366.
13. Ibid., 368.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid., 187. Barker's summary of this passage as an introduction to Chapter 11 of Book IV follows: "Goodness itself consists in a mean; and in any state the middle class is a mean between the rich and the poor. The middle class is free from the ambition of the rich and the pettiness of the poor: it is a natural link which helps to ensure political cohesion" ( Politics , 179; IV.11 1295a). [BACK]
7. For Oresme's commentary on how Polity strikes a mean between the extremes of Oligarchy and Democracy, see Politiques , 180.
8. Ibid., 179.
9. Ibid., 181.
10. Ibid., 366.
11. Ibid., 364.
12. Ibid., 366.
13. Ibid., 368.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid., 187. Barker's summary of this passage as an introduction to Chapter 11 of Book IV follows: "Goodness itself consists in a mean; and in any state the middle class is a mean between the rich and the poor. The middle class is free from the ambition of the rich and the pettiness of the poor: it is a natural link which helps to ensure political cohesion" ( Politics , 179; IV.11 1295a). [BACK]
7. For Oresme's commentary on how Polity strikes a mean between the extremes of Oligarchy and Democracy, see Politiques , 180.
8. Ibid., 179.
9. Ibid., 181.
10. Ibid., 366.
11. Ibid., 364.
12. Ibid., 366.
13. Ibid., 368.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid., 187. Barker's summary of this passage as an introduction to Chapter 11 of Book IV follows: "Goodness itself consists in a mean; and in any state the middle class is a mean between the rich and the poor. The middle class is free from the ambition of the rich and the pettiness of the poor: it is a natural link which helps to ensure political cohesion" ( Politics , 179; IV.11 1295a). [BACK]
7. For Oresme's commentary on how Polity strikes a mean between the extremes of Oligarchy and Democracy, see Politiques , 180.
8. Ibid., 179.
9. Ibid., 181.
10. Ibid., 366.
11. Ibid., 364.
12. Ibid., 366.
13. Ibid., 368.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid., 187. Barker's summary of this passage as an introduction to Chapter 11 of Book IV follows: "Goodness itself consists in a mean; and in any state the middle class is a mean between the rich and the poor. The middle class is free from the ambition of the rich and the pettiness of the poor: it is a natural link which helps to ensure political cohesion" ( Politics , 179; IV.11 1295a). [BACK]
7. For Oresme's commentary on how Polity strikes a mean between the extremes of Oligarchy and Democracy, see Politiques , 180.
8. Ibid., 179.
9. Ibid., 181.
10. Ibid., 366.
11. Ibid., 364.
12. Ibid., 366.
13. Ibid., 368.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid., 187. Barker's summary of this passage as an introduction to Chapter 11 of Book IV follows: "Goodness itself consists in a mean; and in any state the middle class is a mean between the rich and the poor. The middle class is free from the ambition of the rich and the pettiness of the poor: it is a natural link which helps to ensure political cohesion" ( Politics , 179; IV.11 1295a). [BACK]
7. For Oresme's commentary on how Polity strikes a mean between the extremes of Oligarchy and Democracy, see Politiques , 180.
8. Ibid., 179.
9. Ibid., 181.
10. Ibid., 366.
11. Ibid., 364.
12. Ibid., 366.
13. Ibid., 368.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid., 187. Barker's summary of this passage as an introduction to Chapter 11 of Book IV follows: "Goodness itself consists in a mean; and in any state the middle class is a mean between the rich and the poor. The middle class is free from the ambition of the rich and the pettiness of the poor: it is a natural link which helps to ensure political cohesion" ( Politics , 179; IV.11 1295a). [BACK]
7. For Oresme's commentary on how Polity strikes a mean between the extremes of Oligarchy and Democracy, see Politiques , 180.
8. Ibid., 179.
9. Ibid., 181.
10. Ibid., 366.
11. Ibid., 364.
12. Ibid., 366.
13. Ibid., 368.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid., 187. Barker's summary of this passage as an introduction to Chapter 11 of Book IV follows: "Goodness itself consists in a mean; and in any state the middle class is a mean between the rich and the poor. The middle class is free from the ambition of the rich and the pettiness of the poor: it is a natural link which helps to ensure political cohesion" ( Politics , 179; IV.11 1295a). [BACK]
7. For Oresme's commentary on how Polity strikes a mean between the extremes of Oligarchy and Democracy, see Politiques , 180.
8. Ibid., 179.
9. Ibid., 181.
10. Ibid., 366.
11. Ibid., 364.
12. Ibid., 366.
13. Ibid., 368.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid., 187. Barker's summary of this passage as an introduction to Chapter 11 of Book IV follows: "Goodness itself consists in a mean; and in any state the middle class is a mean between the rich and the poor. The middle class is free from the ambition of the rich and the pettiness of the poor: it is a natural link which helps to ensure political cohesion" ( Politics , 179; IV.11 1295a). [BACK]
16. Dilwyn Knox, Ironia: Medieval and Renaissance Ideas on Irony , Columbia Studies in the Classical Tradition, 16 (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1989), 19-20. [BACK]
17. The failure of the miniature in D (Fig. 65) to add a third figure is the most serious deviation from B in the illustration of Book IV. break [BACK]
18. Politiques , 182.
19. Ibid., 144. [BACK]
18. Politiques , 182.
19. Ibid., 144. [BACK]
20. For previous discussion of this theme, see Ch. 18 above. [BACK]
21. Politiques , 186.
22. Ibid., Gloss, 187.
23. Ibid., 189. Oresme does not believe that equality of wealth between "frans et seigneurs" is possible, but he states that inequality should be governed by proportional means which are "non pas irreguliere ne escessive."
24. For references to this idea, see ibid., 176, and Ch. 21. [BACK]
21. Politiques , 186.
22. Ibid., Gloss, 187.
23. Ibid., 189. Oresme does not believe that equality of wealth between "frans et seigneurs" is possible, but he states that inequality should be governed by proportional means which are "non pas irreguliere ne escessive."
24. For references to this idea, see ibid., 176, and Ch. 21. [BACK]
21. Politiques , 186.
22. Ibid., Gloss, 187.
23. Ibid., 189. Oresme does not believe that equality of wealth between "frans et seigneurs" is possible, but he states that inequality should be governed by proportional means which are "non pas irreguliere ne escessive."
24. For references to this idea, see ibid., 176, and Ch. 21. [BACK]
21. Politiques , 186.
22. Ibid., Gloss, 187.
23. Ibid., 189. Oresme does not believe that equality of wealth between "frans et seigneurs" is possible, but he states that inequality should be governed by proportional means which are "non pas irreguliere ne escessive."
24. For references to this idea, see ibid., 176, and Ch. 21. [BACK]
25. It would appear that the members of the building trades belong to the skilled crafts, whereas the unskilled laborers, who are called bannauses , do not. For this term, see Politiques , 167 and 370. [BACK]
26. See Maurice Bouvier-Ajam, Histoire du travail en France des origines à la Révolution , 2d ed. (Paris: Librairie Générale de Droit et de Jurisprudence R. Pichon et R. Durand-Auzias, 1981), 381 and 387. [BACK]
27. Cazelles, Société politique , 578; idem, Etienne Marcel , 105. [BACK]
28. For Oresme's commentaries on reforms in the church, see Babbitt, Oresme's Livre de Politiques , 116-19. [BACK]
20— Undermining the Body Politic (Book V)
1. Ross, Aristotle , 253. [BACK]
2. Politics , 247, n. 1. [BACK]
3. Politiques , 209. For a previous reference to medieval concepts of the body politic, see Ch. 18 above at n. 16.
4. Ibid., 202.
5. Ibid., 203.
6. Ibid., 368 and 373.
7. Ibid., 371.
8. See the entry under Sedition in ibid., 373. break [BACK]
3. Politiques , 209. For a previous reference to medieval concepts of the body politic, see Ch. 18 above at n. 16.
4. Ibid., 202.
5. Ibid., 203.
6. Ibid., 368 and 373.
7. Ibid., 371.
8. See the entry under Sedition in ibid., 373. break [BACK]
3. Politiques , 209. For a previous reference to medieval concepts of the body politic, see Ch. 18 above at n. 16.
4. Ibid., 202.
5. Ibid., 203.
6. Ibid., 368 and 373.
7. Ibid., 371.
8. See the entry under Sedition in ibid., 373. break [BACK]
3. Politiques , 209. For a previous reference to medieval concepts of the body politic, see Ch. 18 above at n. 16.
4. Ibid., 202.
5. Ibid., 203.
6. Ibid., 368 and 373.
7. Ibid., 371.
8. See the entry under Sedition in ibid., 373. break [BACK]
3. Politiques , 209. For a previous reference to medieval concepts of the body politic, see Ch. 18 above at n. 16.
4. Ibid., 202.
5. Ibid., 203.
6. Ibid., 368 and 373.
7. Ibid., 371.
8. See the entry under Sedition in ibid., 373. break [BACK]
3. Politiques , 209. For a previous reference to medieval concepts of the body politic, see Ch. 18 above at n. 16.
4. Ibid., 202.
5. Ibid., 203.
6. Ibid., 368 and 373.
7. Ibid., 371.
8. See the entry under Sedition in ibid., 373. break [BACK]
9. Garnier, Le langage de l'image , vol. 2, 152-54.
10. Ibid., vol. 1, 142-46. For the significance of frontal versus profile views, the author cites Schapiro, Words and Pictures , 37-49. [BACK]
9. Garnier, Le langage de l'image , vol. 2, 152-54.
10. Ibid., vol. 1, 142-46. For the significance of frontal versus profile views, the author cites Schapiro, Words and Pictures , 37-49. [BACK]
11. For a definition of synecdoche as "a substitution of two terms for each other according to a relation of greater or less extension," see the entry for "Metaphor" in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Semiotics , ed. Thomas A. Sebeok (Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1986), vol. 1, 535. [BACK]
12. The latter subject is discussed separately, however, in Ch. 23 of the Politiques , 239-40; the former, in Ch. 24, 240-41.
13. Ibid., 235-36.
14. Ibid., 241. [BACK]
12. The latter subject is discussed separately, however, in Ch. 23 of the Politiques , 239-40; the former, in Ch. 24, 240-41.
13. Ibid., 235-36.
14. Ibid., 241. [BACK]
12. The latter subject is discussed separately, however, in Ch. 23 of the Politiques , 239-40; the former, in Ch. 24, 240-41.
13. Ibid., 235-36.
14. Ibid., 241. [BACK]
15. For the fur strips, see Sherman, Portraits , 19, n. 13. [BACK]
16. Politiques , 240. [BACK]
17. For a discussion of Charles the Bad, his family, and the motives for his conduct, see Delachenal, Histoire de Charles V , vol. 1, 73-81, and Cazelles, Etienne Marcel , chs. 21, 22, and 25. [BACK]
18. For a detailed account of these years, see Delachenal, Histoire de Charles V , vol. 1, 282-470, and Cazelles, Société politique , 229-385. [BACK]
19. Politiques , 371. [BACK]
20. For an example, see Richard Brilliant, Roman Art from the Republic to Constantine (London: Phaidon Press, 1974), fig. II.46a-b. [BACK]
21. Politiques , 236 and 240; Aristotle, Rhetoric , II.4 1382a 31. [BACK]
21— Good Democracy: A Pastoral Vision? (Book VI)
1. Politics , 257, n. 20. [BACK]
2. See Meyer Schapiro, "Style," in Aesthetics Today , ed. and intro. Morris Philipson (New York: Meridian Books, 1970), 91. See also Erwin Panofsky, Early Netherlandish Painting (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1953), vol. 1, 66 and 70. [BACK]
3. Early Netherlandish Painting , vol. 1, 70. For further discussion of this point, see below at n. 31. break [BACK]
4. For a recent discussion of late medieval landscape and depiction of the peasantry, see Jonathan J. G. Alexander, " Labeur and Paresse : Ideological Representations of Medieval Peasant Labor," AB 72/3 (1990): 436-52. [BACK]
5. Politiques , 256.
6. Ibid., 371. Prof. Melvin Richter has pointed out that the correct etymology is arche , meaning rule.
7. Ibid., 261.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid., 360-62 and 364-65.
11. Ibid., " Pasteurs ," 365.
12. Ibid., 263.
13. Ibid., 261. The translation from the Georgics (2, 458) is that of H. R. Fairclough, Eclogues, Georgics, Aeneid, 1-6 , vol. 1 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, Loeb Classical Library, 1986). [BACK]
5. Politiques , 256.
6. Ibid., 371. Prof. Melvin Richter has pointed out that the correct etymology is arche , meaning rule.
7. Ibid., 261.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid., 360-62 and 364-65.
11. Ibid., " Pasteurs ," 365.
12. Ibid., 263.
13. Ibid., 261. The translation from the Georgics (2, 458) is that of H. R. Fairclough, Eclogues, Georgics, Aeneid, 1-6 , vol. 1 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, Loeb Classical Library, 1986). [BACK]
5. Politiques , 256.
6. Ibid., 371. Prof. Melvin Richter has pointed out that the correct etymology is arche , meaning rule.
7. Ibid., 261.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid., 360-62 and 364-65.
11. Ibid., " Pasteurs ," 365.
12. Ibid., 263.
13. Ibid., 261. The translation from the Georgics (2, 458) is that of H. R. Fairclough, Eclogues, Georgics, Aeneid, 1-6 , vol. 1 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, Loeb Classical Library, 1986). [BACK]
5. Politiques , 256.
6. Ibid., 371. Prof. Melvin Richter has pointed out that the correct etymology is arche , meaning rule.
7. Ibid., 261.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid., 360-62 and 364-65.
11. Ibid., " Pasteurs ," 365.
12. Ibid., 263.
13. Ibid., 261. The translation from the Georgics (2, 458) is that of H. R. Fairclough, Eclogues, Georgics, Aeneid, 1-6 , vol. 1 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, Loeb Classical Library, 1986). [BACK]
5. Politiques , 256.
6. Ibid., 371. Prof. Melvin Richter has pointed out that the correct etymology is arche , meaning rule.
7. Ibid., 261.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid., 360-62 and 364-65.
11. Ibid., " Pasteurs ," 365.
12. Ibid., 263.
13. Ibid., 261. The translation from the Georgics (2, 458) is that of H. R. Fairclough, Eclogues, Georgics, Aeneid, 1-6 , vol. 1 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, Loeb Classical Library, 1986). [BACK]
5. Politiques , 256.
6. Ibid., 371. Prof. Melvin Richter has pointed out that the correct etymology is arche , meaning rule.
7. Ibid., 261.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid., 360-62 and 364-65.
11. Ibid., " Pasteurs ," 365.
12. Ibid., 263.
13. Ibid., 261. The translation from the Georgics (2, 458) is that of H. R. Fairclough, Eclogues, Georgics, Aeneid, 1-6 , vol. 1 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, Loeb Classical Library, 1986). [BACK]
5. Politiques , 256.
6. Ibid., 371. Prof. Melvin Richter has pointed out that the correct etymology is arche , meaning rule.
7. Ibid., 261.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid., 360-62 and 364-65.
11. Ibid., " Pasteurs ," 365.
12. Ibid., 263.
13. Ibid., 261. The translation from the Georgics (2, 458) is that of H. R. Fairclough, Eclogues, Georgics, Aeneid, 1-6 , vol. 1 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, Loeb Classical Library, 1986). [BACK]
5. Politiques , 256.
6. Ibid., 371. Prof. Melvin Richter has pointed out that the correct etymology is arche , meaning rule.
7. Ibid., 261.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid., 360-62 and 364-65.
11. Ibid., " Pasteurs ," 365.
12. Ibid., 263.
13. Ibid., 261. The translation from the Georgics (2, 458) is that of H. R. Fairclough, Eclogues, Georgics, Aeneid, 1-6 , vol. 1 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, Loeb Classical Library, 1986). [BACK]
5. Politiques , 256.
6. Ibid., 371. Prof. Melvin Richter has pointed out that the correct etymology is arche , meaning rule.
7. Ibid., 261.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid., 360-62 and 364-65.
11. Ibid., " Pasteurs ," 365.
12. Ibid., 263.
13. Ibid., 261. The translation from the Georgics (2, 458) is that of H. R. Fairclough, Eclogues, Georgics, Aeneid, 1-6 , vol. 1 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, Loeb Classical Library, 1986). [BACK]
18. Politics , VI.4 1318a. Rackham's translation of this passage states that even if they do not elect the magistrates "as at Mantinea, yet if they have the power of deliberating on policy, the multitude are satisfied" (Aristotle, Politics , trans. H. Rackham [Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, Loeb Classical Library, 1972], VI.2 1318b). [BACK]
19. Politiques , 262.
20. Ibid. [BACK]
19. Politiques , 262.
20. Ibid. [BACK]
21. Babbitt, Oresme's Livre de Politiques , 64. The author translates Oresme's gloss on this process, which is found in the Politiques , Book VI, Ch. 3, 261. [BACK]
22. It is possible that the buildings and field on the upper right may be the subject of this dispute or deliberation. break [BACK]
23. Michael Camille, "Labouring for the Lord: The Ploughman and the Social Order in the Luttrell Psalter," Art History 10/4 (1987): 426; Robert G. Calkins, Programs of Medieval Illumination , The Franklin D. Murphy Lectures, 5 (Lawrence, Kans.: Helen Foresman Spencer Museum of Art, 1984), 139. In Camille's note 33, he incorrectly gives the shelf number of Brussels, Bibl. Royale Albert Ier, MS 11201-02 as 11202-03; and Calkins's figures 93 and 94 incorrectly title MS Brussels 11201-02 as the Ethics rather than the Politics . [BACK]
24. See Derek A. Pearsall and Elizabeth Salter, Landscapes and Seasons of the Medieval World (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1973), 119-60. For a recent discussion of these genres with bibliography, see Alexander, " Labeur and Paresse ," 437-38.
25. Manuscript Painting at the Court of France , 24-25. For the Laborer and His Plow illustration from the Miracles de Notre Dame (Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS nouv. acq. fr. 24541), see ibid., pl. 13 B.
26. See ibid., notices for pls. 29 and 30, 96 and 98. Avril calls the Jean de Sy Master by the more traditional appellation, the Maître de Boqueteaux.
27. See ibid., note on pl. 31, 101. [BACK]
24. See Derek A. Pearsall and Elizabeth Salter, Landscapes and Seasons of the Medieval World (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1973), 119-60. For a recent discussion of these genres with bibliography, see Alexander, " Labeur and Paresse ," 437-38.
25. Manuscript Painting at the Court of France , 24-25. For the Laborer and His Plow illustration from the Miracles de Notre Dame (Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS nouv. acq. fr. 24541), see ibid., pl. 13 B.
26. See ibid., notices for pls. 29 and 30, 96 and 98. Avril calls the Jean de Sy Master by the more traditional appellation, the Maître de Boqueteaux.
27. See ibid., note on pl. 31, 101. [BACK]
24. See Derek A. Pearsall and Elizabeth Salter, Landscapes and Seasons of the Medieval World (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1973), 119-60. For a recent discussion of these genres with bibliography, see Alexander, " Labeur and Paresse ," 437-38.
25. Manuscript Painting at the Court of France , 24-25. For the Laborer and His Plow illustration from the Miracles de Notre Dame (Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS nouv. acq. fr. 24541), see ibid., pl. 13 B.
26. See ibid., notices for pls. 29 and 30, 96 and 98. Avril calls the Jean de Sy Master by the more traditional appellation, the Maître de Boqueteaux.
27. See ibid., note on pl. 31, 101. [BACK]
24. See Derek A. Pearsall and Elizabeth Salter, Landscapes and Seasons of the Medieval World (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1973), 119-60. For a recent discussion of these genres with bibliography, see Alexander, " Labeur and Paresse ," 437-38.
25. Manuscript Painting at the Court of France , 24-25. For the Laborer and His Plow illustration from the Miracles de Notre Dame (Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS nouv. acq. fr. 24541), see ibid., pl. 13 B.
26. See ibid., notices for pls. 29 and 30, 96 and 98. Avril calls the Jean de Sy Master by the more traditional appellation, the Maître de Boqueteaux.
27. See ibid., note on pl. 31, 101. [BACK]
28. See above, nn. 4 and 23. [BACK]
29. Menut assumes that Oresme was the son of a peasant ( Politiques , 13). Recent scholarship on Oresme's family and career finds no document on his life before 1348. See François Neveux, "Le clergé normand du XIVe siècle," in Autour de Nicole Oresme: Actes du Colloque Oresme organisé à l'Université de Paris XII , ed. Jeannine Quillet (Paris: J. Vrin, 1990), 10. [BACK]
30. Politiques , 305.
31. Ibid., 262. [BACK]
30. Politiques , 305.
31. Ibid., 262. [BACK]
22— Citizens and Noncitizens (Book VII)
1. Politics , xl.
2. Ibid., xxxix. [BACK]
1. Politics , xl.
2. Ibid., xxxix. [BACK]
3. For previous analysis of these problems, see above, Ch. 15 at n. 20 and Ch. 18 at nn. 1-2. [BACK]
4. See Politiques , 289-94 and 306-8. For important discussions of these issues, see Babbitt, Oresme's Livre de Politiques , 33-68 and 127-46. [BACK]
5. B , fol. 254. [BACK]
6. D , fol. 263. [BACK]
7. For variant readings, see Politiques , 276, and n. 1. break
8. Ibid., 119.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid. [BACK]
7. For variant readings, see Politiques , 276, and n. 1. break
8. Ibid., 119.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid. [BACK]
7. For variant readings, see Politiques , 276, and n. 1. break
8. Ibid., 119.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid. [BACK]
7. For variant readings, see Politiques , 276, and n. 1. break
8. Ibid., 119.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid. [BACK]
11. Babbitt, Oresme's Livre de Politiques , 66-67, citing Oresme, Politiques , 71 and 280. In his lengthy commentary on Ch. 10 of Book VII, where Oresme discusses a common language as necessary for governing a cité , he may have been thinking of French versus English in the context of the Hundred Years' War. See Politiques , 291. [BACK]
12. Politiques , 298, cited by Babbitt, Oresme's Livre de Politiques , 67. [BACK]
13. Babbitt, Oresme's Livre de Politiques , 66, n. 66.
14. Ibid., 289-94. For a discussion of this commentary in relation to Oresme's ideas about universal empire, see ibid., 53-54. See also Jeannine Quillet, "Community, Counsel, and Representation," in CHMPT , 529-31. [BACK]
13. Babbitt, Oresme's Livre de Politiques , 66, n. 66.
14. Ibid., 289-94. For a discussion of this commentary in relation to Oresme's ideas about universal empire, see ibid., 53-54. See also Jeannine Quillet, "Community, Counsel, and Representation," in CHMPT , 529-31. [BACK]
15. Politiques , 359-60. [BACK]
16. See Babbitt, Oresme's Livre de Politiques , 100-103. [BACK]
17. Politiques , Gloss, 311-14. [BACK]
18. See Babbitt, Oresme's Livre de Politiques , 137-46. [BACK]
19. Oresme suggests an adaptive use of the term in a gloss (Ch. 1 of Book III) when he says: "Et aucuns appellent telz citoiens bourgois, car il pevent estres maires ou esquevins ou conseuls ou avoir aucunez honnorabletés autrement nommees" ( Politiques , 115).
20. Ibid., 370.
21. Ibid., 360.
22. Ibid., 362 and 373. [BACK]
19. Oresme suggests an adaptive use of the term in a gloss (Ch. 1 of Book III) when he says: "Et aucuns appellent telz citoiens bourgois, car il pevent estres maires ou esquevins ou conseuls ou avoir aucunez honnorabletés autrement nommees" ( Politiques , 115).
20. Ibid., 370.
21. Ibid., 360.
22. Ibid., 362 and 373. [BACK]
19. Oresme suggests an adaptive use of the term in a gloss (Ch. 1 of Book III) when he says: "Et aucuns appellent telz citoiens bourgois, car il pevent estres maires ou esquevins ou conseuls ou avoir aucunez honnorabletés autrement nommees" ( Politiques , 115).
20. Ibid., 370.
21. Ibid., 360.
22. Ibid., 362 and 373. [BACK]
19. Oresme suggests an adaptive use of the term in a gloss (Ch. 1 of Book III) when he says: "Et aucuns appellent telz citoiens bourgois, car il pevent estres maires ou esquevins ou conseuls ou avoir aucunez honnorabletés autrement nommees" ( Politiques , 115).
20. Ibid., 370.
21. Ibid., 360.
22. Ibid., 362 and 373. [BACK]
23. Politics , 297-98. [BACK]
24. Politiques , 301-2.
25. Ibid., 360-61. For discussion of the positive view of agricultural workers, see Ch. 21 above at nn. 28-31. The contrast between meaningful intellectual pursuits and mundane labors occurs in the archivolts of the tympanums of the west portals of Chartres cathedral, where the labors of the months and the liberal arts are respectively represented. See Adolf Katzenellenbogen, The Sculptural Programs of Chartres Cathedral: Christ-Mary-Ecclesia (Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1959), 24-25. break [BACK]
24. Politiques , 301-2.
25. Ibid., 360-61. For discussion of the positive view of agricultural workers, see Ch. 21 above at nn. 28-31. The contrast between meaningful intellectual pursuits and mundane labors occurs in the archivolts of the tympanums of the west portals of Chartres cathedral, where the labors of the months and the liberal arts are respectively represented. See Adolf Katzenellenbogen, The Sculptural Programs of Chartres Cathedral: Christ-Mary-Ecclesia (Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1959), 24-25. break [BACK]
30. For a discussion of this point, see Ch. 19 above at n. 2. [BACK]
31. For a previous discussion of this detail, see above, Ch. 20, n. 15. [BACK]
32. Babbitt, Oresme's Livre de Politiques , 77. In a commentary on Ch. 6 Oresme speaks of how the city promotes the supreme end of the contemplative life, worship of God, the cultivement divin : "Et pour ce diroit l'en selon ceste philosophie que le royalme et la cité sunt beneurés la ou Dieu est bien servi et honoré. Et que ceulz sunt plus beneurés ou il est miex servi, si comme par la sienne grace ont esté et sunt le royalme de France et la cité de Paris" ( Politiques , 286). For a pictorial commentary on Paris as the earthly paradise see Charlotte Lacaze, The Vie de St. Denis Manuscript (Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, MS fr. 2090-2092) (New York and London: Garland Publishing, 1979), 120-32. Lacaze discusses the series of illustrations in the manuscript (figs. 35-46), presented in 1317 to King Philip V, that depict in contemporary terms peaceful and profitable pursuits taking place under monarchical rule. Lacaze points out that "these scenes are the earliest surviving images of buon governo represented by means of an extensive description of peaceful town life" and thus anticipate the Lorenzetti frescoes in the Palazzo Pubblico, 131. [BACK]
33. See Georges Duby, The Three Orders: Feudal Society Imagined , trans. Arthur Goldhammer (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1978), 5. In a formulation of this theory, Duby cites the twelfth-century clerics Adalbero, bishop of Laon, and Gerard, bishop of Cambrai.
34. Ibid., 265. The passage in the Policraticus , ed. Nederman, occurs in Book VI, Ch. 21, 126. For Charles V's commission of a French translation of this text from Denis de Foulechat and his illustrated copy (Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS fr. 24287), see Sherman, Portraits , 74-78. [BACK]
33. See Georges Duby, The Three Orders: Feudal Society Imagined , trans. Arthur Goldhammer (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1978), 5. In a formulation of this theory, Duby cites the twelfth-century clerics Adalbero, bishop of Laon, and Gerard, bishop of Cambrai.
34. Ibid., 265. The passage in the Policraticus , ed. Nederman, occurs in Book VI, Ch. 21, 126. For Charles V's commission of a French translation of this text from Denis de Foulechat and his illustrated copy (Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS fr. 24287), see Sherman, Portraits , 74-78. [BACK]
35. "Government," in CHMPT , 507. [BACK]
36. See Quillet, "Community, Counsel, and Representation," 549-51. [BACK]
37. See above, Ch. 19, n. 26. For Oresme's gloss, see Politiques , 264. [BACK]
38. See above, Ch. 3 at nn. 72-75. For a recent bibliography on collaboration in medieval manuscript production, including the role of scribes, see the valuable article by Lucy Freeman Sandler, "Notes for the Illuminator: The Case of the Omne bonum," AB 71/4 (1989): 551-64. See also the bibliography in Alexander, Medieval Illuminators , 187-203. break [BACK]
23— Education of the Young (Book VIII)
1. Politiques , 339.
2. Ibid., 361.
3. Ibid., 343.
4. Ibid., 345.
5. Ibid., 370.
6. Ibid., 345.
7. Ibid., 361.
8. Oresme defines excercitative as a noun in the glossary of difficult words: " Excercitative est art et maniere de soi mouver et de frequenter aucun mouvement corporel pour santé ou pour esbatement ou pour soi habiliter a faiz d'armes ou a aucunes teles choses" (ibid., 371).
9. Ibid., 364.
10. Ibid., 365.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid., 345.
15. Ibid., 343. Menut gives the source of the Latin quotation as Matt. 10:27. Here it appears that Oresme needs to justify in Christian terms the reference to pagan sensual enjoyment of music.
16. Ibid., 349-50. Ernest Barker explains that words "which always ought to accompany music" contribute to its moral value ( The Political Thought of Plato and Aristotle [New York: Dover Publications, 1959], 442). [BACK]
1. Politiques , 339.
2. Ibid., 361.
3. Ibid., 343.
4. Ibid., 345.
5. Ibid., 370.
6. Ibid., 345.
7. Ibid., 361.
8. Oresme defines excercitative as a noun in the glossary of difficult words: " Excercitative est art et maniere de soi mouver et de frequenter aucun mouvement corporel pour santé ou pour esbatement ou pour soi habiliter a faiz d'armes ou a aucunes teles choses" (ibid., 371).
9. Ibid., 364.
10. Ibid., 365.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid., 345.
15. Ibid., 343. Menut gives the source of the Latin quotation as Matt. 10:27. Here it appears that Oresme needs to justify in Christian terms the reference to pagan sensual enjoyment of music.
16. Ibid., 349-50. Ernest Barker explains that words "which always ought to accompany music" contribute to its moral value ( The Political Thought of Plato and Aristotle [New York: Dover Publications, 1959], 442). [BACK]
1. Politiques , 339.
2. Ibid., 361.
3. Ibid., 343.
4. Ibid., 345.
5. Ibid., 370.
6. Ibid., 345.
7. Ibid., 361.
8. Oresme defines excercitative as a noun in the glossary of difficult words: " Excercitative est art et maniere de soi mouver et de frequenter aucun mouvement corporel pour santé ou pour esbatement ou pour soi habiliter a faiz d'armes ou a aucunes teles choses" (ibid., 371).
9. Ibid., 364.
10. Ibid., 365.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid., 345.
15. Ibid., 343. Menut gives the source of the Latin quotation as Matt. 10:27. Here it appears that Oresme needs to justify in Christian terms the reference to pagan sensual enjoyment of music.
16. Ibid., 349-50. Ernest Barker explains that words "which always ought to accompany music" contribute to its moral value ( The Political Thought of Plato and Aristotle [New York: Dover Publications, 1959], 442). [BACK]
1. Politiques , 339.
2. Ibid., 361.
3. Ibid., 343.
4. Ibid., 345.
5. Ibid., 370.
6. Ibid., 345.
7. Ibid., 361.
8. Oresme defines excercitative as a noun in the glossary of difficult words: " Excercitative est art et maniere de soi mouver et de frequenter aucun mouvement corporel pour santé ou pour esbatement ou pour soi habiliter a faiz d'armes ou a aucunes teles choses" (ibid., 371).
9. Ibid., 364.
10. Ibid., 365.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid., 345.
15. Ibid., 343. Menut gives the source of the Latin quotation as Matt. 10:27. Here it appears that Oresme needs to justify in Christian terms the reference to pagan sensual enjoyment of music.
16. Ibid., 349-50. Ernest Barker explains that words "which always ought to accompany music" contribute to its moral value ( The Political Thought of Plato and Aristotle [New York: Dover Publications, 1959], 442). [BACK]
1. Politiques , 339.
2. Ibid., 361.
3. Ibid., 343.
4. Ibid., 345.
5. Ibid., 370.
6. Ibid., 345.
7. Ibid., 361.
8. Oresme defines excercitative as a noun in the glossary of difficult words: " Excercitative est art et maniere de soi mouver et de frequenter aucun mouvement corporel pour santé ou pour esbatement ou pour soi habiliter a faiz d'armes ou a aucunes teles choses" (ibid., 371).
9. Ibid., 364.
10. Ibid., 365.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid., 345.
15. Ibid., 343. Menut gives the source of the Latin quotation as Matt. 10:27. Here it appears that Oresme needs to justify in Christian terms the reference to pagan sensual enjoyment of music.
16. Ibid., 349-50. Ernest Barker explains that words "which always ought to accompany music" contribute to its moral value ( The Political Thought of Plato and Aristotle [New York: Dover Publications, 1959], 442). [BACK]
1. Politiques , 339.
2. Ibid., 361.
3. Ibid., 343.
4. Ibid., 345.
5. Ibid., 370.
6. Ibid., 345.
7. Ibid., 361.
8. Oresme defines excercitative as a noun in the glossary of difficult words: " Excercitative est art et maniere de soi mouver et de frequenter aucun mouvement corporel pour santé ou pour esbatement ou pour soi habiliter a faiz d'armes ou a aucunes teles choses" (ibid., 371).
9. Ibid., 364.
10. Ibid., 365.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid., 345.
15. Ibid., 343. Menut gives the source of the Latin quotation as Matt. 10:27. Here it appears that Oresme needs to justify in Christian terms the reference to pagan sensual enjoyment of music.
16. Ibid., 349-50. Ernest Barker explains that words "which always ought to accompany music" contribute to its moral value ( The Political Thought of Plato and Aristotle [New York: Dover Publications, 1959], 442). [BACK]
1. Politiques , 339.
2. Ibid., 361.
3. Ibid., 343.
4. Ibid., 345.
5. Ibid., 370.
6. Ibid., 345.
7. Ibid., 361.
8. Oresme defines excercitative as a noun in the glossary of difficult words: " Excercitative est art et maniere de soi mouver et de frequenter aucun mouvement corporel pour santé ou pour esbatement ou pour soi habiliter a faiz d'armes ou a aucunes teles choses" (ibid., 371).
9. Ibid., 364.
10. Ibid., 365.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid., 345.
15. Ibid., 343. Menut gives the source of the Latin quotation as Matt. 10:27. Here it appears that Oresme needs to justify in Christian terms the reference to pagan sensual enjoyment of music.
16. Ibid., 349-50. Ernest Barker explains that words "which always ought to accompany music" contribute to its moral value ( The Political Thought of Plato and Aristotle [New York: Dover Publications, 1959], 442). [BACK]
1. Politiques , 339.
2. Ibid., 361.
3. Ibid., 343.
4. Ibid., 345.
5. Ibid., 370.
6. Ibid., 345.
7. Ibid., 361.
8. Oresme defines excercitative as a noun in the glossary of difficult words: " Excercitative est art et maniere de soi mouver et de frequenter aucun mouvement corporel pour santé ou pour esbatement ou pour soi habiliter a faiz d'armes ou a aucunes teles choses" (ibid., 371).
9. Ibid., 364.
10. Ibid., 365.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid., 345.
15. Ibid., 343. Menut gives the source of the Latin quotation as Matt. 10:27. Here it appears that Oresme needs to justify in Christian terms the reference to pagan sensual enjoyment of music.
16. Ibid., 349-50. Ernest Barker explains that words "which always ought to accompany music" contribute to its moral value ( The Political Thought of Plato and Aristotle [New York: Dover Publications, 1959], 442). [BACK]
1. Politiques , 339.
2. Ibid., 361.
3. Ibid., 343.
4. Ibid., 345.
5. Ibid., 370.
6. Ibid., 345.
7. Ibid., 361.
8. Oresme defines excercitative as a noun in the glossary of difficult words: " Excercitative est art et maniere de soi mouver et de frequenter aucun mouvement corporel pour santé ou pour esbatement ou pour soi habiliter a faiz d'armes ou a aucunes teles choses" (ibid., 371).
9. Ibid., 364.
10. Ibid., 365.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid., 345.
15. Ibid., 343. Menut gives the source of the Latin quotation as Matt. 10:27. Here it appears that Oresme needs to justify in Christian terms the reference to pagan sensual enjoyment of music.
16. Ibid., 349-50. Ernest Barker explains that words "which always ought to accompany music" contribute to its moral value ( The Political Thought of Plato and Aristotle [New York: Dover Publications, 1959], 442). [BACK]
1. Politiques , 339.
2. Ibid., 361.
3. Ibid., 343.
4. Ibid., 345.
5. Ibid., 370.
6. Ibid., 345.
7. Ibid., 361.
8. Oresme defines excercitative as a noun in the glossary of difficult words: " Excercitative est art et maniere de soi mouver et de frequenter aucun mouvement corporel pour santé ou pour esbatement ou pour soi habiliter a faiz d'armes ou a aucunes teles choses" (ibid., 371).
9. Ibid., 364.
10. Ibid., 365.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid., 345.
15. Ibid., 343. Menut gives the source of the Latin quotation as Matt. 10:27. Here it appears that Oresme needs to justify in Christian terms the reference to pagan sensual enjoyment of music.
16. Ibid., 349-50. Ernest Barker explains that words "which always ought to accompany music" contribute to its moral value ( The Political Thought of Plato and Aristotle [New York: Dover Publications, 1959], 442). [BACK]
1. Politiques , 339.
2. Ibid., 361.
3. Ibid., 343.
4. Ibid., 345.
5. Ibid., 370.
6. Ibid., 345.
7. Ibid., 361.
8. Oresme defines excercitative as a noun in the glossary of difficult words: " Excercitative est art et maniere de soi mouver et de frequenter aucun mouvement corporel pour santé ou pour esbatement ou pour soi habiliter a faiz d'armes ou a aucunes teles choses" (ibid., 371).
9. Ibid., 364.
10. Ibid., 365.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid., 345.
15. Ibid., 343. Menut gives the source of the Latin quotation as Matt. 10:27. Here it appears that Oresme needs to justify in Christian terms the reference to pagan sensual enjoyment of music.
16. Ibid., 349-50. Ernest Barker explains that words "which always ought to accompany music" contribute to its moral value ( The Political Thought of Plato and Aristotle [New York: Dover Publications, 1959], 442). [BACK]
1. Politiques , 339.
2. Ibid., 361.
3. Ibid., 343.
4. Ibid., 345.
5. Ibid., 370.
6. Ibid., 345.
7. Ibid., 361.
8. Oresme defines excercitative as a noun in the glossary of difficult words: " Excercitative est art et maniere de soi mouver et de frequenter aucun mouvement corporel pour santé ou pour esbatement ou pour soi habiliter a faiz d'armes ou a aucunes teles choses" (ibid., 371).
9. Ibid., 364.
10. Ibid., 365.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid., 345.
15. Ibid., 343. Menut gives the source of the Latin quotation as Matt. 10:27. Here it appears that Oresme needs to justify in Christian terms the reference to pagan sensual enjoyment of music.
16. Ibid., 349-50. Ernest Barker explains that words "which always ought to accompany music" contribute to its moral value ( The Political Thought of Plato and Aristotle [New York: Dover Publications, 1959], 442). [BACK]
1. Politiques , 339.
2. Ibid., 361.
3. Ibid., 343.
4. Ibid., 345.
5. Ibid., 370.
6. Ibid., 345.
7. Ibid., 361.
8. Oresme defines excercitative as a noun in the glossary of difficult words: " Excercitative est art et maniere de soi mouver et de frequenter aucun mouvement corporel pour santé ou pour esbatement ou pour soi habiliter a faiz d'armes ou a aucunes teles choses" (ibid., 371).
9. Ibid., 364.
10. Ibid., 365.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid., 345.
15. Ibid., 343. Menut gives the source of the Latin quotation as Matt. 10:27. Here it appears that Oresme needs to justify in Christian terms the reference to pagan sensual enjoyment of music.
16. Ibid., 349-50. Ernest Barker explains that words "which always ought to accompany music" contribute to its moral value ( The Political Thought of Plato and Aristotle [New York: Dover Publications, 1959], 442). [BACK]
1. Politiques , 339.
2. Ibid., 361.
3. Ibid., 343.
4. Ibid., 345.
5. Ibid., 370.
6. Ibid., 345.
7. Ibid., 361.
8. Oresme defines excercitative as a noun in the glossary of difficult words: " Excercitative est art et maniere de soi mouver et de frequenter aucun mouvement corporel pour santé ou pour esbatement ou pour soi habiliter a faiz d'armes ou a aucunes teles choses" (ibid., 371).
9. Ibid., 364.
10. Ibid., 365.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid., 345.
15. Ibid., 343. Menut gives the source of the Latin quotation as Matt. 10:27. Here it appears that Oresme needs to justify in Christian terms the reference to pagan sensual enjoyment of music.
16. Ibid., 349-50. Ernest Barker explains that words "which always ought to accompany music" contribute to its moral value ( The Political Thought of Plato and Aristotle [New York: Dover Publications, 1959], 442). [BACK]
1. Politiques , 339.
2. Ibid., 361.
3. Ibid., 343.
4. Ibid., 345.
5. Ibid., 370.
6. Ibid., 345.
7. Ibid., 361.
8. Oresme defines excercitative as a noun in the glossary of difficult words: " Excercitative est art et maniere de soi mouver et de frequenter aucun mouvement corporel pour santé ou pour esbatement ou pour soi habiliter a faiz d'armes ou a aucunes teles choses" (ibid., 371).
9. Ibid., 364.
10. Ibid., 365.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid., 345.
15. Ibid., 343. Menut gives the source of the Latin quotation as Matt. 10:27. Here it appears that Oresme needs to justify in Christian terms the reference to pagan sensual enjoyment of music.
16. Ibid., 349-50. Ernest Barker explains that words "which always ought to accompany music" contribute to its moral value ( The Political Thought of Plato and Aristotle [New York: Dover Publications, 1959], 442). [BACK]
1. Politiques , 339.
2. Ibid., 361.
3. Ibid., 343.
4. Ibid., 345.
5. Ibid., 370.
6. Ibid., 345.
7. Ibid., 361.
8. Oresme defines excercitative as a noun in the glossary of difficult words: " Excercitative est art et maniere de soi mouver et de frequenter aucun mouvement corporel pour santé ou pour esbatement ou pour soi habiliter a faiz d'armes ou a aucunes teles choses" (ibid., 371).
9. Ibid., 364.
10. Ibid., 365.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid., 345.
15. Ibid., 343. Menut gives the source of the Latin quotation as Matt. 10:27. Here it appears that Oresme needs to justify in Christian terms the reference to pagan sensual enjoyment of music.
16. Ibid., 349-50. Ernest Barker explains that words "which always ought to accompany music" contribute to its moral value ( The Political Thought of Plato and Aristotle [New York: Dover Publications, 1959], 442). [BACK]
17. Fais et bonnes meurs , vol. 1, 45. An editorial note gives further information on payments to the king's musicians. [BACK]
18. See Li livres du gouvernement des rois , ed. Molenaer, 200, ll. 11-18. [BACK]
19. Edmund A. Bowles, "Music in Medieval Society," in DMA , vol. 8, 595-97. break [BACK]
20. For an interesting discussion of the importance of music in Paris university life, see Nan Cooke Carpenter, Music in the Medieval and Renaissance Universities (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1958), 50-69. [BACK]
21. See Andrew Hughes, "Music, Western European," in DMA , vol. 8, 594, and Carpenter, Music in the Medieval and Renaissance Universities , 64-68. [BACK]
22. Armand Machabey, Guillaume de Machaut, 130?-1377: La vie et l'oeuvre musical (Paris: Richard-Masse, 1955), vol. 1, 46-68; Sarah Jane Williams, "Guillaume de Machaut," in DMA , vol. 8, 3. [BACK]
23. Manuscript Painting at the Court of France , notices for pls. 26, 29, and 30, 90, 96, and 98; "Manuscrits," nos. 271 and 283, 318 and 328-29; and "Guillaume de Machaut," in Colloque-table ronde, organisé par l'Université de Reims, 19-22 April 1978 (Paris: Editions Klincksieck, 1982), 117-32. For the future Charles V as the possible patron of certain illustrated Machaut manuscripts, see Donal Byrne, "A Fourteenth-Century French Drawing in Berlin and the Livre du Voir-Dit of Guillaume de Machaut," Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte 47/1 (1984): 81. [BACK]
24. Politiques , 347.
25. Ibid., 15. Menut cites Albert Seay, Music in the Medieval World (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1965), 130-37. [BACK]
24. Politiques , 347.
25. Ibid., 15. Menut cites Albert Seay, Music in the Medieval World (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1965), 130-37. [BACK]
26. V. Zoubov, "Nicole Oresme et la musique," Mediaeval and Renaissance Studies 5 (1961): 96-107. For editions of two treatises, see Oresme and the Medieval Geometry of Qualities and Motions , ed. Clagett; and Nicole Oresme and the Kinematics of Circular Motion: Tractatus de commensurabilitate vel incommensurabilitate motuum celi , ed. Edward Grant (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1971). For Oresme's contribution to theory in terms of "the beauty of ratios other than those previously accepted," see Hughes, "Music, Western European," 583. [BACK]
24— Family and Household (Book I, Yconomique )
1. This summary is a paraphrase of Menut's discussion in the introduction to his edition of Oresme's Yconomique , 786-88. Menut mentions that in the sixteenth century the humanist scholar Lefèvre d'Etaples questioned the attribution of the Economics as a genuine work of Aristotle and found the second book to be "entirely spurious," as it includes references to events and persons that postdate the Philosopher's death. [BACK]
2. The Greek text of the third book is now lost. An anonymous Latin translation of 1310 from a Greek original included all three books. [BACK]
3. Yconomique , 785.
4. Ibid., 786. For a discussion of illustrated manuscripts of the French translation of Crescenzi's text, see Calkins, Programs of Medieval Illumination , 141-48. For further discussion of continue
illuminated manuscripts of this text, see idem, "Piero de' Crescenzi and the Medieval Garden," in Medieval Gardens (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1986), 157-69. [BACK]
3. Yconomique , 785.
4. Ibid., 786. For a discussion of illustrated manuscripts of the French translation of Crescenzi's text, see Calkins, Programs of Medieval Illumination , 141-48. For further discussion of continue
illuminated manuscripts of this text, see idem, "Piero de' Crescenzi and the Medieval Garden," in Medieval Gardens (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1986), 157-69. [BACK]
5. For a modern English translation, see The Treasure of the City of Ladies or The Book of the Three Virtues , trans. and intro. Sarah Lawson (London: Penguin Books, 1985). For a discussion of this text, see Willard, Christine de Pizan, Her Life and Works , 145-53. [BACK]
6. For the Vérard edition, see Politiques , 39. For a discussion of Laurent de Premierfait's version of Oresme's translation of the Economics , see Albert D. Menut, "The French Version of Aristotle's Economics in Rouen, Bibl. Municipale, MS 927," Romance Philology 4 (1950): 55-62. [BACK]
7. Yconomique , 786. For a discussion of the widespread dissemination of Leonardo Bruni's Latin translation of the Economics , see Josef Soudek, "A Fifteenth-Century Humanistic Bestseller: The Manuscript Diffusion of Leonardo Bruni's Annotated Latin Version of the (Pseudo-) Aristotelian Economics ," in Philosophy and Humanism: Renaissance Essays in Honor of Paul Oskar Kristeller , ed. Edward P. Mahoney (New York: Columbia University Press, 1976), 129-43. [BACK]
8. Yconomique , 808. [BACK]
9. See Ch. 15 at nn. 10-11. [BACK]
10. Yconomique , 796.
11. For Menut's discussion of the glosses, see ibid., 794-99.
12. Ibid., 847. All English translations of the Yconomique are furnished by Menut in the facing page of his edition of Oresme's work. [BACK]
10. Yconomique , 796.
11. For Menut's discussion of the glosses, see ibid., 794-99.
12. Ibid., 847. All English translations of the Yconomique are furnished by Menut in the facing page of his edition of Oresme's work. [BACK]
10. Yconomique , 796.
11. For Menut's discussion of the glosses, see ibid., 794-99.
12. Ibid., 847. All English translations of the Yconomique are furnished by Menut in the facing page of his edition of Oresme's work. [BACK]
13. See Lilian M. C. Randall, Images in the Margins of Gothic Manuscripts (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1966), 19; and in the Index of Subjects, Woman Carding Wool, 230, and Woman Spinning, 231. [BACK]
14. For examples of the headmaster's work in this manuscript, see Sherman, Portraits , pls. 16-19. [BACK]
15. Yconomique , 807. [BACK]
16. Politiques , 372. [BACK]
17. Yconomique , 809.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid., 809-10.
20. Ibid., 810. break
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid., 811.
24. Ibid., 815.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid., 813.
27. Ibid., 812.
28. "Ou tiers chapitre il determine de communication de mariage" (ibid., 811).
29. Ibid. [BACK]
17. Yconomique , 809.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid., 809-10.
20. Ibid., 810. break
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid., 811.
24. Ibid., 815.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid., 813.
27. Ibid., 812.
28. "Ou tiers chapitre il determine de communication de mariage" (ibid., 811).
29. Ibid. [BACK]
17. Yconomique , 809.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid., 809-10.
20. Ibid., 810. break
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid., 811.
24. Ibid., 815.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid., 813.
27. Ibid., 812.
28. "Ou tiers chapitre il determine de communication de mariage" (ibid., 811).
29. Ibid. [BACK]
17. Yconomique , 809.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid., 809-10.
20. Ibid., 810. break
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid., 811.
24. Ibid., 815.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid., 813.
27. Ibid., 812.
28. "Ou tiers chapitre il determine de communication de mariage" (ibid., 811).
29. Ibid. [BACK]
17. Yconomique , 809.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid., 809-10.
20. Ibid., 810. break
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid., 811.
24. Ibid., 815.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid., 813.
27. Ibid., 812.
28. "Ou tiers chapitre il determine de communication de mariage" (ibid., 811).
29. Ibid. [BACK]
17. Yconomique , 809.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid., 809-10.
20. Ibid., 810. break
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid., 811.
24. Ibid., 815.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid., 813.
27. Ibid., 812.
28. "Ou tiers chapitre il determine de communication de mariage" (ibid., 811).
29. Ibid. [BACK]
17. Yconomique , 809.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid., 809-10.
20. Ibid., 810. break
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid., 811.
24. Ibid., 815.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid., 813.
27. Ibid., 812.
28. "Ou tiers chapitre il determine de communication de mariage" (ibid., 811).
29. Ibid. [BACK]
17. Yconomique , 809.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid., 809-10.
20. Ibid., 810. break
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid., 811.
24. Ibid., 815.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid., 813.
27. Ibid., 812.
28. "Ou tiers chapitre il determine de communication de mariage" (ibid., 811).
29. Ibid. [BACK]
17. Yconomique , 809.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid., 809-10.
20. Ibid., 810. break
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid., 811.
24. Ibid., 815.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid., 813.
27. Ibid., 812.
28. "Ou tiers chapitre il determine de communication de mariage" (ibid., 811).
29. Ibid. [BACK]
17. Yconomique , 809.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid., 809-10.
20. Ibid., 810. break
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid., 811.
24. Ibid., 815.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid., 813.
27. Ibid., 812.
28. "Ou tiers chapitre il determine de communication de mariage" (ibid., 811).
29. Ibid. [BACK]
17. Yconomique , 809.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid., 809-10.
20. Ibid., 810. break
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid., 811.
24. Ibid., 815.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid., 813.
27. Ibid., 812.
28. "Ou tiers chapitre il determine de communication de mariage" (ibid., 811).
29. Ibid. [BACK]
17. Yconomique , 809.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid., 809-10.
20. Ibid., 810. break
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid., 811.
24. Ibid., 815.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid., 813.
27. Ibid., 812.
28. "Ou tiers chapitre il determine de communication de mariage" (ibid., 811).
29. Ibid. [BACK]
17. Yconomique , 809.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid., 809-10.
20. Ibid., 810. break
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid., 811.
24. Ibid., 815.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid., 813.
27. Ibid., 812.
28. "Ou tiers chapitre il determine de communication de mariage" (ibid., 811).
29. Ibid. [BACK]
30. Fabian Parmisano, O.P., "Love and Marriage in the Middle Ages—I," New Blackfriars 50 (1969): 600. I am grateful to J. B. Ross for bringing this article to my attention. The author is quoting Yconomique , 812. [BACK]
31. Yconomique , 812.
32. Ibid. But Oresme makes a distinction between sexual activity as love and as fulfillment of lust. The latter is a bestial sin.
33. Ibid., 813. This passage is summarized by Fabiano, "Love and Marriage," 601. [BACK]
31. Yconomique , 812.
32. Ibid. But Oresme makes a distinction between sexual activity as love and as fulfillment of lust. The latter is a bestial sin.
33. Ibid., 813. This passage is summarized by Fabiano, "Love and Marriage," 601. [BACK]
31. Yconomique , 812.
32. Ibid. But Oresme makes a distinction between sexual activity as love and as fulfillment of lust. The latter is a bestial sin.
33. Ibid., 813. This passage is summarized by Fabiano, "Love and Marriage," 601. [BACK]
34. Yconomique , 813.
35. Ibid., 816. [BACK]
34. Yconomique , 813.
35. Ibid., 816. [BACK]
36. See Sherman, "The Queen," 287-91. [BACK]
37. See H. Diane Russell with Bernadine Barnes, Eve/Ave: Women in Renaissance and Baroque Prints , exh. cat. (Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art, 1991), cat. nos. 115 and 184. [BACK]
38. In the text of Book II, however, her authority is confined and limited. See Yconomique , 826-27. [BACK]
25— The Marriage Ceremony (Book II, Yconomique )
1. For a facsimile of this manuscript, see The Coronation Book of Charles V of France (Cottonian MS Tiberius B. VIII) , ed. E. S. Dewick, Henry Bradshaw Society, 16 (London: Harrison and Sons, 1899). For discussion of these scenes, see Sherman, Portraits , 35-37, and "The Queen," 275. break [BACK]
2. See Ch. 24 above at n. 14. [BACK]
3. Yconomique , 826.
4. Ibid., 812-13. See also Ch. 24 above at nn. 19 and 33. [BACK]
3. Yconomique , 826.
4. Ibid., 812-13. See also Ch. 24 above at nn. 19 and 33. [BACK]
5. See Ch. 12 above at nn. 36-38. [BACK]
6. Yconomique , 830.
7. Ibid.
8. "Et en ceste maniere la nature de l'un et de l'autre, ce est assavoir, du masle et de la femelle fu devant ordenee ou preordenee de chose divine ou de par Dieu a communication" (ibid., 814).
9. Ibid. [BACK]
6. Yconomique , 830.
7. Ibid.
8. "Et en ceste maniere la nature de l'un et de l'autre, ce est assavoir, du masle et de la femelle fu devant ordenee ou preordenee de chose divine ou de par Dieu a communication" (ibid., 814).
9. Ibid. [BACK]
6. Yconomique , 830.
7. Ibid.
8. "Et en ceste maniere la nature de l'un et de l'autre, ce est assavoir, du masle et de la femelle fu devant ordenee ou preordenee de chose divine ou de par Dieu a communication" (ibid., 814).
9. Ibid. [BACK]
6. Yconomique , 830.
7. Ibid.
8. "Et en ceste maniere la nature de l'un et de l'autre, ce est assavoir, du masle et de la femelle fu devant ordenee ou preordenee de chose divine ou de par Dieu a communication" (ibid., 814).
9. Ibid. [BACK]
10. Robert L. Benson, "Ceremonies, Secular and Nonsecular," in The Secular Spirit: Life and Art at the End of the Middle Ages , exh. cat. (New York: Dutton for the Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1975), 244. [BACK]
11. Shulamith Shahar adds that "the bride's dowry as well as that portion of the bridegroom's property pledged to his wife in the event that he died before her were also guaranteed at the church door" ( The Fourth Estate: A History of Women in the Middle Ages , trans. Chaya Galai [London and New York: Methuen, 1983], 81). For a discussion of the church porch as the setting of the ceremony, see Christopher N. L. Brooke, The Medieval Idea of Marriage (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), 253-57.
12. For the specification of the priest's dress in an ordo of the twelfth century and other details of the ceremony, see Jean-Baptiste Molin and Protais Mutembe, Le rituel du mariage en France du XIIe au XVIe siècle (Paris: Beauchesne, 1974), 284-85. For pontificals and missals dating from the thirteenth century that describe the marriage rite at the church door, see ibid., 34-37, 284-91. [BACK]
11. Shulamith Shahar adds that "the bride's dowry as well as that portion of the bridegroom's property pledged to his wife in the event that he died before her were also guaranteed at the church door" ( The Fourth Estate: A History of Women in the Middle Ages , trans. Chaya Galai [London and New York: Methuen, 1983], 81). For a discussion of the church porch as the setting of the ceremony, see Christopher N. L. Brooke, The Medieval Idea of Marriage (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), 253-57.
12. For the specification of the priest's dress in an ordo of the twelfth century and other details of the ceremony, see Jean-Baptiste Molin and Protais Mutembe, Le rituel du mariage en France du XIIe au XVIe siècle (Paris: Beauchesne, 1974), 284-85. For pontificals and missals dating from the thirteenth century that describe the marriage rite at the church door, see ibid., 34-37, 284-91. [BACK]
13. Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, Dictionnaire raisonné du mobilier français (Paris: Bance, 1861), vol. 4, 36. For illustrations of the same type of bridal dress with the three jewels, see Melnikas, Corpus of the Miniatures in the Manuscripts of Decretum Gratiani , vol. 3, figs. 28 and 45 (Causa XXXVI). Both examples come from fourteenth-century French manuscripts. The former (Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS lat. 3893, fol. 356) dates from the first decades of the fourteenth century, while the second (Paris, Bibl. Mazarine, MS lat. 1290, fol. 390) is contemporary with B and D . For further discussion of the Mazarine manuscript, see below, n. 16.
14. For a container for thirteen gold coins sometimes specified as the arrhes , see Molin and Mutembe, Le rituel du mariage , 153, n. 70; for a wider discussion, see ibid., 149-55.
15. No liturgical indication of crowns connected with the nuptial blessing occurs in Western sources. See ibid., 237-38. break
16. Melnikas, Corpus of the Miniatures in the Manuscripts of Decretum Gratiani , vol. 3, figs. 43-45 (Causa XXXVI). Crowns are worn by the bridal couple in ibid., figs. 43 and 44 from two Bolognese manuscripts (Rome, Archivio della Basilica di S. Pietro, MS A. 24, fol. 315, and Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS nouv. acq. lat. 2508, fol. 321v). In the Mazarine manuscript mentioned in n. 13 above (fig. 45, Causa XXXVI) the bride and groom wear circlets. (Melnikas incorrectly attributes the illustration to the Master of the Coronation Book of Charles V and dates it to 1365 [ibid., 1144]. I believe it was executed by the workshop of the Master of the Rationale of Divine Offices. See Sherman, Portraits , 19 and pl. 3.) [BACK]
13. Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, Dictionnaire raisonné du mobilier français (Paris: Bance, 1861), vol. 4, 36. For illustrations of the same type of bridal dress with the three jewels, see Melnikas, Corpus of the Miniatures in the Manuscripts of Decretum Gratiani , vol. 3, figs. 28 and 45 (Causa XXXVI). Both examples come from fourteenth-century French manuscripts. The former (Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS lat. 3893, fol. 356) dates from the first decades of the fourteenth century, while the second (Paris, Bibl. Mazarine, MS lat. 1290, fol. 390) is contemporary with B and D . For further discussion of the Mazarine manuscript, see below, n. 16.
14. For a container for thirteen gold coins sometimes specified as the arrhes , see Molin and Mutembe, Le rituel du mariage , 153, n. 70; for a wider discussion, see ibid., 149-55.
15. No liturgical indication of crowns connected with the nuptial blessing occurs in Western sources. See ibid., 237-38. break
16. Melnikas, Corpus of the Miniatures in the Manuscripts of Decretum Gratiani , vol. 3, figs. 43-45 (Causa XXXVI). Crowns are worn by the bridal couple in ibid., figs. 43 and 44 from two Bolognese manuscripts (Rome, Archivio della Basilica di S. Pietro, MS A. 24, fol. 315, and Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS nouv. acq. lat. 2508, fol. 321v). In the Mazarine manuscript mentioned in n. 13 above (fig. 45, Causa XXXVI) the bride and groom wear circlets. (Melnikas incorrectly attributes the illustration to the Master of the Coronation Book of Charles V and dates it to 1365 [ibid., 1144]. I believe it was executed by the workshop of the Master of the Rationale of Divine Offices. See Sherman, Portraits , 19 and pl. 3.) [BACK]
13. Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, Dictionnaire raisonné du mobilier français (Paris: Bance, 1861), vol. 4, 36. For illustrations of the same type of bridal dress with the three jewels, see Melnikas, Corpus of the Miniatures in the Manuscripts of Decretum Gratiani , vol. 3, figs. 28 and 45 (Causa XXXVI). Both examples come from fourteenth-century French manuscripts. The former (Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS lat. 3893, fol. 356) dates from the first decades of the fourteenth century, while the second (Paris, Bibl. Mazarine, MS lat. 1290, fol. 390) is contemporary with B and D . For further discussion of the Mazarine manuscript, see below, n. 16.
14. For a container for thirteen gold coins sometimes specified as the arrhes , see Molin and Mutembe, Le rituel du mariage , 153, n. 70; for a wider discussion, see ibid., 149-55.
15. No liturgical indication of crowns connected with the nuptial blessing occurs in Western sources. See ibid., 237-38. break
16. Melnikas, Corpus of the Miniatures in the Manuscripts of Decretum Gratiani , vol. 3, figs. 43-45 (Causa XXXVI). Crowns are worn by the bridal couple in ibid., figs. 43 and 44 from two Bolognese manuscripts (Rome, Archivio della Basilica di S. Pietro, MS A. 24, fol. 315, and Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS nouv. acq. lat. 2508, fol. 321v). In the Mazarine manuscript mentioned in n. 13 above (fig. 45, Causa XXXVI) the bride and groom wear circlets. (Melnikas incorrectly attributes the illustration to the Master of the Coronation Book of Charles V and dates it to 1365 [ibid., 1144]. I believe it was executed by the workshop of the Master of the Rationale of Divine Offices. See Sherman, Portraits , 19 and pl. 3.) [BACK]
13. Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, Dictionnaire raisonné du mobilier français (Paris: Bance, 1861), vol. 4, 36. For illustrations of the same type of bridal dress with the three jewels, see Melnikas, Corpus of the Miniatures in the Manuscripts of Decretum Gratiani , vol. 3, figs. 28 and 45 (Causa XXXVI). Both examples come from fourteenth-century French manuscripts. The former (Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS lat. 3893, fol. 356) dates from the first decades of the fourteenth century, while the second (Paris, Bibl. Mazarine, MS lat. 1290, fol. 390) is contemporary with B and D . For further discussion of the Mazarine manuscript, see below, n. 16.
14. For a container for thirteen gold coins sometimes specified as the arrhes , see Molin and Mutembe, Le rituel du mariage , 153, n. 70; for a wider discussion, see ibid., 149-55.
15. No liturgical indication of crowns connected with the nuptial blessing occurs in Western sources. See ibid., 237-38. break
16. Melnikas, Corpus of the Miniatures in the Manuscripts of Decretum Gratiani , vol. 3, figs. 43-45 (Causa XXXVI). Crowns are worn by the bridal couple in ibid., figs. 43 and 44 from two Bolognese manuscripts (Rome, Archivio della Basilica di S. Pietro, MS A. 24, fol. 315, and Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS nouv. acq. lat. 2508, fol. 321v). In the Mazarine manuscript mentioned in n. 13 above (fig. 45, Causa XXXVI) the bride and groom wear circlets. (Melnikas incorrectly attributes the illustration to the Master of the Coronation Book of Charles V and dates it to 1365 [ibid., 1144]. I believe it was executed by the workshop of the Master of the Rationale of Divine Offices. See Sherman, Portraits , 19 and pl. 3.) [BACK]
17. Viollet-le-Duc, Dictionnaire raisonné du mobilier français , vol. 3, 320, and vol. 4, 36. [BACK]
18. Yconomique , 826-28 and 836-39. [BACK]
19. See Ch. 24 above at nn. 6-7. [BACK]
20. Yconomique , 835-39. [BACK]
Conclusion
1. See Ch. 16 above at n. 29. [BACK]
2. For convenient summaries, see the entries under Joachim Du Bellay and François Rabelais in Dictionnaire des lettres françaises, le seizième siècle , ed. Georges Grente (Paris: Arthème Fayard, 1961), 242–48 and 587–94. I am grateful to Prof. Ellen Ginsberg for bringing this publication to my attention. [BACK]
3. See Monfrin, "Humanisme et traductions au moyen âge," 176–83; idem, "La connaissance de l'antiquité et le problème de l'humanisme en langue vulgaire dans la France du XVe siècle," in The Late Middle Ages and the Dawn of Humanism outside Italy , ed. G. Verbeke and J. Ijsewijn, Proceedings of the International Conference, Louvain, 11–13 May 1970 (Louvain: University Press, 1972), 131–70. [BACK]
4. See the entry "Traduction" in Dictionnaire des lettres françaises, le seizième siècle , 669–73. The passage by Du Bellay praising Francis I in the Deffence (cited on page 669) for his sponsorship of translations recalls Oresme's references to Charles V in his prologue to the Ethiques , 98. [BACK]
5. See the entry "Collège de France" in Dictionnaire des lettres françaises, le seizième siècle , 186–92. [BACK]
6. The teachers were called lecteurs royaux (royal readers). See also Ch. 4 above at n. 21. [BACK]
APPENDIX I— MS A: ARISTOTLE, ETHICA NICOMACHEA , FRENCH TRANSLATION OF NICOLE ORESME. PARIS, AFTER 1372 (BRUSSELS, BIBLIOTHÈQUE ROYALE ALBERT IER, MS 9505–06)
1. Italics indicate rubrics. [BACK]
2. Delisle, Le cabinet des manuscrits , vol. 1, 46, n. 9; and Doutrepont, La littérature française à la cour des ducs de Bourgogne , 121-23. [BACK]
3. Delisle, Mélanges de paléographie , 263-64. [BACK]
4. Complete citations can be found in the Bibliography. [BACK]
APPENDIX II— MS C: ARISTOTLE, ETHICA NICOMACHEA , FRENCH TRANSLATION OF NICOLE ORESME. PARIS, 1376 (THE HAGUE, RIJKSMUSEUM MUSEUM MEERMANNO-WESTREENIANUM, MS 10 D 1)
1. Italics indicate rubrics. [BACK]
2. See Appendix IV for the second volume containing the Politics and Economics of this portable set of Oresme's translations made for Charles V, here cited as D . [BACK]
3. Delisle, Le cabinet des manuscrits , vol. 1, 49; idem, Recherches , vol. 1, 104, n. 2. [BACK]
4. Delisle, Le cabinet des manuscrits , vol. 1, 36. [BACK]
5. Idem, Recherches , vol. 1, 253. [BACK]
6. Boeren, Catalogus van de handschriften van het Rijksmuseum Meermanno-Westreenianum , 93. [BACK]
7. Complete citations can be found in the Bibliography. [BACK]
APPENDIX III— MS B: ARISTOTLE, POLITICA AND OECONOMICA , FRENCH TRANSLATION OF NICOLE ORESME. PARIS, 1375–76 (FRANCE, PRIVATE COLLECTION)
1. For the complete text of the Second Instruction to the Reader, see Appendix V. [BACK]
2. Italics indicate rubrics. [BACK]
3. Delisle, Mélanges de paléographie , 277. [BACK]
4. The collation is incomplete, as further access to the manuscript was denied to me by the owner. [BACK]
5. Delisle, Mélanges de paléographie , 262.
6. Ibid., 262-63. [BACK]
5. Delisle, Mélanges de paléographie , 262.
6. Ibid., 262-63. [BACK]
7. Complete citations can be found in the Bibliography. break [BACK]
APPENDIX IV— MS D: ARISTOTLE, POLITICA AND OECONOMICA , FRENCH TRANSLATION OF NICOLE ORESME. PARIS, 1376 (BRUSSELS, BIBLIOTHÈQUE ROYALE ALBERT IER, MS 11201–02)
1. Italics indicate rubrics. [BACK]
2. Delisle, Recherches , vol. 1, 254; and idem, Mélanges de paléographie , 265. [BACK]
3. Complete citations can be found in the Bibliography. [BACK]
APPENDIX V— MS B , FOL. 2: ORESME'S SECOND INSTRUCTION TO THE READER OF THE POLITIQUES
1. The text and translation were printed in the Art Bulletin , 46/3 (1979): 468-69. Prof. Ellen Ginsberg helped with editing and translating the text. break [BACK]