Works Cited

Althusser, Louis. "Freud and Lacan." In Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays , translated by Ben Brewster, 189-219. New York and London: Monthly Review Press, 1971.

———. "Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses (Notes Towards an Investigation)." In Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays , translated by Ben Brewster, 127-86. New York and London: Monthly Review Press, 1971.

Alwitt, L. F., D. R. Anderson, E. P. Lorch, and S. R. Levin. "Preschool Children's Visual Attention to Attributes of Television." Human Communication Research 7 (1980): 52-67.

Applebee, Arthur. The Child's Concept of Story: Ages Two to Seventeen. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978.

Bakhtin, Mikhail. The Dialogic Imagination. Translated by Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1981.

Balfour, Ian. "The Playhouse of the Signifier." Camera Obscura , no. 17 (May 1988): 155-69 (special issue entitled "Male Trouble").

Barlow, Geoffrey, and Alison Hill, eds. Video Violence and Children. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1985.

Barthes, Roland. Image--Music--Text. Edited and translated by Stephen Heath. New York: Noonday Press, 1977.

———. S/Z. Translated by Richard Miller. New York: Hill and Wang, 1974.

———. Writing Degree Zero and Elements of Semiology. Translated by Annette Lavers and Colin Smith. Boston: Beacon Press, 1970.

Bateson, Gregory. Steps to an Ecology of Mind. New York: Ballantine Books, 1972.

Baudrillard, Jean. Simulations. Translated by Paul Foss, Paul Patton, and Philip Beitchman. New York: Semiotext(e), 1983.

Benjamin, Walter. "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction" (1935). In Film Theory and Criticism , 3d ed., edited by Gerald Mast and Marshall Cohen, 848-70. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985.

Benson, Sheila. "When Comics Click on Film." Los Angeles Times , June 15, 1990.

Bordwell, David. Making Meaning: Inference and Rhetoric in the Interpretation of Cinema. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989.

———. Narration in the Fiction Film. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985.

Botwinick, Stacy. "Ninetendo Edges Barbie in '89 Best Seller Survey." Playthings , December 1989, 29.

Boyd, Nancy A., and George Mandler. "Children's Responses to Human and Animal Stories and Pictures." Journal of Consulting Psychology 19, no. 5 (1955): 367-71.

Branigan, Edward. Point of View in the Cinema: A Theory of Narration and Subjectivity in Classic Film. New York: Mouton, 1984.

Braun, Claude M., and Josette Giroux. "Arcade Video Games: Proxemic, Cognitive, and Content Analyses." Journal of Leisure Research 21, no. 2 (1989): 92-105.

Braun, Claude M., Georgette Goupil, Josette Giroux, and Yves Chagnon. "Adolescents and Microcomputers: Sex Differences, Proxemics, Task and Stimulus Variables." Journal of Psychology 120, no. 6 (November 1986): 529-42.

Brooks, Peter. Reading for the Plot: Design and Intention in Narrative. New York: Vintage Books, 1984.

Bruner, Jerome, and Joan Lucariello. "Monologue as Narrative Recreation of the World." In Narratives from the Crib , edited by Katherine Nelson, 73-97. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989.

Bukatman, Scott. "There's Always Tomorrowland: Disney's Phenomenology of Progress." Paper delivered at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Cinema Studies, Washington, D.C., 1990.

Burch, Noël. To the Distant Observer: Form and Meaning in Japanese Cinema. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1979.

Carpenter, Betsy. "On the Trail of Ninetendo's Magic." U.S. News and World Report , July 16, 1990, 56-57.

Casey, Robert W. "Toy Companies' Tidings of Joy." New York Times , December 24, 1989.

Champlin, Charles. "The Oscars Go Global." Los Angeles Times , March 27, 1990, F1-2.

"Children's Television Act of 1990." In U.S. Code Congressional and Administrative News , no. 9 (December 1990), 104 Stats. 996-1000.

Chomsky, Noam. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1965.

Cieply, Michael, and Alan Citron. "Parretti Makes Surprise Offer to Purchase MCA." Los Angeles Times , November 28, 1990.

———. "The Poker Game to Win MCA." Los Angeles Times , November 30, 1990.

Cieply, Michael, and Leslie Helm. "Matsushita to Buy MCA--$6.5 Billion." Los Angeles Times , November 27, 1990.

Citron, Alan, and Michael Cieply. "Pathe Closes Long-delayed MGM/UA Deal." Los Angeles Times , November 2, 1990.

Cixous, Hélène. "Castration or Decapitation." Signs 7, no. 11 (1981): 41-55.

Cohen, Ralph. "Do Postmodern Genres Exist?" In Post-modern Genres , edited by Marjorie Perloff, 11-27. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1989.

Creasey, Gary, and Barbara Myers. "Video Games and Children: Effects on Leisure Activities, Schoolwork, and Peer Involvement." Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 32, no. 3 (July 1986): 251-61.

Dayan, Daniel. "The Tutor Code of Classical Cinema." Film Quarterly 29, no. 1 (1974): 22-31.

Doane, Mary Ann. "Film and the Masquerade: Theorising the Female Spectator." Screen 23, nos. 3-4 (September-October 1982): 74-87.

Doheny, Kathleen. "Turtle Trouble." Los Angeles Times , August 27, 1990.

Dore, John. "Monologue as Reenvoicement of Dialogue." In Narratives from the Crib , edited by Katherine Nelson, 231-60. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989.

Dorval, Michel, and Michel Pepin. "Effect of Playing a Video Game on a Measure of Spatial Visualization." Perceptual and Motor Skills 62, no. 1 (February 1986): 159-62.

Dutka, Elaine, and Nina J. Easton. "Hollywood's Brave New World." Los Angeles Times , December 23, 1990, "Calendar" sec.

Easton, Nina J. "Behind the Scenes of the Big Deal." Los Angeles Times , December 31, 1989, "Calendar" sec.

Eco, Umberto. The Limits of Interpretation. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990.

Egli, Eric, and Lawrence Meyers. "The Role of Video Game Playing in Adolescent Life: Is There Reason to Be Concerned?" Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 22, no. 4 (July 1984): 309-12.

Ehrenstein, David. "Raul Ruiz at the Holiday Inn." Film Quarterly 40, no. 1 (Fall 1986): 2-7.

Epstein, Robert. "The Dream Factory May Never Be the Same." Los Angeles Times , November 10, 1990.

Fiske, John. Television Culture. London: Methuen, 1987.

Freud, Sigmund. Beyond the Pleasure Principle. Translated by James Strachey. New York: Norton, 1961.

———. The Interpretation of Dreams (1990). Vols. 4 and 5 of The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. Edited by James Strachey. London: Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psychoanalysis, 1962.

———. "Little Hans." In The Pelican Freud Library , vol. 8: Case Histories I: "Dora" and "Little Hans. " Harmondsworth, Eng.: Penguin, 1977.

Gagnon, D. "Videogames and Spatial Skills: An Exploratory." Educational Communication and Technology 33, no. 4 (Winter 1985): 263-76.

Galante, Mary Ann. "Disney Proposes New $1 Billion Theme Park." Los Angeles Times , January 13, 1990.

Gardner, Howard, with Leona Jaglom. "Cracking the Codes of Television: The Child as Anthropologist." In Transmission , edited by Peter D'Agostino, 92-102. New York: Tanam Press, 1985.

Gibson, William. Neuromancer. New York: Ace Books, 1984.

Graybill, Daniel, Janis Kirsch, and Edward Esselman. "Effects of Playing Violent Versus Nonviolent Video Games on the Aggressive Ideation of Aggressive and Nonaggressive Children." Child Study Journal 15, no. 3 (1985): 199-205.

Graybill, Daniel, Maryellen Strawniak, Teri Hunter, and Margaret O'Leary. "Effects of Playing Versus Observing Violent Versus Nonviolent Video Games on Children's Aggression." Psychology 24, no. 3 (1987): 1-8.

Greenfield, Patricia Marks. Mind and Media: The Effects of Television, Video Games, and Computers. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1984.

———. "Representational Competence in Shared Symbol Systems: Electronic Media from Radio to Video Games." In The Development and Meaning of Psychological Distance , edited by R. R. Cocking and K. A. Renninger. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, forthcoming.

Greenfield, Patricia Marks, Emily Yut, Mabel Chung, Deborah Land, Holly Kreider, Maurice Pantoja, and Kris Horsely. "The 30-Minute Commercial: A Study of the Effects of

Television/Toy Tie-ins on Imaginative Play." Psychology and Marketing , December 1990, 32.

Griffith, Jerry, Patricia Voloschin, Gerald Gibb, and James Bailey. "Differences in Eye-Hand Motor Coordination of Video-Game Users and Non-Users." Perceptual and Motor Skills 57, no. 1 (August 1983): 155-58.

Hall, Jane. "Network News: An Endangered Species?" Los Angeles Times , February 16, 1991.

Hall, Stuart. "Encoding/Decoding." In Culture, Media, Language , edited by Stuart Hall et al., 128-39. London: Hutchinson, 1980.

Haraway, Donna. "A Manifesto for Cyborgs: Science, Technology, and Socialist Feminism in the 1980s." Socialist Review 80 (1985): 65-107.

Hawn, A. G. "HDTV--The 'Even Playing Field' Gets Muddy: An Inside Report on the Future of High Definition Television." Video Times , Winter 1990, 32-38.

Helm, Leslie. "Japan's Labs Open at Last." Los Angeles Times , November 11, 1990.

Hayes, D. S., and D. W. Birnbaum. "Pre-Schoolers' Retention of Televised Events: Is a Picture Worth a Thousand Words?" Developmental Psychology 16, no. 5 (September 1980): 410-16.

Houston, Beverle. "King of Comedy : A Crisis of Substitution." Framework 24 (Spring 1984): 74-92.

———. "Viewing Television: The Metapsychology of Endless Consumption." Quarterly Review of Film Studies 9, no. 3 (Summer 1984): 183-95.

Hull, James W. "Videogames: Transitional Phenomena in Adolescence." Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal 2, no. 2 (Summer 1985): 106-13.

Igarashi, Fumio. "The Video Game with Media Potential." Japan Quarterly 33 (July-September 1986): 295-98.

Jameson, Fredric. "Postmodernism and Consumer Society." In The Anti-Aesthetic: Essays on Postmodern Culture , edited by Hal Foster, 111-25. Port Townsend, Wash.: Bay Press, 1983.

Jenkins, Henry. "Going Bonkers! Children, Play, and Pee-Wee." Camera Obscura , no. 17 (May 1988): 169-95.

Jones, Marshall B. "Video Games as Psychological Tests." Simulation and Games 15, no. 2 (June 1984): 131-57.

Jones, Marshall, William Dunlap, and Ina Bilodeau. "Comparison of Video Game and Conventional Test Performance." Simulation and Games 17, no. 4 (December 1986): 435-46.

Joyrich, Lynne. "Individual Response." Camera Obscura , nos. 20-21 (May-September 1989): 190-94 (special issue entitled "Spectatrix," edited by Janet Bergstrom and Mary Ann Doane).

Kaplan, S.J. "The Image of Amusement Arcades and Differences in Male and Female Videogame Playing." Journal of Popular Culture 17, no. 1 (Summer 1983): 93-98.

Kinder, Marsha. "Back to the Future in the 80s with Fathers and Sons, Supermen and PeeWees, Gorillas and Toons." Film Quarterly 42, no. 4 (Summer 1989): 2-11.

———. "Music, Video, and the Spectator: Television, Ideology, and Dream." Film Quarterly 38, no. 1 (Fall 1984): 2-15.

———. "Phallic Film and the Boob Tube: The Power of Gender Identification in Cinema, Television, and Music Video." Onetwothreefour , no. 5 (Spring 1987): 33-49 (special issue on music video).

King, Susan. "Big Stars, Little Fans." Los Angeles Times TV Times , September 2-8, 1990, 1.

Klein, Martin M. "The Bite of Pac-Man." Journal of Psycholistory 2, no. 3 (Winter 1984): 395-401.

Kramer, Matt. "The Next Nintendo 'Game' May Be Brainchild of AT&T." PC Week , July 24, 1989, 57.

Kristeva, Julia. "Poésie et négativité." In Séméiotikè: Recherches pour une sémanalyse , 246-77. Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1969.

Kubey, Craig. The Winners' Book of Video Games. New York: Warner Books, 1982.

Lacan, Jacques. "The Mirror Stage as Formative of the Function I." In Ecrits: A Selection , translated by Alan Sheridan, 1-7. New York: Norton, 1977.

Lévi-Strauss, Claude. Structural Anthropology. New York: Basic Books, 1976.

———. Totemism. Translated by Rodney Neeham. Boston: Beacon Press, 1963.

Loftus, Geoffrey R., and Elizabeth F. Loftus. Mind at Play: The Psychology of Video Games. New York: Basic Books, 1983.

Lyotard, Jean-François. The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984.

McClure, Robert. "Age and Video Game Playing." Perceptual and Motor Skills 61, no. 1 (August 1985): 285-86.

McClure, Robert F., and Gary F. Mears. "Video Game Players: Personality Characteristics and Demographic Variables." Psychological Reports 55, no. 1 (August 1984): 271-76.

McGough, Robert. "Passing Fancy? Video Games May Peak This Christmas, but Nintendo's Grip on Toys Remains Unshaken." Financial World , November 28, 1989, 39.

McKinney, Kevin. "Captains of Video." Omni , October 1988, 46, 216.

Mandler, Jean M., and Nancy S. Johnson, "Remembrance of Things Parsed: Story Structure and Recall." Cognitive Psychology 9 (1977): 111-51.

Metz, Christian. The Imaginary Signifier: Psychoanalysis and the Cinema. Translated by Celia Britton, Annwyl Williams, Ben Brewster, and Alfred Guzzetti. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1982.

———. "Story/Discourse: Notes on Two Kinds of Voyeurism." In Movies and Methods , edited by Bill Nichols, 2:543-49. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1985.

Miller, Mark Crispin. "Hollywood: The Ad." Atlantic , April 1990, 41-68.

Mitchell, Edna. "The Dynamics of Family Interaction Around Home Video Games." Marriage and Family Review 8, nos. 1-2 (Spring 1985): 121-35 (special issue entitled "Personal Computers and the Family").

Morlock, Henry, Todd Yando, and Karen Nigolean. "Motivation of Video Game Players." Psychological Reports 57, no. 1 (August 1985): 247-50.

Murray, Will. "Teenage Mutant Ninja Movie Stars." Comics Scene , ser. 23, 4, no. 12 (April 1990): 9-12, 32.

National Institute of Mental Health. Television and Behavior: Ten Years of Scientific Progress and Implications for the Eighties. Vol. 1. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1982.

Nelson, Katherine, ed. Narratives from the Crib. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989.

"The Nintendo Kid." Newsweek , March 6, 1989, 64-65.

Oatley, Keith. Perceptions and Representations: The Theoretical Bases of Brain Research and Psychology. New York: Macmillan, 1978.

Palmer, Edward L., and Aimée Dorr. Children and the Faces of Television: Teaching, Violence, Selling. New York: Academic Press, 1980.

Panelas, T. "Adolescents and Video Games: Consumption of Leisure and the Social Construction of the Peer Group." Youth and Society 15, no. 1 (September 1983): 51-65.

Papert, Seymour. Mindstorms: Children, Computers, and Powerful Ideas. New York: Basic Books, 1980.

Penley, Constance. "The Cabinet of Dr. Pee-Wee: Consumerism and Sexual Terror." Camera Obscura , no. 17 (May 1988): 133-55 (special issue entitled "Male Trouble").

Piaget, Jean. The Development of Thought: Equilibration of Cognitive Structures. Translated by Arnold Rosin. New York: Viking Press, 1977.

———. Judgment and Reasoning in the Child. Translated by Marjorie Warden. Totowa, N.J.: Littlefield, Adams, 1976.

———. "Piaget's Theory." In The Process of Child Development , edited by Peter Neubauer, 164-212. New York: Meridian, 1976.

———. The Psychology of Intelligence (1947). Translated by Malcolm Piercy and D. E. Berlyne. Totowa, N.J.: Littlefield, Adams, 1981.

Pollack, Andrew. "New Interactive TV Threatens the Bliss of Couch Potatoes." New York Times , June 18, 1990.

Pulaski, Mary Ann Spencer. Understanding Piaget: An Introduction to Children's Cognitive Development. New York: Harper and Row, 1971.

Rankin, Ken. "Antitrust Subcommittee Targets Nintendo." Discount Store News , January 29, 1990, 36.

Rich, Jason. "Nintendo to Introduce Online Network: The Home Unit Will Become More Than a Toy." Link-Up , November-December 1989, 1.

———. "The Nintendo Link: A New Way to Play the Market?" Barron's , December 4, 1989, 56.

———. "Say Goodbye to WHAM! ZAP! POW! Video Games Are Getting Less Violent, More Brainy." TV Guide , March 2-8, 1991, 31.

Rizzo, John, and Jon Zilber. "How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Connectivity: Networking the '90s." MacUser , January 1991, 92-97.

Robertson, Patricia Anne, and Peggy Henning Berlin. The Premature Labor Handbook. New York: Doubleday, 1986.

Rodriguez, Patricia, Rolando Medina, and Hector Perez-Rincon. "La conducta lúdica y los nuevos juegos electrónicos: Comunicación preliminar" (Game behavior and the new electronic games: Preliminary report). Salud mental 6, no. 3 (Fall 1983): 22-34.

Rubin, Martin. "Intertextuality in Warner Bros. Cartoons, ca. 1940." Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Cinema Studies, Washington, D.C., 1990.

Rushbrook, S. "Messages of Video Games: Socialization Implications." Ph.D. diss., University of California, Los Angeles, 1986.

Schachter, Jacquelyn. "Testing a Proposed Universal." In Adult Second Language Acquisition: A Linguistic Perspective , edited by S. Gass and J. Schachter, 73-88. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

Scheibler, Susan. "Documentary Spectatorship in Consumer Society." Paper presented at the Ohio Film Conference, November 1989.

Schiller, Friedrich von. "13th and 15th Letters on the Aesthetic Education of Man." In Critical Theory Since Plato , edited by Hazard Adams, 421-26. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1971.

Schoenberger, Karl. "Ad Giant in Japan Sells Clout." Los Angeles Times , June 14, 1990.

———. "Japanese Film: The Sinking Sun." Los Angeles Times , April 4, 1990, "Calendar" sec.

Shao, Martin, Amy Dunkin, and Patrick Cole. "There's a Rumble in the Video Arcade." Business Week , February 20, 1989, 37.

Shear, Jeff. "AT&T Likely to Call Others as It Sets Up for a New Game." Insight , September 4, 1989, 41.

Sheff, David. "Nintendo Isn't Playing Games." San Francisco Chronicle , December 2, 1990, "This World" sec.

Shiver, Jube, Jr. "The Bidding for MCA." Los Angeles Times , November 29, 1990.

Signorelli, Nancy, and George Gerbner. Violence and Terror in the Mass Media: An Annotated Bibliography. New York: Greenwood Press, 1988.

Silverman, Kaja. The Acoustic Mirror: The Female Voice in Psychoanalysis and Cinema. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988.

Silvern, Steven B. "Classroom Use of Video Games." Educational Research Quarterly 10, no. 1 (1985-86): 10-16.

Skinner, B. F. Verbal Behavior. New York: Appleton-Century Crofts, 1957.

Spigel, Lynn. Installing the Television Set: Television and Family Ideals in Postwar America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991.

Stam, Robert. "Mikhail Bakhtin and Left Cultural Critique." In Postmodernism and Its Discontents , edited by E. Ann Kaplan, 116-45. London: Verso, 1988.

Standard and Poor's Industry Surveys , March 15, 1990, sec. 3: Toys.

Starr, Mark. "A Game of Legal Punch-Out." Newsweek , January 2, 1989, 50.

Strein, William. "Effects of Age and Visual-motor Skills on Preschool Children's Computer-Game Performance." Journal of Research and Development in Education 20, no. 2 (Winter 1987): 70-72.

Suleiman, Susan Rubin. "Writing and Motherhood." In The (M)other Tongue , edited by Shirley Nelson Garner, Claire Kahane, and Madelon Sprengnether, 352-77. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1985.

Thomas, Kevin. "Last Picture Show in Little Tokyo." Los Angeles Times , October 31, 1990, "Calendar" sec.

Thorndyke, Perry W. "Cognitive Structures in Comprehension and Memory of Narrative Discourse." Cognitive Psychology 9 (1977): 77-110.

Tice, Dianne, Jane Buder, and Roy Baumeister. "Development of Self-Consciousness: At What Age Does Audience Pressure Disrupt Performance?" Adolescence 20, nos. 7-8 (Summer 1985): 301-5.

Trinkaus, John W. "Arcade Video Games: An Informal Look." Psychological Reports 52, no. 2 (April 1983): 586.

Ulmer, Gregory. Teletheory: Grammatology in the Age of Video. New York: Routledge, 1989.

Vygotsky, L. S. Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes. Edited by Michael Cole, Vera John-Steiner, Sylvia Scribner, and Ellen Souberman. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1978.

Watanabe, Teresa. "Japan Sets Sights on Creativity." Los Angeles Times , June 10, 1990.

Weir, Ruth. Language in the Crib. The Hague: Mouton, 1962.

White, Mimi. "Crossing Wavelengths: The Diegetic and Referential Imaginary of American Commercial Television." Cinema Journal 25, no. 2 (Winter 1986): 51-64.

Wilder, Gita, Diane Mackie, and Joel Cooper. "Gender and Computers: Two Surveys of Computer-related Attitudes." Sex Roles 13, nos. 3-4 (1985): 215-28.

Willis, Susan. "Gender as Commodity." South Atlantic Quarterly 86, no. 4 (Fall 1987): 403-21.

Winnicott, D. W. Playing and Reality. London: Routledge, 1971.

Winning, Rob. "PeeWee Herman Un-Mascs Our Cultural Myths About Masculinity." Journal of American Culture 2, no. 2 (Summer 1988): 57-63.