Index
Page numbers in italics denote tables.
A
Abbasi, Captain, 99
aberu (honor, reputation, self-respect), 6 , 117 , 225
Afghani, Ali Mohammad, 99 -100
Afrayi, Abul-Qassem, 199 , 202
Afzali, Bahram, 199 , 201 , 203
Agabekov, Georges, 29 -30
Ahmadzadeh, Taher, 155 -56
Alamutti, Nuraldin, 54 , 59 , 78 , 79
Alavi, Bozorg:
among the Fifty-three, 48 , 50 , 58 -59, 62 , 63 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 71 ;
in Tudeh leadership, 76 , 85 ;
Alimardan Khan, Bakhtiyari, 45 -46
Amir-Khizi, Ali, 32 , 76 , 78 , 80 , 85
Amnesty International, 1 , 119 , 120 , 215 , 222
Amoui, Mohammad Ali, 100 -101, 109 , 194 , 198 ;
his recantation, 190 , 191 , 193
Arani, Taqi, 49 , 50 , 54 -57, 61 , 62 , 63 , 65 , 68 , 71 -72;
Ardalan, Imanallah, 76
Armenians:
in Communist party, 30 ;
in Tudeh, 87 , 91 , 97 -98, 189 , 192
Asadi, Abulqassem, 32 , 76 , 78
Atabegyan, Alexander, 36 -37n
Azad, Abdul-Qadir, 46 , 77 , 78
Azar, Mehdi, 85
Azerbaijan Revolt (1945-46), 82 -83, 91 , 97 , 98 , 180 , 182
Azeris:
in Communist party, 30 ;
among the Fifty-three,
Azeris (continued)
49 ;
B
Bahais, 49 , 125 , 132 , 141 , 143 , 161 , 168 , 179 , 185 , 222
Bahrami, Mohammad:
among the Fifty-three, 50 , 59 , 62 , 66 , 68 , 69 , 71 ;
arrest in 1955, 92 , 95 , 97 ;
in Tudeh leadership, 76 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 85
Bakhtiyari prisoners, 43
Bani-Sadr, Abul-Hassan, 144 , 148 , 201
Barahani, Reza, 116 -17
Bazargan, Mehdi, 103 , 112 , 127 , 148 , 226
Behazin, Mahmud, 96 , 100 -101, 128 , 184 , 193 ;
his recantation, 179 , 180 -81
Behzadi, Manoucher, 189 , 191 , 194 , 196
Boqrati, Mohammad, 50 , 76 , 78 , 85 , 86 , 87
Bukharin, Nicolai, 6 , 9 , 10 , 36 , 56 , 63 , 64 , 225
C
Cannon Square (Tupkhaneh), 20 , 24 , 72
Central Jail (Tehran):
construction of, 25 ;
under Mohammad Reza Shah, 90 , 104 ;
under Reza Shah, 27 , 39 , 40 , 44 , 48 , 60 , 61 , 66 , 68 , 71 .
See also Komiteh Jail
chapzadeh (awestruck by the left), 102
CIA, 89 , 90 , 97 , 115 , 137 , 148 , 149 , 157 , 161 , 128 , 198 , 226
Comintern (Communist Third International), 12 , 39 , 43 , 49 , 61 , 63 , 64
Communist party:
under Reza Shah, 28 -40, 49 , 55 , 61 , 63 , 69 -70;
Confederation of Iranian Students, 114 , 115 , 117 , 156
Constitutional Revolution, 24 , 39 , 43 , 58 , 65 , 144 , 180 , 196
corporal punishments:
under the Islamic Republic, 124 , 134 , 214 ;
under Mohammad Reza Shah, 75 ;
under the Qajars, 17 -18, 19 -20, 21 , 23 , 24 ;
under Reza Shah, 26 , 37 , 38 , 39 -41, 62 , 70 -71.
See also ta'zir; falak
D
Dashti, Ali, 46
Deutscher, Isaac, 12
Democratic Party of Azerbaijan, 82
Donya (The World), 57 -58, 63 , 64 , 65 , 188 , 204
Dostoevsky, Fyodor, 12 , 14 , 101
E
'ebrat (example), 21 , 98 , 126 , 207
Eftekhari, Yousef, 31 , 32 , 36 , 38 , 43 , 45 , 69 -70
Emami, Baqer, 30
Entezam, Amir-Abbas, 129 -30, 140 , 223
Eshaq, Eprim, 60
Eshraqi, Ayatollah, 210 , 211 , 214
e'terafat (confession, recantation), 4 , 134 , 137 , 147 , 158 , 185 , 224 -25
Evin Prison:
during the 1988
mass executions, 209 -15;
under the Islamic Republic, 125 , 126 , 127 , 135 , 139 , 144 , 145 , 169 , 174 , 191 , 208 , 221 ;
under Mohammad Reza Shah, 5 , 105 , 108 -109, 119
F
falak (bastinado), 17 , 20 , 106 -107, 124 , 139 , 214 . See also corporal punishments; ta'zir
Falak al-Falak Fort, 18 , 90 , 99
Falakeh Jail (Tehran), 20 , 25 . See also Central Jail
Fardoust, Hossein, 159 -62
Fatemi, Hossein, 99
fatwa (religous decree), 24 , 110 , 210
Fazel, Mohammad, 128
Fedayan-e Islam, 91 , 94 , 109 , 126 , 186
Fedayi Majority, 121 -23, 132 , 185 , 212 -13, 216
Fedayi Minority, 121 -23, 129 -30, 141 , 144 , 186 , 216
Fedayi Organization, 102 -103, 104 , 108 , 121 , 122
fifth column. See seton-e panjom
Fifty-three, the, 47 -72, 76 -77, 85 , 196 ;
Firuz, Maryam (Mrs. Kianuri), 79 , 85 , 179 , 189 , 193 , 223
Firuz, Mirza (Farmanfarma), 25 -26, 44 -45, 72
Forrokhi-Yazdi, Mohammad, 44 , 72
Forutan, Ghulam-Hossein, 85 , 87
Foucault, Michel, 1 -2, 19 , 23 , 138
Fouladin, Colonel, 45
Freemasons, 125 , 126 , 160 , 205 , 222 , 226
G
Galileo, 6 , 12 , 65 , 208 , 225
gharbzadeh (awestruck by the West), 25 , 65 , 102
Ghiasund, Seifallah, 199 , 202
Gohar Dasht Prison, 1 -5, 135 , 169 , 172 , 174 ;
during the 1988 mass executions, 209 -14
Gonabadi, Parvin, 78 -79
Goya, Francisco, 12
H
hadd (divine punishments), 133 , 139
Haim, Samuel, 45
Hashemi, Mehdi, 162 -66, 185 , 225
Hejri, Abbas, 191 , 194 , 197 , 198
Hojjatieh Society, 179
Hojjati-Kermani, Hojjat al-Islam, 186 , 190
Hoveida, Abbas, 125 , 126 -127
Human Rights Watch, 1
I
Ibrahimi, Anushirevan, 191 -92, 195 , 197 , 198
Inquisition:
in early modern Europe, 5 , 6 , 8 , 10 -11, 22 ;
in Medieval Europe, 2 , 5 , 7 , 8 , 10 , 12 , 65 , 187 , 226 ;
in modern Iran, 209 -15
Iraqi War, 179 , 183 , 184 , 193 , 196 , 202 , 207 , 212 , 217 -18, 223
Iskandari, Iraj:
among the Fifty-three, 50 , 58 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 66 , 67 , 69 , 71 ;
after 1979, 187 ;
in
Iskandari, Iraj (continued)
Tudeh leadership, 76 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 83 , 85
Iskandari, Solayman, 58 , 76 , 77 , 79
J
Jahangeri, Shahroukh, 192 , 195 , 198
Jahanshahlu, Nasratallah, 50 , 59 , 61 , 62 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 78 , 187
Jahansouz, Mohsen, 47
Jangali Revolt, 31 , 36 , 37 , 39 , 45 , 69 , 192
jasousi (espionage), 29 -30, 93 -94, 148 , 178 , 184 , 185 , 186 , 188 , 190 , 197 , 199 , 200 , 202 , 205 , 212 , 224
Jews:
in the Communist party, 30 ;
executed after 1979, 125 , 132 , 222 ;
official sentiments against, 161 , 172 , 186
Jowdat, Hossein, 79 , 87 , 191 , 194 , 196 , 197 , 198
judicial torture, 18 -19, 22 , 23 , 24 , 222 . See also ta'zir
Justice Ministry, 24 , 26 , 75 , 125 , 132
K
kafer (unbeliever, apostate, blasphemer), 23 , 24 , 111 , 133
Kafka, Franz, 14 , 56 , 58 , 60 , 215
Kambakhsh, Abdul-Samad:
among the Fifty-three, 50 , 60 -61, 62 , 63 , 71 , 179 ;
in Tudeh leadership, 78 , 79 , 81 , 85
Karakhan, Leo, 39 -40
Kashani, Ayatollah, 75 , 84 , 205
Kayhan, Mehdi, 191 , 195 , 196 , 197 , 198
Keshavarz, Fereydoun, 78 -79, 85
Keshavarz, Karim, 32 , 78 , 90 -91, 97
Keymanesh, Taqi, 193
KGB, 148 , 149 , 178 , 187 , 188 , 189 , 197
Khalkhali, Ayatollah, 125 , 126 , 127
Khamenei, Ali, 175
Khamehei, Anvar, 61 , 62 , 66 , 67 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 83
Khomeini, Ahmad, 166
Khomeini, Ayatollah:
after the revolution, 125 , 126 , 137 , 163 , 164 , 198 , 220 ;
before the revolution, 9 -10, 13 , 75 , 110 , 150 , 151 ;
orders 1988 executions, 210 ;
praised in recantation shows, 142 , 144 , 152 , 155 -56, 193 , 200
Kianuri, Nuraldin:
his recantation, 176 , 179 -80, 181 -85, 191 , 193 , 196 -97, 198 , 199 , 201 ;
in Tudeh leadership, 79 , 85 , 87 , 88 , 96 , 98 , 198 , 223 , 224
Koestler, Arthur, 12 , 16 , 204 , 226
komun (commune):
in Evin (1974-79), 109 -11, 112 , 119 , 121 ;
on Khark Island, 91 -92;
in prisons after 1979, 172 -175;
in Qasr (1930-41), 29 , 42 , 47 ;
in Qasr (1953-79), 100 -101
Koran, 17 , 19 , 22 , 146 , 212
Kumaleh, 122 -23, 130 , 141 , 197 , 216
Kurdish Democratic party, 100 , 121 , 122 , 130 , 141 , 197
Kurdish Revolt (1945), 82 -83, 180 , 182 , 191
Kurdish Revolt (1979-80), 125 -26
KUTIV (Communist University of the Toilers of the East), 31 , 36 , 37 , 39 , 60 , 69
L
Ladjevardi, Asadollah, 136 , 137 , 145 , 150 , 154 , 167 , 221
Lahiji, Abdo-Karim, 156
Law of 1931, 29 , 37 , 39 , 45 , 64 , 84 , 88
Lea, Henry, 11
"Letters of Regret," 95 , 97 -98, 100 , 120 , 174 , 221
Liberation Movement, 121 , 122 , 150 , 187 . See also Bazargan
M
Mahmud, Ahmad, 100
Makinezhad, Taqi, 50,59 , 78 , 83
Maleki, Khalel:
among the Fifty-three, 52, 59 , 62 , 68 , 69 , 70 ;
against the Tudeh, 83 , 90 , 187 ;
Masters of Wrath. See Nasaqchi
May Day:
celebrated in prisons during 1930-41, 42 , 67 ;
celebrated in prisons during 1953-79, 91 ;
celebrated in prisons during 1979-88, 167 , 172 , 174
Mizani, Farajollah, 192 , 193 , 195, 198
Mobasheri, Hojjat al-Islam, 210
Modarres, Hassan, 44 , 72 , 205
mofsad feq al-araz (sowing corruption on earth), 18 , 24 , 124 , 166
Mohammadzadeh, Rafat, 188
mohareb (warring against God), 144 , 210
Mojahedin Organization:
losses in the 1988 executions, 210 -16;
opposition to the Islamic Republic, 129 , 130 , 141 ;
opposition to the Pahlavi regime, 102 , 104 , 108 , 121 ;
recantations from its members, 144 , 146 -50
Montazeri, Ayatollah, 112 , 162 , 166 , 174 , 209 , 219 -20
Moscow Show Trials, 5 , 9 , 11 , 12 , 48 , 69 -70, 138 , 186 , 224
Mossadeq, Mohammad, 75 , 84 , 88 , 99 , 137 , 182 , 198
N
najes (religious impurity), 111 -12, 168 -69, 172 , 175 , 217
Nasaqchi (Master of Wrath), 19 , 20 , 21 , 23 , 24
National Front, 83 , 115 , 156 , 179 . See also Mossadeq
Nayeri, Hojjat al-Islam, 210 , 211
Nikkhah, Parviz, 114 , 119 , 125
Noshin, Abdul-Hossein, 60 , 76 , 79 , 87 , 192
Nowruz (Persian New Year), 67 , 91 , 167 , 172 , 174
Nuri, Shaykh Fazlallah, 24 , 61 , 79 , 179
O
October Revolution, 43 , 67 , 70 , 224
Orwell, George, 12 , 16 , 142 , 226 , 227
Ovanessian, Ardashir:
in prison, 15 , 31 , 34,36 -38, 40 , 41 , 42 ;
relations with the Fifty-three, 68 , 69 -70, 71 ;
in Tudeh leadership, 78 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 85
Ovanessian, Gagik, 189 , 191 , 195,198
P
paranoid style, 9 -10
Parsipour, Shahrnush, 130 , 145 , 169 , 171 , 173 , 175 , 178
Partovi, Mehdi, 192 , 195,196 , 197 , 198 , 199
pasdars (revolutionary guards), 124 , 135 , 148 , 155 , 170
Peykar Organization:
activities, 102 , 121 , 128 , 129 , 141 , 153 ;
losses in 1988 executions, 216 ;
recantations from members, 144 , 150 -54
Pishevari, Jafar:
leads Azerbaijan Revolt, 82 ;
in prison, 15 , 31 , 34,38 , 39 , 42 ;
relations with the Fifty-three, 69 -70;
relations with Tudeh, 76 , 78 , 197 .
See also Azerbaijan Revolt
Pourhormozan, Mohammad, 191 , 194,197 , 198
Prison No. 3000, 135
Q
Qaempanah, Ghulam-Hossein, 188 , 191 , 194, 197 , 198
Qalech-Khani, Parviz, 116
qapani (binding arms tightly behind the back), 41 , 62 , 89 , 139
Qasr Prison:
under the Islamic Republic, 125 , 135 , 136 ;
under Mohammad Reza Shah, 84 , 87 , 90 , 100 , 105 , 108 , 188 ;
under Reza Shah, 27 -28, 29 , 38 , 40 , 41 , 45 , 68 -69, 80
Qassemlou, Abdul-Rahman, 100
Qezel Hesar Prison, 105 , 108 , 135 , 136 , 169 , 174 , 218
Qezel Qal'eh Fort, 90 , 94 , 99 , 105
Qotbzadeh, Sadeq, 154 , 155 , 156 -58
R
Radmanesh, Reza:
among the Fifty-three, 52, 59 , 66 , 69 ;
Rafsanjani, Ali-Akbar, 158 , 219
Raha (pseudonym), 141 , 145 , 149 , 153 , 168 , 173 , 211 , 225
Rah-e Kargar, 122 -23, 130 , 216
Rahmani, Davoud, 136
Rajavi, Masoud, 111 , 147 , 148 , 149
Ranjbaran Party, 130 . See also Revolutionary Organization of the Tudeh
Rasadi, Ahmad, 189 , 191 , 194,197 , 198
Razmdedeh, Assef, 192 , 195,198
Retribution Law (Qanon-e Qesas), 132 , 134
Revolutionary Organization of the Tudeh, 103 , 114 , 115 , 121 , 122
Revolutionary Tribunals, 124 -29
Reyshahri, Mohammad, 157 , 162 -64, 165 , 199 , 203 -4
Rouzbeh, Khosrow, 81 , 87 , 94 -95, 102 , 179 , 182 , 186 , 196
Ruhani, Hossein, 150 -54
Rules of Evidence, 18 -19, 21 -22, 23 , 26 , 134
Rushdie, Salman, 219
Rusta, Reza, 34,76 , 78 , 81 -82, 85
S
Sa'adati, Mohammad, 128 -29
Sa'di, 42 , 54 , 67 , 68 , 174
Sa'edi, Ghulam-Hossein, 116 , 117 , 118 , 119
Sa'idi-Sirjani, Ali-Akbar, 226 -27
Sardar As'ad, Bakhiyari, 44 , 72
Sarkouhi, Faraj, 227
SAVAK, 84 , 88 , 94 -95, 98 , 107 , 108 , 119 , 125 , 159 , 164 , 190
Second Bureau (Rokne-e Dovom), 74 , 88
secularization of law, 23 , 24 , 25 -26
seton-e panjom (fifth column), 9 , 10 , 93 , 136 , 143 , 148
Shahram, Taqi, 128 -29
Shahri, Jafar, 19 -20
Shahsavandi, Sa'id, 149 -50
sharbani (urban police), 24 , 74
sharia (Islamic law), 17 , 18 -19, 23 , 26 , 124 , 132 -34, 158 , 185 , 211 . See also secularization of law
Shariatmadari, Ayatollah, 157 , 158 -59, 196
Sheil, Lady, 21
shekanjeh (torture), 2 -3, 88 -89, 105 -106, 115 , 127 , 137 , 147 . See also falak; qapani; ta'zir
Sheltouki, Reza, 189 -90, 191 , 194 , 196 , 198
Slansky Trials, 5 , 6 , 9 , 98
T
Tabari, Ehsan:
among the Fifty-three, 52 , 59 , 68 ;
his recantation, 193 , 204 -208;
in Tudeh leadership, 76 , 78 , 85 , 92
ta'zir (discretionary punishments), 19 , 132 -33, 137 -38, 139
television, 12 , 99 , 108 , 146 , 156 , 177 , 184 , 201 , 221 -23;
within prisons, 167 , 171 , 173 , 175
Timurtash, Abdul-Hossein, 25 , 44 -45
Tofan Organization, 103 , 121 , 122 , 130
towab (repenter), 19 , 127 , 168 , 210 , 220 , 221 , 224 , 225
Tudeh party:
early leaders, 75 -80;
executions in 1979-88, 41 ;
executions in 1988, 216 ;
leaders tried in 1949, 84 -87;
mass arrests in 1953-55, 89 -92;
mass arrests in 1983-88, 178 -79, 185 -86;
military organization in 1941-53, 81 , 87 , 89 , 92 -93;
military organization in 1979-83, 183 , 197 , 199 -204;
origins, 47 ;
prisoners in 1953-78, 100 -101, 109
U
United Nations, 1 , 119 , 174 , 179 , 183 , 212 , 217 -18, 221 , 222
urf (state law), 17 , 18 , 23 , 24
W
White Revolution, 113 , 117 , 181 , 182 , 197
Witch Trials (in early modern Europe), 6 , 8 , 10 , 22
women:
executed after 1979, 130 , 214 -15;
in guerrilla movement, 103 -104;
prison memoirs of, 15 -16, 174 ;
in prisons of the Islamic Republic, 140 , 168 , 174 ;
in recantation shows, 144 -45
Y
Yazdi, Morteza:
among the Fifty-three, 50 , 59 , 61 , 67 -68;
in Tudeh leadership, 76 , 79 , 87
Z
Zarhi Barracks, 90
Zarshenas, Kiamars, 189