Mirages of Transition "d0e23830"

― 461 ―

INDEX

A

Abancay, 176

Abarca Dueñas, Mariano, 221 , 338

Abascal y Sousa, José Fernando, 50 , 122

Achaya, 14 , 81 , 141 , 147 , 271 , 277 , 340

—haciendas: Achoc, 114 ;

Huañingora, 215

Agramonte, Hermenegildo, 68

Aguardiente. See Alcohol, trade with

Aiaviri Calsina, Francisco, 89

Alcalde y recaudador de tributo , 97 , 99 , 103 , 123

Alcohol, trade with, 34 -35, 37 , 56 , 74 , 172 , 176 , 178 -79, 182 , 284 , 338

Alpacas: in haciendas, 297 ;

population, 164 , 173 ;

wool, 36 , 56 , 58 -61, 153 , 161 -67, 179 , 344 , 352 . See also Proto-industrialization; Wool; Woolens

Amanqui (kuraka family), 141

Amat y Junient, Manuel, 96

Amenábar, Antonio, 181

Ampuero, Valentín, 256 , 408 n.190

Ananea, 14 , 32

Añavile (hacienda in Cabana district), 115

Anco Turpo, Pablo, 219

Anticresis , 231 -33. See also Land

Aparicio (prefect of Puno), 52

Aparicio, Lorenzo, 189

Aparicio González, Filiberto, 189

Apolobamba, 24 , 25 , 56 , 64 , 102

Aporoma, 80

Appleby, Gordon, 177

APRA, 352

Apurimac (department), 174

Aragón, Agustín, 65 , 68

Aragón, Juliana, vda. de Riquelme, 109 , 248

Arapa (district), 14 ;

communities, 274 , 284 ;

crops, 19 ;

hacienda expansion, 223 -24, 239 , 277 ;

kurakas, 141 ;

population growth, 270 ;

property tax, 282 ;

revolts, 338 , 340 ;

trade, 72 ;

during Túpac Amaru Rebellion, 46

—haciendas: Cuturi, 337 ;

Luisa, 271 ;

Soñata, 213

― 462 ―

Arapa (continued )

—parcialidades: Ccacsani, 25 , 213 ;

Curayllo, 215 ;

Ilata, 271 ;

Yanico, 264 , 274

Arapa (lake), 16 , 20 , 81 , 221 , 262

Areche, Antonio de, 21 , 44

Arequipa (city), 13 ;

currencies in, 160 ;

factories and crafts shop, 170 , 174 , 176 ;

hacendados, 80 , 351 ;

merchants and exporters, 38 , 51 -52, 66 -68, 70 -71, 109 , 170 , 178 -80, 182 -83, 187 -92, 334 , 343 -44, 350 -52;

migration from altiplano, 25 , 141 ;

road and railroad links, 38 , 183 -85;

trade, 20 , 44 , 49 , 53 , 69 , 74 , 334 ;

during Túpac Amaru Rebellion, 47

Arequipa (intendency or department), 58 ;

agricultural products, 168 , 176 ;

mines and minerals, 33 ;

muleteers, 182 , 185 , 187 ;

trade, 33 -34, 41 , 51 , 56 -57, 140 ;

wool production, 59

Argentina, 71 , 152 , 157 , 189 , 202 , 315 , 321 , 351

Arguedas, José María, 1 -2

Arias Echenique, Bernardino, 227 , 240 , 339 -41, 343

Arica, 50 , 59 , 184 , 263

Arizales, Mariano, 250

Arpita, Juan, 128

Artisans: during early republic, 139 -40;

effects of imports on, 52 ;

since 1850s, 170 , 176 ;

rural, 35 -37, 49 , 286 -87. See also Proto-industrialization

Asillo, 14 ;

church lands, 253 ;

estates, 80 ;

hacendados, 65 ;

kuraka families, 141 ;

loss of peasant lands, 99 , 224 -25, 229 ;

mines, 32 ;

peasant landholding, 89 ;

population, 24 , 270 ;

property tax, 282 -84;

repartos de bienes , 94 ;

revolt, 340 ; roads, 185 , 223 ;

settlement nucleus 134 ;

traders, 187 , 219

—haciendas: Anccosa, 238 ;

Payamarca, 110 , 253 ;

Posoconi, 253 -54, 256 , 344 ;

Rosaspata, 253 ;

San Francisco de Purina, 80 , 253 , 256 , 344

—parcialidades: Anansaya, 97 ;

Anoravi, 283 ;

Collana, 224 ;

Sillota, 90 , 224 -25, 283

Asociación Pro-Derecho Indígena, 339

Audiencia of Charcas, 40 , 48 , 83 -85, 87 , 89 , 93 -94, 96

Audiencia of Cuzco, 48

Audiencia of Lima, 48 , 91

Australia, 152 -53, 157 , 158 , 189

Avila, José, 236

Avíos , 85 , 298

Ayacucho: battle of, 51 ;

town, 53

Ayamamani, Vicente, 271

Ayaviri, 161 , 186

Ayllu. See Indian communities

Ayuni y Camara (hacienda in Cuzco), 85 -86

Azángaro (corregimiento or province): authorities, 135 , 147 , 198 , 239 -40;

Bustamante Rebellion, 24 ;

church lands, 82 , 98 , 118 -21, 253 -58;

courts, 234 -36;

geography and ecology, 13 -20;

haciendas during early republic, 108 -15;

land tenure and settlement during colony, 79 -83;

land transactions since 1850s, 201 -12, 220 -41;

livestock population, 117 -18, 271 -72;

markets during colony, 32 -40;

population, 20 -28, 290 ;

repartos de bienes , 93 -94;

roads and railroads, 183 , 185 ;

society during early

― 463 ―

republic, 137 -48;

taxes, 130 -31;

towns, 134 -36;

trade during early republic, 54 -56;

during Túpac Amaru Rebellion, 45 -46, 96 -98

Azángaro (district and town): church, 82 ;

colegio municipal , 147 ;

during early republic, 134 -35, 147 ;

kurakas, 141 ;

landholding during colony, 81 ;

land sales, 220 -22, 227 ;

population, 24 , 98 , 147 , 270 ;

public works, 185 , 275 ;

town council, 187 ;

traders, 68 -69, 186 -88

—haciendas: Caravilque, 26 ;

Catacora, 83 , 249 ;

Cayacayani, 239 ;

Ccalla, 83 , 101 , 249 ;

Chamacca, 189 ; Lacconi, 245 ;

Parpuma, 256 ;

Pumire, 233 ;

Puscallani, 83 , 113 , 228 , 249 ;

Quichusa, 113 ;

Quimsachata, 299 ;

San Juan de Dios, 245 ;

Sollocota, 188 , 227 -28, 239 , 299 , 302 , 306 , 307 ;

Tintire, 239 ;

Upaupani, 233 ;

Vilquecunca, 238

—parcialidades: Anansaya, 83 , 89 , 249 ;

Hilahuata, 230 ;

Jallapise, 276 ;

Moroorcco, 280 ;

Tiramasa, 128 ;

Urinsaya, 83 , 125 , 238

Azángaro (river), 14 , 213 , 238

B

Bajío (Mexico), 111

Baldíos , 99 , 102. See also Land

Balenzuela, Juan, 137

Balero, Pedro, 295

Ballón, César and Victor, 306

Banco de Arequipa, 192

Banco de Perú y Londres, 192

Banco de Puno, 192

Baquijano y Carrillo, José, 91

Barley, 19 , 323

Barreda, Carlos, 314

Barter, 41 , 58 , 188 -89. See also Exchange; Markets; Trade

Basadre, Jorge, 127

Basadre y Chocano, Modesto, 134

Bauer, Arnold, 256

Beals, Carleton, 353

Bedoya and Revie Company, 318

Begg, John, 62

Belón, Carlos, 352

Belzú, Manuel Isidoro, 57

Bertram, Geoffrey, 323 -26

Billinghurst, Guillermo, 338 , 340

Bolívar, Simón, 122 -24

Bolivia: chinchona bark production, 64 ;

currencies, 57 , 160 -61;

Indian peasants, 277 -78;

lake steamers, 183 ;

migration to, 25 ;

mineral exports, 168 ;

political relations with Peru, 24 , 53 , 57 -58, 340 ;

separation from Peru, 48 , 51 ;

trade, 52 -53, 57 -58, 60 , 71 , 176 , 177 -78, 184 , 196 , 334 . See also High Peru

Bonilla, Heraclio, 59

Borax, 168

Borders and border disputes: between landholders, 237 , 335 -36;

between public jurisdictions, 48 , 58 . See also Haciendas; Indian communities; Land; Property rights

Boserup, Esther, 28

Bradford, 158 , 167 , 170

Brading, David, 111 , 202

Braillard y Compañía, 190

Brazil, 321

Bueno, Cosme, 31

Buenos Aires (city), 41 , 44 , 46 , 48 , 50

Buenos Aires (viceroyalty). See Río de la Plata

― 464 ―

Bulmer-Thomas, Victor, 353

Bureau of Indian Affairs, 345

Burga, Manuel, 172 , 304 , 348

Bustamante, Juan, 146 , 203

Bustamante Otero, Luis, 339

Bustamante Rebellion, 24 -25

Butiler, Petronila, 233

C

Cabanillas, 68

—hacienda: Miraflores, 111

Cabildos de Indios , 100 , 134 -35, 147

Cáceres, Andrés Avelino, 157 , 209 , 277

Cáceres, Mariano, 137

Cádiz, 44 , 58

Cacicazgos , 97 , 108 , 123 , 249

Caciques de sangre , 123 . See also Kurakas

Cailloma, 33 , 168

Caja de Censos de Indios, 110

Caja de Consolidación, 110

Cajamarca, 144

Calapuja, 183

Calisays trees, 64. See also Chinchona bark

Callao, 41 , 44 , 59 , 169

Callohuanca (kuraka family), 141 , 283

Calsina, Juan, 89

Camaná, 176

Cameloids, 167 , 365 n.77;

huanacos, 19 ;

vicuñas, 19.

See also Alpacas; Llamas

Caminaca, 14 , 69 , 81 , 221 , 223 -24, 270 , 338

Campomanes, Count of, 88

Canas, 35

Canchis, 35 , 174

—hacienda: Lauramarca, 346

Candamo, Manuel, 279 , 338

Cangas, Gregorio de, 94

Canihua , 19

Cano Arce, Alejandro, 311

Capachica peninsula, 233

Capellanías , 120 , 258.

D

Debt peonage, 301 , 370 n.33.

E

Echenique, Carlota, 227

Echenique, José Rufino, 110 , 147 , 227 , 364 n.56

Echenique, Miguel de, 227

Ecology (of the altiplano), 13 -20

Emphyteusis, 109 , 115 , 119 -20.

See also Consolidation law of 1911; Haciendas

Enclosures.

See Fencing

Encomenderos , 79 , 80 , 108

Endara, José S., 250

Enganche , 25

England. See Great Britain

Enríquez, Mariano Wenceslao, 171 , 187

Enríquez, Victoria, 187

Epidemics, 21 , 24 -26, 27 , 37 , 101 , 134 , 287 , 331 .

See also Population

Escobedo, José Mariano, 68 -69, 110 , 113 , 179 -80, 253

Escobedo, Mariano de, 21 , 48 , 103 , 131

Escobedo, Ramón, 110

Essen, 170

Estación de Pucará, 183 , 185 , 187 , 190

Estancias, 81 , 202 -3, 274.

See also Land; Peasants

Estate owners.

See Hacendados

Estates.

See Estancias; Haciendas

Esteves, Carlos, 318 -19

Estévez, Manuel Ruperto, 109

Evia, José Ignacio, 129

Exchange: asymmetrical, 37 ;

reciprocal, 11 , 72 -74, 276 , 331 -32;

vertical, 33 -34.

See also Barter; Markets; Surplus extraction (from the peasant economy); Trade

F

Faenas , 275 , 296

Fallas de ganado , 300 -301.

G

Gadea, Alberto, 246 , 322

Gallegos, Adoraida, 217 , 232 , 235 , 243

Gallegos, Geronimo, 235

Gamarra, Agustín, 58 , 132 -33

Gamonales , 1 ;

and agrarian capitalism, 315 , 354 ;

and Indian communities, 293 ;

onset of, 148 ;

and peasant clients, 230 , 325 , 333 ;

and power contests, 276 -77, 336 ;

struggle against, 339 -41, 348 -49;

and violence, 236 -37, 338 , 347

Garmendia family, 174

Garmendia, Juliana, 305

Gender: among colonos , 298 , 302 ;

and land ownership, 242 , 273 ;

legal rights of women, 242 -43;

and occupations, 140

Genovese, Eugene, 305

Gibson, Enrique W., y Compañía, 187 , 190 -91, 228 , 350 , 352

Gildemeister family, 319

Gold: exports, 168 ;

mining after independence, 62 -63, 130 , 185 ;

mining during colony, 32 , 80 .

See also Precious metals

González, Ildefonso, 221

González, Josefa, 189

González Figueroa, Federico, 239 -40, 250

González Terrazas, Leonor, 239

González y Montoya, José, 99 -100

Gosselman, Carl August, 59

Grace, W. R., 174

Grasses, 18 , 310 , 322 -23

Great Britain: exports to Peru, 51 -52;

industrial capitalism in, 7 ;

and informal neocolonialism, 3 ;

textile industry, 60 , 152 , 154 , 158 , 163 ;

wool imports from Peru, 59 -60, 157 -59, 163 -65

Great Depression: of 1873-95, 159 ;

of 1929-32, 3 , 25 , 329 , 337

Griffin, Keith, 323

Guadalajara (Mexico), 28

Guardia Civil, 349

Guirior, Manuel de, 44

Gutiérrez Cuevas, Teodomiro (Rumi Maqui), 340 -41

H

Hacendados, 4 ;

absenteeism, 115 , 294 ;

and coastal oligarchy, 211 -12;

during early republic, 108 -9, 114 -15;

inheritance, 108 , 241 -48, 335 , 351 , 404 nn.138, 145 ;

leading armed bands, 211 ;

political power, 239 -40;

social origins, 68 , 211 -12, 233 ;

and system of domination, 328 ;

and violence, 304 -5.

See also Clientalism; Gamonales ; Paternalism

Haciendas: administration, 293 -95, 319 , 322 ;

buying peasant products, 188 , 301 -2;

capitalization (livestock), 117 , 238 , 254 -55, 311 -12;

caseríos , 136 , 293 ; celebrations, 304 -5;

chapels, 136 ;

compared to communities, 295 ;

confiscations after independence, 110 ;

crop production, 296 ;

definition, 202 -3;

destruction in rebellions and civil wars, 47 , 97 ;

during early republic, 108 -21;

economic model, 323 -25;

― 469 ―

efficiency, 10 -11, 85 -86, 240 , 311 -12, 322 ;

formation and growth since 1850s, 205 -12, 220 -23, 226 -41, 240 -41, 334 , 349 ;

formation during colony, 79 -80, 331 ;

frequency of sales, 251 -52, 335 ;

incorporating peasants, 4 , 238 , 286 , 289 -93, 325 , 349 ;

infrastructure, 296 , 322 ;

labor regime, 295 -306;

leases, 109 , 113 -14, 115 , 118 -19, 213 -14, 233 -34, 254 -55;

measuring their size, 214 ;

modernization, 316 -23;

productivity, 306 , 308 , 311 , 324 ;

profit optimizing, 11 , 312 -14;

revenues, 111 -13, 115 , 117 , 313 ;

size distribution, 8 , 111 -13, 203 ;

splintering, 241 , 250 -51, 335 , 351 ;

stock operations, 296 , 306 -11, 319 -20;

value, 113 , 214 -20;

wool production, 167 ;

wool sales, 190.

See also Capital; Colonos ; Fencing; Land; Livestock; Sheep; Wool

Haigh, Samuel, 51 , 59

Hanco, Andrés, 83

Harmsen, Guillermo, 179

Haya de la Torre, Victor Raúl, 352

High Peru: epidemics, 21 ;

mining, 42 -44, 331 -32;

roads, 38 ;

trade, 11 , 35 , 39 -41, 44 , 47 , 49 -51, 56 , 74 , 81 , 93 , 105 , 177 .

See also Bolivia

Hilacatas , 275 -76, 279 , 341 .

See also Indian communities

Hispanocca Vilca, Damaso, 219

Hobsbawm, Eric, 206

Huacchos , 297 , 309 , 318 -21, 327 .

I

Iglesias, Mariano, 157

Ilave, 183

Inambari (river), 32 , 63 , 185

Incas, 11 , 87 , 276 , 340 , 342 , 347 , 348 , 355

Inca Mining Company, 185

Inclán y Valdéz, Fernando, 94

Indian communities, 4 , 9 , 10 ;

authorities of, 135 , 141 , 274 -79, 336 , 341 , 348 -49;

cajas de comunidad , 105 ;

and colonial state, 87 -88, 121 , 331 ;

crafts production in, 36 ;

crop rotation, 262 ;

developing out of finca, 250 ;

and economic cycles, 9 ;

within estates, 326 ;

internal stratification, 1 , 88 -89, 123 , 127 , 131 , 141 , 262 , 280 -88, 382 n.115;

and land during colony, 86 -90, 91 , 99 -100, 331 ;

and land during republic, 122 -24, 128 , 223 -26, 268 ;

litigation, 83 , 93 , 264 ;

and local authorities, 262 -63, 274 -77;

"messengers," 338 ;

moiety structure, 260 ;

population, 269 -71;

and property, 6 , 81 , 109 , 128 -29, 260 -68, 336 ;

and republican state, 127 -28, 260 -61, 275 , 277 -78, 349 ;

resis-

― 470 ―

Indian communities (continued )

tance and revolt, 337 -43;

subdivisions and splintering, 274 , 342 ;

terminology, 259 -61.

See also Forasteros; Kurakas; Mita; Originarios ; Peasants; Tribute

Indians: changing definition of, 4 , 146 -47;

elite stereotype, 304 -5, 333 , 354 ;

"Indian problem," 338 -39;

and Peru's national identity, 2 , 345 ;

and social change, 1 -2.

See also Indian communities; Sociedad de castas ; Society

Indigenismo , 1 -2, 226 , 260 -61, 276 , 317 , 329 , 339 , 342 , 345 , 355

Indigenous Community Statute, 261

Inheritance.

See Hacendados; Peasants

Iruri, Juan Antonio, 265

Islay, 24 , 59 , 64 , 74 , 161 , 179 , 183 .

See also Mollendo

Italy, 175

J

Jauja, 24

Jauregui, Agustín de, 47

Jesuits, 81 , 85 -86, 113

Jesus María (mine in Tiquillaca district), 115

Jimenez, Michael, 329

Juan y Santacilia, Jorge, 88

Judicial system, 211 , 230 , 234 -36, 238 , 249 .

See also Indian communities

Juli, 183

Juliaca, 47 ;

as commercial center, 186 -87, 284 ;

haciendas, 308 ;

merchants, 192 , 344 , 347 ;

middle class, 351 ;

money exchange, 161 ;

as railroad hub, 183 , roads, 185

Junin (department), 59 , 66

Junta Superior de Real Hacienda, 99

K

Kacharparis , 92 , 379 n.86

Kaerger, Karl, 308

Knight, Alan, 11

Kollas, 11 , 33

Kubler, George, 92

Kurakas , 54 ;

and communities, 83 , 92 -93, 103 ;

during early republic, 123 , 141 , 280 ;

functions for the colonial state, 91 ;

as landholders during colony, 81 -83, 90 , 93 , 331 ;

and provincial elite, 100 , 105 ;

trade, 37 , 38 -39;

during Túpac Amaru Rebellion, 45 -46, 96 -97.

See also Cacicazgos ; Indian communities; Peasants

L

La Palata, Duke of, 85 , 298

La Paz (city), 12 , 38 , 45 , 46 , 49 , 57 , 182 , 184

La Plata (city).

See Sucre

La Serna, José de, 50 -51

Labor: forced, 129 -30, 275 -76;

for livestock operations, 84 -86, 290 -93, 318 -21;

for mining, 7 , 62 -63;

unions, 321 ;

wage, 5 , 62 , 285 , 314 -15, 320 -21, 324 , 337 , 350 , 421 n.115.

M

Maccagno, L., 317

Macedo family, 181

Macedo, Rufino, 58 , 120 , 253

Macedo, Simeón Rufino, 65

Macedo Ruiz, Martín Humfredo, 248

Macusani, 223

Maize, trade in, 19 , 34 , 37 , 56 , 57 , 72 , 74 , 176 , 177 , 195

Mamani, Casimira, 287

Mancha India , 11 , 356

Mandas , 128 , 261

Mango, Isabel, 237

Mango, Tomás, 97

Mango Turpo family, 83 , 97 , 108

Manrique, Nelson, 178 , 275

Manto mine, 62

Maranganí, 174

Marcoy, Paul, 56 , 64

Mariátegui, José Carlos, 133

Markets, 10 ;

during colonial period, 32 ;

competitive, self-regulating, 5 , 71 -72, 78 , 194 ;

and currency fluctuations, 161 ;

internal or national, 175 , 177 , 178 ;

international or world, 11 , 31 , 333 ;

local or regional, 36 -37, 39 -40, 56 -58, 172 -79, 334 ;

monopolies in, 71 , 194 ;

oligopsonistic, 163 ;

regarding land, 6 , 10 , 123 -24;

weekly and annual fairs, 70 -72, 188 , 196 , 349 .

See also Barter; Exchange; Trade

Markham, Clements, 64 , 70 , 171 , 172 , 182

Martinet, J. B., 254 , 258

Martínez Alier, Juan, 273 , 297 , 323 -26

Mayordomos (of haciendas), 96 , 293 -95, 304

Meiggs, Henry, 183

Melgar province, 14 , 318

—hacienda: Huacahuta, 318 .

See also Chuquibambilla, Granja Modelo de

Melgarejo, Mariano, 160

Mercantilism, 8

Mercedes , 79

Merchants: foreign or of foreign origin, 50 -51, 52 , 66 -67, 178 , 179 , 334 ;

Spanish and Peruvian, 52 -53, 56 , 67 -69, 179 , 334 ;

wool, 180 , 344 .

See also Traders

Mestas, Manuel, 69

Mestizos: during early republic, 140 , 145 -46;

and Peru's national culture, 2

Mexico, 11 , 21 , 78 , 202 , 243 , 301 , 308 , 329

Microclimates, 17

Military and police: during colonial era, 50 ;

provincial militias, 96 , 108 , 137 ;

recruitment, 24 , 25 , 101 , 132 -33;

repress-

― 473 ―

ing revolts, 338 , 343;

during republic, 157

Millenarianism, 340 , 342 , 346 , 348

Miller, Simon, 329

Mina, Francisco de, 90

Mining.

See Borax; Copper; Gold; Silver. See also Capital; Labor

Miranda, Pascual, 306

Mishkin, Bernard, 273

Mita , 91 -92;

abolition, 122 , 129 ;

for livestock estates, 84 , 86 ;

for mining, 21 , 87 , 374 n.117;

for transport, 39 ;

and tribute categories, 89 ;

during Túpac Amaru Rebellion, 46 .

See also Labor; Potosí

Mitanis , 275 -76, 296

Mohens and Company, 60

Moho, 183 , 196

Molina family, 294

Molina, Wenceslao, 192

Mollendo, 59 , 157 -58, 160 -61, 167 -68, 171 , 177 , 183 -84, 333 .

See also Islay

Möller y Compañía, 171 , 187

Mollinedo (Bishop of Cuzco), 81

Money: bills of exchange, 192 ;

currency exports, 61 ;

debased and other Bolivian coins, 57 , 160 -61;

exchange rates, 159 -60, 168 , 179 , 333 ;

introduction in the Andes, 7 ;

scarcity of cash, 68 , 72 , 181 , 232 .

See also Barter; Credit; Exchange

Montaña. See Ceja de la selva

Montesinos, Agapito, 307

Montesinos, Juliana, 109

Montesinos, Nicolás, 99 , 137

Moquegua, 47 , 176 , 182

Mostajo, Francisco, 276

Mostajo Yañez, Manuel Sixto, 187 -88

Moyas , 272 , 308

Mules.

See Transportation

Muleteers, 4 , 38 , 68 , 182

Mullisaca family, 295 , 327

Mullisaca, Aniceto and Guillermo, 297

Mullisaca, Benito, 302

Muñani: church lands, 254 ;

colonos , 297 , 320 ;

community peasants, 91 , 265 ;

enganche labor, 25 ;

estates, 80 , 109 , 113 , 239 -41;

hacendados and traders, 64 , 72 , 127 ;

kuraka family lands, 249 ;

obraje , 35 ;

peasant land sales, 221 -24;

population, 271 ;

roads, 185

—haciendas: Arcopunco, 239 ;

Calla-tomasa, 239 ;

Carasupo Chico, 250 ;

Checayani, 26 , 64 , 83 , 113 , 224 , 240 , 248 ;

Huasacona, 80 , 109 , 113 , 121 , 211 , 320 , 344 ;

Muñani Chico, 109 , 113 , 239 , 240 , 244 , 265 ;

Nequeneque, 83 , 84 , 113 , 244 , 249 ;

Ocra, 254 ;

Ticani, 239 ;

Toma, 295 .

See also Picotani

—parcialidades: Carasupo Chico, 250 ;

Caroneque, 265 ;

Choquechambi, 265

N

Nation-state (in Peru), 11 -12

Nazarenes (convent in Cuzco), 119

Neocolonialism, 176 , 205 , 326 , 328 , 330 , 333 , 354 .

See also Colonialism

New Spain.

See Mexico

New Zealand, 152 , 189

Nuñez family, 181

O

Obrajes , 35 , 39 , 47 , 49 -53, 60 .

See also Woolens

― 474 ―

O'Brien, General, 62

Oca , 18

Olluco , 18

O'Phelan, Teresa, 253

Orbegoso, Luis José de, 110 , 132

Ordenanza de Intendentes, 98

Ordinance of Free Trade, 41 -42, 44 , 50

Originarios , 83 -84, 88 -89, 95 , 101 -2, 123 , 130 -31, 141 , 280 .

See also Tribute

Orlove, Benjamin, 189 , 266

Ortíz, Juan, 250

Oruro, 32 , 35 , 41 , 44 , 45 , 98 , 184

Oteira, Simón de, 182

P

Padilla, Telésforo, 182

Palazuelos, Pedro, 181

Pantigoso Chávez, José, 171

Parcialidades.

See Indian communities

Pardo, José, 279

Paredes family, 233 , 240

Paredes, Juan: and inheritance, 242 , 245 , 247 ;

and land, 113 , 125 , 222 , 230 ;

and paternalism, 295 ;

and trade, 68 -69, 140

Paredes, Luis, 254

Paredes, Manuel E. (senior), 171

Paredes, Mariano, 242

Paredes, Sabina, 247

Paredes Urviola, Manuel E., 25 , 219

Paternalism: 211 , 230 -31, 354 ;

in haciendas, 10 , 303 -5, 315 , 321 , 330 , 336

Paucarcolla (province), 32 , 33 , 35 , 39 , 91

Payta, 50

Peasants: assessment for taxes, 279 -80;

autonomy, 64 , 75 , 78 , 105 , 133 -34, 194 , 332 , 342 , 354 ;

community vs. colonos , 273 , 326 ;

consumption patterns, 170 -71;

control over cameloids, 163 , 167 ;

debt and dependency, 229 -31, 285 -86, 292 -93, 325 , 333 , 354 ;

and economic rationality, 323 -25;

festivities and ceremonies, 172 , 195 ;

household economy and production, 36 -38, 53 , 56 , 167 , 175 , 195 -96, 284 -85;

inheritance, 266 -67, 273 , 276 ;

kulak, 283 -84;

landholding during colony, 81 , 89 -90, 98 -99, 101 , 102 , 382 n.115;

landholding during republic, 127 , 205 -6, 271 , 281 -82, 286 , 342 , 349 ;

litigation, 235 , 267 -68;

payments and services to authorities, 95 -96, 129 , 274 -75;

prices of land, 215 -19;

resistance and revolt, 97 , 209 , 221 , 279 , 320 , 324 , 337 -48;

trading, 56 -58, 71 -72, 101 , 140 , 177 -78, 188 -89, 195 -96, 283 -85, 334 ;

and wool traders, 193 -94;

work outside of communities, 39 , 63 , 285 .

See also Colonos ; Indian communities; Indians; Labor

Pelechuco, 24 , 25

Peña, José María, 179 -80

Pentland, John Barclay, 57

Peritos agrimensores , 114

Peruvian Corporation, 184 , 351 .

See also Transportation

Peruvian-Bolivian Confederation, 53 , 58

Pezuela, Joaquín de, 50

Picotani (ayllu and hacienda in Muñani district): administrators, 294 -95;

capellanía , 121 ;

colonos , 195 , 291 , 297 -302, 327 ;

during colony, 83 ;

during early republic, 113 ;

formation of estate out of ayllu, 84 ;

liti-

― 475 ―

gation, 249 ;

modernization, 318 -20;

productivity, 307 ;

rate of return, 313 ;

woman owner, 242 ;

wool sales, 190

Piedmont (of Andes).

See Ceja de la selva

Piel, Jean, 74 -75

Piérola, Carmen, 242

Piérola, Nicolás de, 160 , 209 , 211 -12, 246 , 263 , 279 , 337

Pinedo, Andrea, 304

Pino family, 181

Platt, Tristan, 177 -78

Poblete brothers, 63

Ponce, Manuel Eleuterio, 277

Ponce de León, Francisco, 304

Pongo , 129 , 275 -76, 296 , 318 .

Q

Quebrada de Ayapata, 65

Quenallata family, 219 , 283

Quijano, Anibal, 2

Quillabamba, 176

Quinine.

See Chinchonna bark

Quiñones, José Luis, 256 , 265

Quiñones, Josefa, 109 , 239

Quinua , 18 -19

Quiroz, Alfonso, 192

Quispe, Melchor, 264

Quispe, Pedro, 265 -66

Quispe Amanqui, Gertrudis, 25

Quispe Huarcaya, Teresa, 215

Quispicanchis, 35 , 174 , 305

—hacienda: Ccapana, 306

R

Racism, 2 , 304 , 317 , 333 , 342

Raimondi, Antonio, 188

Ramírez, Juan, 49

Ramis (river), 14

Ramos, Juliana, 229

Ramos Zambrano, Augusto, 339

Reátegui, Wilson, 172

Recharte, Andrés, 198

Reducciones , 87

Repartos de bienes , 46 , 54 , 84 , 93 -97, 102 -3, 193 -94.

S

Sacaca family, 219 , 283

Salas, Nicomedes, 239

Salas Flores, César, 237 -39

Salinas (Lake), 16 , 263

Salt, Titus, 60 , 163

Salt, production and trade, 16 , 263 , 302

Salta, 38 , 63 , 182

Saman, 14 ;

agriculture, 19 ;

during colony, 81 ;

communities, 223 , 262 ;

land tenure after 1900, 221 , 349 ;

municipal council, 147 ;

population, 25 , 269 -70;

property tax assessment, 277 ;

revolts, 338 , 340 ;

women as land owners, 243

—haciendas: San Juan, 221 , 349 ;

Santa Clara, 221

—parcialidad: Chejachi, 223 -24

San Antón: during colony, 81 ;

communities, 224 , 270 , 281 ;

hacendados and traders, 65 , 68 ;

hacienda expansion, 221 , 223 -24, 228 , 239 ;

land prices, 219 ;

population, 270 ;

revolts, 339 -41;

roads, 185 , 223

—haciendas: Atarani, 339 ;

Esmeralda, 239

—parcialidades: Hila, 219 , 224 ;

Sillota, 224 ;

Sullca, 224 ;

Supira, 219

San Antonio de Esquilache, 32

San José (district), 14 ;

during colony, 81 ;

communities, 262 , 270 ;

hacienda expansion, 221 , 223 -24, 227 -28;

population, 270 ;

property taxes, 282 ;

revolts, 223 , 339 -41

—haciendas: Parcani, 227 -28;

Quimsacalco, 227 -28;

San José, 227 -28, 239 , 339 , 343 , 344 ;

Unión, 227

—parcialidades: Llaulli, 262 ;

San José, 262

San José (river), 228

San Marcos University, 192

San Martín (notary in Puno), 246

San Martín, José de, 109 , 122 , 129

San Román family, 181

San Román, Miguel, 133

Sánchez, Hipólito, 196

Sánchez Albornóz, Nicolás, 92 , 130

Sánchez Navarro family, 308

Sandia (province): migration to, 24 , 25 ;

mining, 168 , 185 , 211 ;

peasant self-provisioning, 195 , 302 ;

revolts, 320 , 340 , 343 ;

rubber collection, 185 , 211 ;

trade, 188

—hacienda: Hanccoyo, 304 , 320

Sandia (town), 187

Santa, Alfonso, 94

Santa Cruz, Andrés, 53 , 58 , 110 , 160

Santa Lucía, 190

Santa Rosa, 183 , 190 , 193 , 195

Santiago de Pupuja: during colony, 80 ;

communities, 36 , 270 , 286 ;

hacienda expansion, 223 , 230 ;

land tenure, 239 ;

population, 270 ;

revolts, 340 ;

rural crafts, 36 , 176

― 478 ―

Santiago de Pupuja (continued )

—haciendas: Achosita, 119 ;

Cancata, 256 ;

Checca, 352 ;

Huito, 311 ;

Llallahua and Titiri, 113 -14;

Quera, 119

—parcialidad: Mataro, 230

Santo Domingo (convent in Cuzco), 119

Santo Domingo (gold mine), 185

Sarmiento, Carlos A., 247

Sarmiento, Juan Manuel, 229

Sartiges, Etienne, comte de, 132 -33

Sata y Zubiría, Lorenzo, 47 , 96

Saul, Berrick, 159

Scott, Robert, 305

Segundas , 275 -76, 341.

See also Indian communities

Sereni, Emilio, 175

Serna, Felipe, 250

Sheep: breeds, 306 -7, 321 -22, 351 ;

disposition on estates, 85 -86, 307 ;

population, 164 , 173 , 365 n.77, 388 n.71;

reproduction, 308 -10;

trade in, 33 -34, 176 ;

trade in products, 33 -34, 81 ;

wool, 35 -36, 56 , 58 -60, 81 , 153 , 154 -60, 344 .

See also Livestock; Wool; Woolens

Sicuani, 161 , 176 , 190 , 195

Silver: depreciation, 159 -61;

economy based on, 11 , 32 -33, 39 -40, 42 -44, 353 ;

mining, 60 -62, 80 , 130 ;

plata piña (unminted), 41 ;

production or export of, 41 , 42 , 57 , 168 , 331 -32.

See also Money; Precious metals

Smith, Gavin, 10 , 293 , 326

Sociedad de Beneficencia Pública, 110 , 253

Sociedad de castas , 2 , 134 , 136 , 145

Sociedad Ganadera del Departamento de Puno, 191 , 254 , 346

Sociedad Ganadera del Sur, 228 , 350 , 352

Sociedad Nacional de Agricultura, 308

Society: during early republic, 134 -48; polarized vision of, 4 , 8 , 146 , 203 , 330 , 333 , 354

Socorros , 103.

T

Tacna, 66 , 181 , 263

Tahuantinsuyo. See Incas

Tambopata (river), 25 , 32 , 63 , 64

Tapia, José Joaquín de, 120

Taraco, 14 , 340

Tarapacá, 176

Tarucani (river), 224

Taxes: alcabala , 44 , 103 ;

assessment and lists, 111 , 115 , 131 , 139 -40, 279 -80, 376 n.25;

during colony, 4 , 32 , 37 , 44 -45, 97 , 102 , 105 , 331 ;

contribución de indígenas , 123 , 127 , 130 -32, 145 ;

contribución de predios rústicos , 195 , 277 -80;

contribución general de industrias,139 ;

contribución personal , 194 -95, 277 -78;

import and export tariffs, 169 , 179 ;

during republic, 130 -32, 279 , 337 ;

tithe collectors, 140.

See also Tribute

Taylor, Lewis, 144

Terroba, Augustina, 245 , 247

Tierras de oficio , 123 , 126

Tierras realengas , 125.

U

Ulloa, Antonio de, 88

Umachiri, Battle of, 50

Unanue, Hipólito, 123

United Kingdom.

See Great Britain

United States of America: and informal neocolonialism, 3 ;

sheep breeding, 308 ;

textile industries, 152 , 163

Upper Peru.

See Bolivia; High Peru

Urcos, 157 , 174

Urquiaga Echenique, José Sebastian, 188 , 207 , 227 , 244 , 273 , 299 , 302 , 314 , 343

Urubamba (town), 108

Urubamba (valley), 33

Uruguay, 152

Urviola, Andrés, 72

Urviola, Miguel de, 47

V

Valdéz de la Torre, Carlos, 263

Valle, Fernando del, 182

Valle, Marshal del, 101

Valparaiso, 53 , 67

Van Young, Eric, 28

Vargas, Diego, 250 -51

Vásquez, Norberto, 238

Vegetation (of the altiplano), 17 -19, 359 nn.33-35.

See also Canihua ; Grasses; Oca; Olluco ; Potatoes; Quinua

Velando, Manuel, 253

Velarde, Carlos, 137

Vilcanota (valley), 33 , 45 , 46

Villa Rica, Marqués de, 62

Villarán, Manuel Vicente, 339

Vilque, 70 -71, 114 , 170

—hacienda: Yanarico, 70

Visitas de tierras , 79

W

Walle, Paul, 313

War of the Pacific, 25 , 151 , 157 , 178 , 186 , 190 , 205 , 211 -12, 263 , 277

Wars of Independence, 49 -51, 101 , 108

Weddell, Hugues Algernon, 64

West Riding, 163

Wheat, 19 , 177 -78

Wilthew (British Consul at Islay), 70

Wittmann, Tibor, 57

Wool: colonial trade, 34 , 35 , 81 ;

exports, 51 , 54 , 58 -61, 130 , 152 -67, 173 , 333 , 337 , 343 ;

production, 173 , 185 , 317 , 344 , 365 n.77, 386 n.40;

trade after independence, 67 -75, 186 , 189 -92, 302 , 353.

See also Alpacas; Sheep

Woolens: in Europe, 59 , 60 ;

Peruvian imports, 52 , 54 -56, 332 ;

Peruvian production, 35 , 47 , 54 , 157 , 167 , 174 -75, 331 ;

trade, 34 , 35 , 49 , 50 -51, 195.

See also Great Britain; United States of America

― 481 ―

World capitalist systems approach, 5

World War I , 159 , 174 , 179 , 195 , 254 , 314 , 341 , 343

Y

Yanaconas , 39 , 84 -85, 96 , 100 , 101 , 292.

Z

Zaa, Arturo, 246

Zea, Casimira, vda. de Hidalgo, 114

Zea, Juan Bautista, 72

Zea, Oswaldo, 203

Zecenarro Mamani (kuraka family), 141 , 280