1. On the Great Vilnius Seimas of 1905 see Michal Römer, Litwa. Studyum o odrodzeniu narodu litewskiego (Lwow, 1908),

382-436; Pranas Cepenas, Naujuju laiku Lietuvos istorija, 2 vols. (Chicago, 1977-1986), 1: 339-349.

2. Both programs were published in Atgimimas 3 (October 15, 1988). Subsequently criticized for having formed a ''bloc," Kaunasites blandly explained that they had only appeared to have formed a bloc because they had met beforehand and formed "common opinions." Antanas Antanaitis on Lithuanian television, November 6, 1988.

3. See EIB 1 (1989): 10-11.

4. Komjaunimo tiesa, October 25, 1988, spoke of this as an "examination" for "our democracy."

5. Afanasiev was undoubtedly the Russian historian most quoted in Vilnius in the fall of 1988. On his public pronouncements, see Literaturnaia Rossiia, June 17, 1988, and Pravda, June 25, July 26, and July 31, 1988.

6. Cf. the critique of foreign reporting in Vidas Rachlevicius, "`Nacionalinis katarsis' spaudos karuseleje," Komjaunimo tiesa, January 11, 1989.

7. I have published a more personal account of the congress and its aftermath in Akiraciai 1, 2, and 3 (1989).