Index
A
Abercrombie, Neal, 382 n.4
Abraham, David, 387 n.4
Absence: Deleuze and, 230 ;
"determinate", 279 -80
Absolute, 49 , 58 , 59 -60, 78
"Absolute proletarianization,", 131
Absolute Subject, 210 , 212 , 213
Absolutist state, concept of, 142 , 150 -56
Abstraction: knowledge and, 160 -61;
and mode of production, 84 ;
modernism and, 18 -19
Accumulation: capitalist, 5 , 12 -13, 315 , 329 , 350 , 354 -55, 357 , 388 n.9;
extensive to "intensive," 350 ;
feudal, 141 , 142 , 143 -44, 145 -47;
"primitive," 91 -92, 124 , 156 ;
socialism and, 30 -31
Adequacy: contradictions known with, 96 ;
science and, 164 -69;
Spinoza and, 44
"Adhesion," relations of, 121
Adorno, Theodor, 285
Aesthetics: as class struggle in culture, 284 -88, 292 -93;
history of, 289 -94;
and ideology, 215 , 284 -94, 302 ;
literary, 277 , 284 -94, 302 ;
Marxist, 284 -88;
populist, 7 ;
romantic, 19 . See also Art
Africa: imperialism in, 125 , 126 -29, 134 ;
lineage societies in, 111 , 116 , 126 -29;
West-Central, 125 , 126 -29, 134
Aglietta, Michel, 309 , 350 , 387 n.7
"Agrarian capitalism," 134
Agrarian revolution, 152 -53
Agricultural societies, 111 , 115 , 120 -23, 128 , 130
Agriculture: feudal, 135 -42, 146 -47;
and transition from feudalism to capitalism, 146 -47, 149 , 152 -53
and "end of ideology," 226 -27;
"Alienation effect," 270 -71
Les alliances de classes (Rey), 125 , 131 -35
Althusser, Louis, 2 ;
Essays in Self-Criticism , 98 , 160 -65 passim, 160 , 188 , 372 n.8;
"Freud and Lacan," 382 n.3;
"Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses," 205 , 207 , 208 -16, 261 , 289 ;
Lenin and Philosophy , 262 ;
"Marx's Relation to Hegel," 380 n.8;
Philosophy and the Spontaneous Philosophy of the Scientists , 159 , 187 , 261 ;
"Preface to Capital," 379 n.6. See also For Marx; Reading Capital
Althusser: The Detour of Theory (Elliott), 4
"Althusser problem," 159 -64
Althusser's Marxism (Callinicos), 4
"Americanization," of Europe, 349
Anarchism, neo-, 3 , 7 , 229 -30, 248 -49
Anderson, Perry, 131 , 142 , 150 -56, 365 -66n.2, 370 n.1, 371 n.2, 377 n.15
Annales School, 2 , 5 , 365 n.2, 367 n.5, 371 n.1
Anthropological functionalism, 111 , 115
Anthropological humanism, 170
Anthropologie économique des Gouro de Côte d'Ivoire (Meillassoux), 111
Anthropology, 367 n.5;
cultural, 8 -9, 111 , 216 -21;
Structural Marxist, 85 -86, 111 -31, 374 -75n.8
Anti-Oedipus (Deleuze & Guattari), 229 -30, 231 -32
Archaeology, Foucault and, 233 -47
Archaeology of Knowledge (Foucault), 80 , 235 , 237 -38, 240 -41, 243
Aristocracy: feudal, 131 -56 passim, 377 n.15;
French, 295 -96. See also Ruling class
Art, 291 ;
and history, 273 , 277 , 284 -85, 289 -94;
and ideology, 262 , 269 , 273 , 274 ;
politics of, 292 -93, 369 n.10;
and science, 273 . See also Aesthetics; Literature
Articulation, 38 , 112 , 118 ;
and transformation, 105 -11, 124 , 125 -34, 138 , 147 , 154 -56, 376 n.14
Artisans: feudal, 143 , 144 , 145 -46, 147 , 148 , 156 ;
socialist, 170
Austen, Jane, 274
Austria, transition from feudalism to capitalism, 153
Authenticity: of art, 285 . See also Truth
Authoritarian statism, 360 -64
Autogestion , French, 4
Autonomy: of culture, 7 , 8 , 9 ;
in discursive practice, 265 , 272 ;
"specific" state, 329 , 332 -33. See also Relative autonomy
Avant-garde, 369 n.10
Axiology, literary value and, 285 -86, 287 , 288
B
Bachelard, Gaston, 176 , 178 -81, 184
Balibar, Etienne, 34 -35, 83 -111 passim, 378 n.3;
and alienation, 226 ;
Cinq études du matérialisme historique , 98 -99;
and "dictatorship of the proletariat," 366 n.4;
Hindess & Hirst and, 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 ;
and literature, 301 -7;
and mode of production, 83 -111 passim, 118 , 132 -33, 374 n.6;
and social formations, 36 , 39 , 40 , 98 -107passim. See also Reading Capital
Balibar, Renée, 261 , 294 -301, 304 , 306 , 307
Balzac, Honoré de, 285 , 385 n.6
Barthes, Roland, 22 , 25 , 274
Baudelot, Christian, 296
Benjamin, Walter, 285
Bennett, Tony, 291 -93, 383 n.1
Benton, Ted, 4 , 365 n.1, 367 n.4, 378 n.2
Berger, John, 369 n.10
Bettelheim, Charles, 75 -76, 372 n.8
Bhaskar, Roy, 159 , 198 , 200 , 377 -78n.1
Biology: Cangullhem and, 179 -81;
Foucault and, 235
Bio-power, 247 -50, 254 , 257 , 258
Birth of the Clinic (Foucault), 234 -35, 247
Blackburn, Robin, 226 -27
Bleak House (Dickens), 272
Body: Deleuze on, 231 ;
mind-body dualism, 43 ;
social, 231 -32, 251 . See also Bio-power
Boggs, Carl, 367 n.4
Bois, Guy, 131 , 135 -42, 150 , 156 , 376 -77
Bolshevism, 14 -15, 16 -17, 32 , 228 , 368 n.9
Bonapartism, 387 n.4
Bouché, Claude, 283
Bourdieu, Pierre, 72 , 208 , 216 -21, 225 , 313 , 384 n.2
Bourgeoisie: and fascism, 386 -87n.4;
and greatness of literature, 286 ;
humanism and, 11 , 69 -70, 73 , 74 ;
ideology of, 69 -70, 73 , 74 , 225 , 379 n.6;
and knowledge, 228 ;
and language, 295 -97;
and Marxist theory, 379 -80n.6;
and monopoly capitalism, 352 -56, 363 ;
under Nazis, 333 -34;
organizational technology of, 344 -46;
petty, 11 , 228 , 254 , 333 -34, 363 , 367 -68n.7, 379 n.6, 386 -91 passim;
populism of, 254 ;
revolution, 133 , 344 , 386 n.4;
in transition from feudalism to capitalism, 133 , 145 , 153 -54, 155 , 156 , 344 . See also Middle class
Braudel, Fernand, 371 n.1
Brecht, Bertolt, 265 , 270 , 285
Brenner, Robert, 373 n.2, 376 -77nn.15,16
Brewer, Anthony, 375 -76n.12
Burawoy, Michael, 373 n.3
Bureaucracy, state: in capitalist state, 335 , 344 -46, 362 ;
in transition from feudalism to capitalism, 154
Bureaucratic class, communist, 31 , 76 , 228 , 378 n.4
Bürger, Peter, 369 n.10
C
Callinicos, Alex, 365 nn.1,2;
Althusser's Marxism , 4 ;
on ideology, 215 , 378 n.2, 379 n.5;
on ideology and science, 378 n.2, 379 n.5;
and structural causality, 51 ;
and subject-object, 209
Camus, Albert, 297 , 299 , 300
Canguilhem, Georges, 176 , 178 -81, 381 n.9
Capital: commercial, 347 ;
export of, 347 ;
international, 349 -61;
monopoly, 333 -34, 349 -60, 387 n.4;
non-monopoly, 352 -53;
"primitive accumulation of," 91 -92, 124 , 156 ;
"real subsumption" of labor to, 106 , 348 , 351 ;
reproduction of, 93 -99;
symbolic, 11 , 216 -21. See also Surplus value
Capital (Marx), 180 ;
Althusser's "Preface to," 379 n.6;
and "epistemological break," 169 -74, 199 ;
on mode of production, 79 , 84 ;
on rent, 132 ;
"symptomatic" reading of, 174 -78
accumulation, 5 , 12 -13, 315 , 329 , 350 , 354 -55, 357 , 388 n.9;
accumulation crises, 5 , 13 , 354 -55;
"agrarian," 134 ;
biopower and, 250 ;
"birth of," 142 , 143 , 146 -47;
"commercial" (feudal), 144 ;
competitive, 329 -30, 345 , 347 -50, 356 ;
contemporary, 4 , 129 , 314 -18, 351 -64;
contradictions of, 15 , 65 , 309 , 325 , 335 -46, 352 -55, 361 -61, 390 -91;
"cultural logic" of multinational, 8 ;
and democracy, 10 , 13 , 16 , 30 , 73 , 334 -41, 356 -57, 358 , 366 n.4;
democratic socialism and, 30 ;
domination in, 2 , 12 , 16 , 17 , 126 , 203 , 315 , 329 -51, 361 -62, 388 n.9;
Engels on, 15 ;
and equality, 31 -32;
exploitation in, 12 , 16 -17, 30 , 126 , 130 , 172 , 203 , 253 , 336 -37, 348 , 349 ;
"false consciousness" and, 207 ;
global, 5 -16 passim, 129 , 202 , 346 -64, 375 -76n.12;
humanism of, 5 , 10 , 11 -13, 73 , 75 -76, 196 ;
imperialism, 125 -31, 134 , 347 -48, 353 , 354 ;
"implanted," 126 , 128 , 134 , 354 ;
mode of production, 79 , 85 , 88 -89, 93 , 106 -8, 125 -31, 172 , 203 , 314 -15, 319 -22, 330 , 340 -63 passim;
modernism and, 19 -21;
modes of determination in, 314 -18, 336 -37;
neo liberalism and, 9 -10, 11 -12;
New Philosophy and, 253 ;
"post-industrial," 3 ;
and power, 30 -31, 172 , 258 , 319 -22, 326 -41;
property relations, 232 ;
"proto-industrial," 142,146 -49;
social formations, 73 , 319 -56, 386 -87n.4;
and Socialism's weaknesses, 14 -17;
"status quo anti-," 386 -87n.4;
Structural Marxism on, 4 , 5 , 29 ;
substantivists and, 373 n.4;
transition to, see Transition to capitalism; Western Marxism on, 2 -3
Capitalist ruling class, 31 ;
in capitalist state, 318 , 329 -38, 352 -53, 390 ;
multinational capitalism and, 15 , 352 -53;
new petty bourgeoisie and working class and, 11 , 13 , 368 n.7, 390 ;
in state capitalism, 75 -76;
in transition from feudalism to capitalism, 131 -35, 147
Capitalist state, 308 -64, 387 -91;
class nature of, 308 -64, 386 n.3;
and hegemony, 315 -16, 330 -38 passim, 350 -64 passim, 387 n.4;
organizational technology of, 341 -46;
"organized," 388 n.9;
relative autonomy of, 308 , 315 , 318 , 320 , 329 -34
Care of the Self (Foucault), 254
Carnap, Rudolf, 266
Carnoy, Martin, 337
Carr, E. H., 369 n.9
Castells, Manuel, 388 n.9
Causality: determination by, 24 , 48 ;
expressive, 46 -50, 54 , 58 , 60 , 77 ;
and mode of production, 101 , 103 ;
transitive, 46 -50, 54 , 197 , 312 -13. See also "Absent cause"; Structural causality
Certainty, Spinoza and, 44 -45
Chauvinism, PCF and, 4
China: capitalism in, 76 . See also Maoism
Chomsky, Noam, 262
Cinq études du matérialisme historique (E. Balibar), 98 -99
Circle, scientific and hermeneutic, 178
"Civil society," 214
Class, 171 , 172 , 308 , 322 -23;
bureaucratic, 31 , 76 , 228 , 378 n.4;
capitalism and, 11 -17, 30 , 308 -64, 386 n.3;
defined, 28 ;
determinations, 322 -24;
economic, 317 -18, 323 -27, 333 ;
economism/humanism and, 73 , 74 ;
individual and, 223 -24;
lineage societies and, 115 , 116 -18, 125 ;
and literature, 294 -307;
merchant (feudal), 143 -45, 147 ;
mode of production and, 85 -86, 87 , 101 , 105 , 115 -19, 125 , 151 , 309 , 319 -22;
peasants (feudal), 135 -42, 146 -47, 151 , 152 , 153 , 156 -57;
practice, 313 , 322 -23, 325 -26;
social, 72 ,
Class (continued )
317 -18, 323 -29, 334 , 367 n.7, 388 -90;
and social formations, 41 -42;
socialism and, 30 -31;
Structural Marxist concept of, 28 -29. See also Bourgeoisie; Class . . . ; Middle class; Ruling class; Working class
Class alliance: in capitalist state, 332 ;
in transition from feudalism to capitalism, 132 -35, 156
Class, Crisis, and the State (Wright), 309
Classes in Contemporary Capitalism (Poulantzas), 309 , 346 , 348 , 350
"Class fractions," 326- 27, 331 -32, 334 , 352 -53, 360 , 363
Classical Age, Foucault and, 235 -36
"Class instinct," 379 -80n.6
"Class interest," vs. "class position," 334
"Class position": and "class instinct," 380 n.6;
vs. "class interest," 334
Class power: Bolshevist, 228 ;
capitalism and, 9 -10, 17 , 30 -31, 172 , 319 -22, 326 -35, 342 ;
and language, 294 -301, 303 -4;
in lineage societies, 116 -18, 124 , 126 , 127 ;
political practice and, 37 , 322 , 329 , 333 -34;
populisms and, 370 n.13;
Poulantzas on, 257 , 258 , 319 -22, 326 -35, 342 ;
Structural Marxism and, 25 , 26 , 29 ;
in transition from feudalism to capitalism, 156 -57, 377 n.15. See also Exploitation; Ruling class
Class struggle, 5 , 13 , 157 , 172 , 308 -64, 374 n.6;
aesthetics as, 284 -88, 292 -93;
contradiction and, 62 , 64 , 223 -24;
in democratic state, 334 -38;
discursive practice and, 268 ;
historical materialism as object of, 203 ;
humanism and, 68 -69, 73 , 74 , 75 ;
ideology and, 206 , 216 , 223 -24;
international, 16 , 130 , 359 , 363 ;
and language/literature, 294 -97, 305 -6;
lineage societies and, 115 -19;
mode of production and, 86 , 87 , 101 , 105 , 115 -19, 151 , 322 ;
modernism and, 21 ;
as motor of history, 2 , 62 , 68 -69, 72 , 73 ;
neo-liberalism and, 10 , 11 -12;
political deflection of, 338 -41;
postmodernism and, 8 , 9 , 11 -12;
Poulantzas and, 255 -59, 322 -42;
and structural causality, 40 -41, 311 -14;
Structural Marxism and, 23 -29, 31 , 35 -42, 98 -99;
in theory, 10 , 163 , 167 -68, 188 -94, 201 ;
Totalitaria and, 17 ;
university and, 382 n.6;
Western Marxism and, 2 ;
in Wright's model, 311 -12
Class Struggles in the USSR (Bettelheim), 75 -76
Class voluntarism, 26 , 105 , 118 , 119
Claudin, Fernando, 367 n.4
Client relations, habitus and, 220
Cliff, Tony, 372 n.8
Coercion: capitalist, 126 , 128 , 318 ;
feudal, 132 ;
in lineage societies, 124 . See also Violence
"Un coeur simple" (Flaubert), 297 , 298 , 300
Cohen, G. A., 373 n.2
Cohesion, social, 207 -8, 321 -22
Cold War, 10 , 14 , 16 , 17 , 228 -29
Colonialism: lineage societies transformed by, 111 , 128 -29;
Verne's novel and, 281 -82
Colonialisme, néo-colonialisme et transition au capitalisme (Rey), 125 , 126 -29
Combinations, 89 -90, 91 -92, 93 -94
Command economy, socialism and, 5 , 14 -17
Commerce: feudal, 143 -47, 154 , 155 . See also Market; Trade
"Commercial capitalists," 144
Commodities: export of, 347 ;
fetishization of, 172 , 173 , 213 ;
labor as, 329 ;
text as, 276
"Commonsense" world, 217 -18
"Communicative rationality," 10
Communism, 2 , 3 -5, 16 , 378 n.4;
Bolshevist, 14 -15, 16 -17, 32 , 228 , 368 n.9;
and class power of party bureaucracy, 228 ;
economism/humanism and, 73 , 74 , 75 -76;
Eurocommunism, 2 , 3 -4, 202 , 366 n.4, 380 n.7;
and ideology, 225 ;
as "local event," 15 ;
transition to, 366 n.4. See also French Communist Party
Comninel, George C., 376 n.14
Competitive capitalism, 329 -30, 345 , 347 -50, 356
Compromise formations, 298 , 299 , 301 , 304 -5
Comte, Auguste, 6 -7
Condensation, 63 -65, 108 , 321 -22, 331 , 342 , 372 n.6
Congo societies, 116 , 126 -29
Conjunctures, in history, 67 , 81 , 83 -84, 90 -91
Conrad, Joseph, 385 n.6
Consciousness: "false," 207 ;
Foucault and, 235 -36;
ideology and, 183 , 206 , 207 , 211 -12, 213 ;
working class, 382 -83n.6
Conservatism: liberal, 74 ;
middle class,
neo-, 358 -64 passim, 381 n.10, 382 n.6
Consumption. See Commodities
Contraction, feudal, 137 , 138 -39, 147
of capitalism, 15 , 65 , 309 , 325 , 335 -46, 352 -55, 361 -62, 390 -91;
defined, 61 ;
and discursive practice, 266 -67, 268 ;
economic, 37 , 39 -40, 222 , 257 ;
fascism and, 386 n.4;
in feudalism, 150 -51, 154 , 156 ;
"general," 62 -63;
Godelier on, 372 n.5;
ideology and, 37 , 207 -8, 221 -25, 257 , 282 , 283 , 304 ;
and imperialism, 353 , 354 -55;
of interpellation, 71 -72, 221 -25, 304 ;
literature/language and, 280 -82, 297 -300, 301 , 303 -7;
"masking" of social, 207 , 208 ;
and mode of production, 96 -97, 104 , 108 , 123 -24, 150 -51, 154 , 156 , 172 , 309 , 352 -53;
political, 37 , 64 , 257 , 322 ;
"principal," 63 -64;
social, 207 , 208 , 257 , 371 n.2;
and social formations, 57 -65, 268 , 325 ;
Structural Marxism and, 24 , 35 -36, 37 , 57 , 98 ;
struggle from, 257 (see also Class struggle);
and uneven development, 51 , 57 , 60 -66, 156
Conventionalism, 158 , 161 -62, 195
Cooperation: complex/simple, 113 ;
in lineage societies, 113 -14, 116 , 117
Corporations: multinational, 351 ;
social subjectivity of, 381 n.2
Correspondence, 94 , 95 , 97 , 102 , 107 , 108
Cottage industries, 147 -48, 149 , 156 -57
"Counter-apparatuses," 222 -23
Coward, Rosalind, 365 n.2
"Crises," 192 -94;
in accumulation, 5 , 13 , 354 -55;
of historicism, 233 -34;
of Marxism, 5 , 29 -30, 201 -4;
of society, 139
Crisis of Feudalism (Bois), 135 -42
Crisis of the Dictatorships (Poulantzas), 309 , 387 n.4
Criticism, 284 ;
"interpretive," 278 ;
literary, 274 -80, 282 -83, 284 , 287 -94, 302 ;
Marxist, 287 -88;
scientific literary, 274 -80, 287 -88, 289 -94, 302
Criticism and Ideology (Eagleton), 261 , 269 , 284 -88
Croce, Benedetto, 49
Cubism, 369 n.10
Cultural anthropology, 8 -9, 111 , 216 -21
"Cultural Materialism," 384 -85n.4
Cultural Revolution, 228
aesthetics as class struggle in, 284 -88;
as human science, 235 ;
Law of, 211 ;
reified, 2 -3, 9 . See also Art
Cutler, Antony, 99
D
Darstellung , 49 -52
Deconstruction, 177 , 260 , 278
"Deep structure," 53 , 88 , 262
"Defamiliarization," 270 -71
Deleuze, Gilles, 2 , 5 , 227 -33, 259 ;
Anti-Oedipus (with Guattari), 229 -30, 231 -32;
Différence et répetition , 229 -30;
Foucault and, 241 -56 passim, 383 n.7;
Logique du sens , 229 -30;
Nietzsche et philosophie , 230 ;
Thousand Plateaus (with Guattari), 229 -30
Democracy: capitalist, 10 , 13 , 16 , 30 , 73 , 334 -41, 356 -57, 358 , 366 n.4;
class struggle in, 334 -38;
economism/humanism and, 73 , 74 , 76 ;
egalitarian, 17 ;
"equilibrium," 10 ;
and language, 295 ;
neo-liberalism and, 10 ;
parliamentary, 344 -46, 362 , 387 n.4;
post-Marxist theory and, 369 -70n.13, 389 ;
radical, 170 ;
representative, 31 , 338 , 341 , 342 -43, 344 -45, 358 ;
socialism and, 14 , 29 -32, 76 , 366 n.4, 370 n.13
"Democratic revolution," 369 n.13
Demography. See Population growth/decline
Deng Xiaoping, 76
Dependence, on "times," 66- 67
Dependency, monopoly capitalism and, 347 -48, 354
Dependency theory, 125 -26, 354 , 375 -76n.12, 387 n.7
"Dependent" lineages, 124
Depression, Great, 349
Derrida, Jacques, 22 ;
and différance, 56 ;
and erasure, 78 ;
Macherey and, 260 ;
phenomenological poststructuralism of, 2 ;
and theoretical practice, 52 ;
and "trace," 265
Descartes, René, 42 , 43 , 44 , 46 -47, 180 , 196
"Descent," Foucault and, 244
Descombes, Vincent, 379 -8n.6
Desire: Deleuze & Guattari on, 231 -32;
Lacan on, 212
"Determinate absence," 279 -80
Determination: causal, 24 , 48 ;
and causal indeterminacy, 6 , 198 ;
class, 322 -24;
Determination (continued )
economic, see Economic determination; expressive causality and, 48 ;
in last instance, 23 , 52 -57, 67 -68, 87 -88, 319 , 328 -29;
in lineage societies, 114 , 115 , 120 ;
and literature, 270 , 271 , 279 -80, 282 -83;
mechanistic, 18 ;
and mode of production, 87 -88, 89 , 95 , 99 , 114 , 115 , 120 , 319 -21;
modernist vision of, 24 ;
over-, 60 -65, 114 , 222 , 319 -21, 372 n.6;
social, 58 -59;
social formations and, 39 , 52 -63, 67 -68, 319 -21;
technological, 26 , 73 , 119 . See also Causality
Development: in lineage societies, 123 -24, 127 , 128 -29;
phases of mode of production, 108 . See also Uneven development
Deviation, "Stalinian," 75
Diachrony, in mode of production, 92 -98
Dialectical materialism, 45 , 161 -63, 166
in determination patterns, 311 -12;
Hegelian, 46 -47, 48 , 57 -60, 77 -78, 170 , 173 ;
of nature, 20 ;
sense of reality, 218 -19;
Structural Marxist, 82
Dickens, Charles, 272
Dictatorships: oligarchic socialist, 5 , 14 ;
of proletariat, 32 , 74 , 366 n.4
Différance: of Derrida, 56 . See also Differences
Différence et repetition (Deleuze), 229 -30
Differences: Deleuze and, 230 , 232 , 244 ;
"identity of," 372 n.5;
primal, 230 ;
"unity of," 58 , 64 . See also Contradiction; Differential history
Differential history, 65 -67, 90 -92, 96 ;
Foucault and, 80 , 240 , 244 , 246 -47;
Hindess & Hirst and, 99 -100
Differential time, 65 -67, 371 n.1
Disciplinary technologies, 246 , 247 -58
Discipline and Punish (Foucault), 245 -46, 247
Discourse: Foucault and, 25 , 234 -43, 248 ;
and history, 35 , 99 , 100 -102, 160 , 234 ;
ideological, 184 , 190 , 205 -13 passim, 262 -72 passim, 279 , 369 n.13;
literary, 260 -65, 269 -74, 289 -94, 299 , 302 , 307 ;
play of, 100 ;
political, 369 n.13;
scientific, 160 , 184 -90 passim, 205 , 212 , 262 -71 passim, 293 -94;
Structural Marxism and, 25 , 99 , 186
Discursive formations, 263 -67
Discursive practice, 262 -70
Discursive regime, Foucault and, 241 -42
Disease, and transition from feudalism to capitalism, 139 , 152
"Disidentification," discursive practice and, 267 -68
Displacement, 63 -65, 356 , 372 n.6
Dissidence: Foucault and, 253 -54, 255 , 259 ;
New Philosophy and, 253 -54;
"Occidental ideology of," 254 ;
post-modern, 7 -8, 254 , 255 , 259 , 367 n.5, 374 n.6
Dissolution, of mode of production, 108 -9, 130 -31, 142 -50, 151 , 152 -53
"Dissonance," and literary criticism, 279
DNA, vitalism and, 181
Dobb, Maurice, 376 n.13, 377 n.16
Dominant Ideology Thesis (Abercrombie, Hill, & Turner), 382 n.4
Domination: capitalist, 2 , 12 , 16 , 17 , 126 , 203 , 315 , 329 -51, 361 -62, 388 n.9;
of class practices, 325 -26;
contradiction and, 222 ;
"cross-dominance," 113 ;
Deleuze on, 232 ;
vs. determination, 52 -57, 88 ;
displacement of, 63 -64, 356 ;
Foucault and, 233 , 241 , 243 , 246 , 248 -49, 251 ;
functional pluralism and, 7 ;
"ideology in dominance," 215 ;
internal relations of, 346 ;
in lineage societies, 113 , 117 , 118 , 120 , 121 -22, 124 -25;
and literature/language, 293 , 294 -307;
and mode of production, 109 -10, 113 , 117 -26 passim, 133 -34, 147 , 153 , 323 , 347 -51;
modes of determination and, 311 -12;
in social formations, 39 , 52 -57, 60 , 62 -64, 109 -10;
Structuralism and, 89 ;
Structural Marxism and, 256 ;
"structure in dominance," 52 -57, 88 , 222 -23;
symbolic, 220 -21;
Totalitaria and, 17 ;
in transition from feudalism to capitalism, 133 -34, 147 , 153 . See also Power; Ruling class
Douglas, Mary, 8
Doxa , Bourdieu and, 218 , 219
Dreyfus, Hubert L., 383 n.7
Dualism, mind-body, 43
Dunayevskaya, Raya, 372 n.8
Dupré, Georges, 373 n.4
E
Eagleton, Terry, 260 , 261 , 269 -74, 284 -88, 384 n.1
Eastern Europe: collapse of Bolshevism in, 14 -15, 16 ;
communism of, 4 ;
transition from feudalism to capitalism in, 152 , 155 -56
Ecole de régulation , 387 n.7
Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts (Marx), 3
Economic anthropology, 111 , 373 n.4
Economic class: and "class fractions," 326 -27;
pertinent effects of, 326 -27, 333 ;
vs. social class, 317 -18, 323 -27
Economic contradiction, 37 , 39 -40, 222 , 257
Economic crisis, international, 5 , 13 , 354 -55
Economic determination, 5 , 80 ;
defined, 24 ;
Laclau and, 386 n.2;
in last instance, 23 , 52 -57, 67 -68, 87 -88, 319 , 328 -29;
mode of production and, 87 -88;
modernism and, 21 ;
neo-liberalism and, 10 , 11 -12;
populisms and, 370 n.13;
postmodernism and, 8 , 9 , 11 -12;
and structural causality, 39 -41, 62 ;
Structural Marxism and, 23 -29, 31 , 35 -42, 83 ;
Totalitaria and, 17 ;
Western Marxism and, 2
Economic development, in lineage societies, 123 -24, 127 , 128 -29
Economic individualism, 6
Economic instance, 36 -37, 53 -54, 313 -29 passim, 356
Economic power: and political power, 30 . See also Class power
Economic practice, 36 -37, 205 , 219
Economic relations: Hindess & Hirst on, 102 , 103 , 104 -5;
Poulantzas and, 313 , 326 , 388 -89, 390 ;
symbolic capital and, 219 -21. See also Economic . . . ; Economy; Relations of production
Economic theory, neoclassical, 10 , 373 n.4
Economism: Bourdieu on, 219 ;
humanism coupled with, 73 -76;
and lineage mode of production, 119 ;
Marxist, 63 ;
and nationalization, 339 ;
and "politicism," 376 -77n.15;
transitive and expressive causality and, 47 , 48
Economy: of absolutism, 154 ;
feudal, 135 -50;
global, see Global economy; market, 14 (see also Market mechanisms);
political, 171 -74, 239 , 367 n.5;
and state, 311 -22, 329 -34, 357 , 361 , 362 -63, 387 n.4. See also Capitalism; Economic . . . ; Mode of production
"Economy in Agricultural Self-Sustaining Societies" (Meillassoux), 111
Educational system: capitalist state, 316 ;
and division of mental and manual labor, 341 ;
as ideological apparatus, 227 , 301 -2, 316 ;
and language/literature, 295 -97, 298 -99, 301 -2, 303 -4
Ego, 212
Ehrenreich, Barbara, 368 n.7
1844 Manuscripts (Marx), 170 -71
Elders, in lineage societies, 111 -27 passim
"Elite goods," in lineage societies, 111 , 115 , 121 , 124 -25, 126 -27
Elitism: in communist countries, 76 , 228 ;
and language, 296 ;
and literary criticism, 277 , 288 ;
modernism and, 20 ;
"petty bourgeois," 228 ;
in post-Marxist theory, 6 -7, 10 , 17 ;
of Right, 7 , 369 n.10. See also Ruling class
Elliott, Gregory, 4 , 101 , 365 n.1, 366 n.4, 372 n.3, 380 n.7
Ellis, John, 365 n.2
Elster, Jon, 5 , 9 , 367 -68n.7
Empiricism, 100 ;
beyond, 194 -201;
British, 46 -47;
and humanism, 69 ;
in literary criticism, 275 -77, 278 ;
Macherey and, 261 ;
Empiricist historicism, 66
German Ideology (with Marx), 15 -16, 170 , 171
England: British functionalism, 111 ;
feudal, 140 , 149 , 151 , 377 n.15
English Renaissance, 384 -85n.4
Entrepreneurial class: feudal, 153 . See also Bourgeoisie
"Epistemes," Foucault and, 235 -37, 241
Epistemological absolutism, 162 -68 passim, 175 , 196 , 377 n.1, 378 n.2;
in For Marx and Reading Capital , 166 , 182 , 186
"Epistemological break," 45 -46, 182 , 184 , 187 , 199 ;
E. Balibar and, 378 n.3;
Marx's, 163 , 169 -74, 194 , 199 ;
Pêcheux and, 266 -68
Epistemological formalism, 18 -19, 20
"Epistemological Marxism," 34 , 379 n.6, 381 n.10
Epistemological relativism, 158 , 168 -69, 175 , 182 , 195 -96;
anti-hermeneutic, 201 ;
Baudrillard and, 7 ;
Bhaskar's term, 378 n.1;
Foucault and, 244 ;
historicism and, 48 ;
and ideology, 205 ;
modernism and, 20 ;
and postmodernism, 201 -2
Epistemologization, "threshold of," 238
Epistemology, 56 -57, 80 , 379 n.6,
Epistemoloy (continued )
381 n.10;
Foucault and, 235 , 236 , 237 , 240 ;
and mode of production, 83 -84;
science and, 162 -69;
Structural Marxism and, 25 , 34 . See also Epistemological . . .
Equality/inequality, 17 , 30 , 31 -32;
and language, 296 ;
in lineage societies, 113 , 115 ;
political, 6 , 14 . See also Class power
"Equilibrium democracy," 10
Erasure concept, 78
Error: ideology/, 166 -68, 173 , 184 , 187 , 195 -96, 203 , 206 , 379 n.5;
science and, 162 , 163 , 166 -67
Essays in Self-Criticism (Althusser), 98 , 160 -65 passim, 160 , 188 , 372 n.8
Essentialism: Foucault and, 304 ;
of Hegelian dialectic, 170 ;
historical epistemology and, 181 ;
and history, 44 , 49 , 66 -69 passim, 77 , 80 ;
and ideology, 207 ;
and mode of production, 86 -87, 92 -108 passim;
Structural Marxism and, 311 ;
of Western Marxism, 2
"Essential section," defined, 49
Establet, Roger, 296
"Eternity": "of the concept," 58 ;
of structural determination, 95
Ethical voluntarism, 73
Ethics: Foucault and, 254 , 255 ;
Western Marxist, 3
Eurocommunism, 2 , 3 -4, 202 , 366 n.4, 380 n.7
Europe: feudal, 68 , 125 , 131 -42, 149 -53, 377 n.15;
humanism in, 68 ;
imperialists from, 127 -31;
migrant labor in, 129 ;
monopoly capitalism and, 349 , 351 , 355 ;
transition from feudalism to capitalism in, 68 , 125 , 131 -35, 142 -50, 151 , 155 -56;
Western Marxism in, 2 . See also Eastern Europe; England; France
European Economic Community, 347
Exchange: capitalist, 129 ;
feudal, 132 ;
in lineage societies, 111 , 115 , 116 , 121 , 124 -25, 126 -27. See also Market; Trade
Executive, state, 362
Expansion: capitalist, 5 -16 passim, 141 , 202 , 347 -64;
feudal, 137 -39, 140 , 141 , 147
capitalist, 12 , 16 -17, 30 , 126 , 130 , 172 , 203 , 253 , 336 -37, 348 , 349 ;
direct, 126 ;
in "end of history," 32 ;
Foucault and, 251 ;
functional pluralism and, 7 ;
indirect, 126 ;
"labor theory of," 367 n.7;
New Philosophy and, 253 ;
in "primitive societies," 85 -86, 114 -15, 116 -17, 123 ;
property relation and, 85 -86;
of science by philosophy, 193 ;
Structural Marxism on, 28 , 29 , 85 -86;
Totalitaria and, 17 ;
working class's view of, 226 , 380 n.6
Expressive causality, 46 -50, 54 , 58 , 60 , 77
Exteriority, 50 ;
radical, 57
F
Fabians, 65
Famine, in feudal societies, 139
Fascism, 363 , 364 , 386 -87n.4
Fascism and Dictatorship (Poulantzas), 309 , 387 n.4
Faye, Jean-Pierre, 384 n.2
Ferry, Jules, 296
Fetishization: of commodities, 172 , 173 , 213 ;
of knowledge, 228
"Feudal dynamic," 150
Feudalism, 135 -42;
"centralized," 137 , 140 -41, 142 , 154 -55, 156 ;
and lineage societies, 126 , 128 ;
mode of production, 87 -88, 134 -46, 150 -57, 344 ;
organizational technologies of, 344 ;
transition to capitalism from, 68 , 92 , 95 , 106 -11, 125 , 131 -35, 141 -57, 348 , 376 -77
Feuerbach, L. A., 170 , 171 , 173
Fiction: history as, 81 , 245 ;
literary, 265 , 269 , 279 , 297 -301, 302 -3
Figuration, literary, 280 -84, 304 -5
"Filiation," relations of, 121
"Finitude": "analytic of," 236 , 240 ;
diachronic, 95
Flaubert, Gustave, 297 , 298 , 300
Forces of production, 373 n.2;
E. Balibar on, 84 -90, 94 , 95 , 102 -111, 118 ;
capitalist, 106 -8, 125 -31 passim, 314 -15, 319 -20;
contradiction and, 222 ;
feudal, 135 , 136 , 142 , 150 -57 passim;
ideology and, 222 ;
power and, 256 -57;
Structural Marxism and, 26 ;
Terray and, 112 -16, 375 n.10;
and transition from feudalism to capitalism, 106 -11, 125 -31, 142 , 150 -57 passim, 377 n.15
Fordism, 12 -13, 16 , 202 , 350 -64 passim, 367 n.6, 388 n.9
Formalism, 369 n.10;
abstract, 18 -19;
Poulantzas
and, 386 n.2;
Russian, 271 ;
and "substantivists," 373 n.4, 377 n.16
Formalization, "threshold of," 238 -39
For Marx (Althusser), 2 , 33 , 34 , 41 , 79 , 261 ;
Brewster and, 51 ;
Foucault and, 239 ;
and humanism, 68 ;
and ideology, 165 , 166 , 182 -83, 205 , 206 , 215 , 289 ;
and philosophy, 159 , 165 , 166 , 187 -88, 194 -95;
and science, 159 , 160 , 165 , 166 , 176 , 182 -88 passim, 203
La formation du concept de réflexe aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles (Canguilhem), 179
Formations: compromise, 298 , 299 , 301 , 304 -5;
discursive, 263 -67;
literary, 301 ;
unconscious, 362 n.6. See also Social formations
Forms: institutional, 37 -38. See also Formalism
Foucault, Michel, 2 , 5 , 7 -8, 22 , 233 -59;
Archaeology of Knowledge , 80 , 235 , 237 -38, 240 -41, 243 ;
Birth of the Clinic , 234 -35, 247 ;
Care of the Self , 254 ;
Discipline and Punish , 245 -46, 247 ;
and history, 23 , 80 -81, 233 -47, 255 ;
History of Sexuality , 246 , 247 , 248 ;
and ideology, 208 , 238 , 242 -43, 248 -49, 304 ;
and knowledge/power, 169 , 233 , 241 -58 passim, 304 ;
Lecourt and, 254 , 380 -81n.9;
literature on, 383 n.7;
Madness and Civilization , 234 -35, 237 , 243 , 247 ;
and New Philosophy, 229 , 253 -54, 257 -58, 259 ;
"Nietzsche, Genealogy, History," 242 , 243 -44;
Order of Things , 235 , 237 , 241 ;
Poulantzas and, 253 , 255 -59, 385 n.1;
and power, 25 , 169 , 233 , 241 -59, 304 ;
and Structural Marxism, 25 , 229 , 242 -49, 255 -56, 385 n.1;
Use of Pleasure , 254
Les français fictifs (R. Balibar), 261 , 294 , 297 , 301
Le français national (R. Balibar & Laporte), 261 , 294 , 295 -97
feudal, 135 , 137 , 141 -42, 151 , 377 n.15;
French Revolution, 90 -91, 295 -96, 376 n.14;
language/literature in, 294 -301, 307 ;
Left, 232 -33 (see also French Communist Party);
Marxist anthropology in, 111 ;
New Philosophy in, 228 -29;
socialism in, 170 ;
structuralism of, 22 , 23 , 68
Francis I, 295
Frankfurt School, 9 -10
economism/humanism and, 73 , 74 ;
habitus and, 218 ;
historicism and, 49 ;
and history as "story of liberty," 369 n.13, 389 ;
interpellation and, 210 ;
postmodernists and, 7 -8;
and transition from feudalism to capitalism, 155
"Free individual," 382 n.4
French Communist Party (PCF), 2 , 3 -4, 32 , 366 n.4;
Althusser's break with, 4 , 366 n.4, 380 n.7;
Macherey with, 260 ;
and May 1968, 232 -33, 366 n.4
French Revolution, 90 -92, 295 -96, 376 n.14
Freud, Sigmund, 176 , 211 , 231 , 301 , 372 n.6
"Freud and Lacan" (Althusser), 382 n.3
Function, of ideology, 164 -65, 182 -83, 207 -8
Functional compatibility, limits of, 310 , 315
Functional historicism, 2
Functionalism: anthropological, 111 , 115 ;
British, 111 ;
sociological, 90
Functional pluralism, 5 , 6 -7, 8
Functions, and institutions, 37 -38, 55 -56, 114
G
Gadamer, Hans-Georg, 277 , 384 n.4
Gagam society, 123
Game theory, 10
Gauchisme : to "Americanism," 8 ;
of Macherey, 290 ;
and neo-conservatism, 382 ;
neo-Nietzschean, 229 ;
Nietzschean, 3 ;
PCF and, 4 ;
postmodern, 65
Geertz, Clifford, 5 , 8 , 367 n.5, 387 n.5
Gellner, Ernest, 387 n.5
Genealogies, 6 -7, 8 , 91 , 241 -47, 254 -55
Generalities I/II/III, 185 , 199
German Ideology (Marx & Engels), 15 -16, 170 , 171
Germany: fascism in, 386 -87n.4;
feudal, 151 ;
"Left Hegelianism" of, 171 ;
socialism in, 170
Gerontocracy, 123
Gissing, George, 385 n.6
Global economy, 8 , 13 , 15 -16, 125 -26, 129 ;
capitalist, 5 -16 passim, 129 , 202 , 346 -64, 375 -76n.12;
European, 135 , 142 , 146 , 148
"Global function," of state, 320 -21
Glucksmann, André, 228 , 365 n.1, 381 n.10
Glucksmann, Miriam, 372 n.6, 373 -74n.5
God: Descartes and, 47 ;
Leibniz and, 47 ;
God (continued )
rationalism and, 42 -43, 46 , 52 , 104 ;
Spinoza's, 42 -43, 46 , 52 , 59 ;
Godelier, Maurice, 55 -56, 58 , 111 , 114 , 372 n.5, 374 -75n.8
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 17 , 75 , 76
Gouldner, Alvin, 368 n.7, 378 n.4
Government. See State
Grammar, "generarive," 262
Gramsci, Antonio, 366 -67n.4;
and Fordism, 350 ;
and hegemony, 49 , 213 -14, 331 , 332 ;
and historicism, 48 -49;
Poulantzas and, 331 , 332 , 385 n.1
"Greatness," in art, 284 -86
Greenblatt, Stephen, 384 n.4
Greimas, Algirdas Julien, 22
Guattari, Félix, 229 -30, 231 -32, 245 , 253
Guilds: artisan, 143 , 144 , 145 , 146 , 147 ;
merchant, 143 -45
"Gyneco-mobile" societies, 121
"Gynostatic" societies, 121 , 122
H
Habermas, Jürgen, 2 , 5 , 9 , 32 , 266 , 388 n.9
Habitus, 27 , 216 -21, 316 -17;
Hall, Stuart, 388 n.11
Harvey, David, 367 n.5, 388 n.9
Hegel, G. W. F.: dialectics of, 46 -47, 48 , 57 -60, 77 -78, 170 , 173 ;
Foucault and, 255 ;
and history, 2 , 60 -61, 68 , 77 -79;
Idea of, 59 , 60 , 77 -78, 170 ;
Marx and, 42 , 44 , 57 , 58 , 60 , 170 , 172 , 380 ;
"totality" of, 2 , 49 , 60 , 61 , 77
Hegeliamsm: "Left," 171 ;
neo-, 49
Hegelian Marxism, 6 , 57 , 68 ;
and expressive causality, 48 , 60 ;
and history, 77 ;
Hegemony: capitalist state and, 315 -16, 330 -38 passim, 350 -64 passim, 387 n.4;
global economic, 350 ;
Gramsci's concept of, 49 , 213 -14, 331 , 332 ;
ideological, 213 -15;
language and, 295 ;
political practice and, 37 , 333
Heidegger, Martin, 7 , 383 n.7, 384 n.4
Hermeneutics, 6 , 158 , 174 -78, 200 -201, 277 , 313
Hill, Stephen, 382 n.4
Hindess, Barry, 95 , 99 -105, 290 , 370 n.13, 384 n.2
Hirst, Paul, 365 n.1, 370 n.13, 371 n.1, 384 n.2;
and interpellated subject, 381 n.2;
and Macherey, 290
Historical epistemology, 176 , 178 -81
Historical materialism, 22 , 204 ;
E. Balibar and, 378 n.3;
Callinicos and, 378 n.2;
and crisis of Marxism, 202 -3;
lineage mode of production and, 125 ;
and literature, 289 -92;
Montesquieu and, 59 ;
and science, 25 , 33 , 158 -73 passim, 180 -81, 195 -96, 233 -34;
and social formations, 198 , 203 ;
"Historical present," 65 -67, 81
Historicism, 2 , 6 , 18 , 33 , 48 -49, 66 ;
"absolute," 49;
aesthetic, 277 ;
E. Balibar and, 374 n.6;
beyond, 182 -88;
"crisis of," 233 -34;
expressive and transitive causality and, 47 , 48 -49;
Foucault and, 243 , 244 , 245 ;
functional, 2 ;
and literary production, 290 , 384 -85n.4;
"New," 255 , 374 n.6, 384 n.4;
Structuralist critique of, 22 -23, 27
History, 6 , 22 -23, 32 , 83 -157;
of aesthetics, 289 -94;
archaeology vs., 233 -41;
art and, 273 , 277 , 284 -85, 289 -94;
class struggle as motor of, 2 , 62 , 68 -69, 72 , 73 ;
Deleuze on, 232 ;
differential, see Differential history; economic determination and, 56 -57, 80 ;
"end of," 32 ;
expressive causality and, 47 -49;
"five stages" of, 111 ;
Foucault and, 23 , 80 -81, 233 -47, 255 ;
"general," 80 -81;
Hegel and, 2 , 60 -61, 68 , 77 -79;
of ideas, 47 -48;
ideology and, 206 , 215 , 225 , 289 -90;
literature and, 271 , 272 -73, 277 , 284 -85;
Marxism as general (not total), 79 -82;
mode of production and, 83 -157;
Montesquieu on, 59 ;
and nationalism, 340 ;
negation of ("post-Althusserian"), 99 -105;
"negativity" as motor of, 2 ;
"of elements," 47 ;
philosophy of, 35 , 83 , 101 , 158 , 162 , 169 -74, 370 n.1;
political practice as "motive force of," 322 ;
as process without a goal, 76 -79;
as process without subject, 67 -72, 171 , 215 ;
and science, 25 , 32 -35, 44 , 46 , 68 , 80 -81, 94 , 158 -88 passim, 195 -96, 228 , 233 -43 passim, 266 -67, 290 ;
"simple," 93;
as "story of liberty," 369 n.13, 389 ;
Structural Marxism and, 24 -25, 33 -35, 71 , 81 -82, 90 -
"total," 80- 81;
transformation in, see Transformation; transitive causality and, 47 . See also Historic . . .
History of Sexuality (Foucault), 246 , 247 , 248
Households, in lineage societies, 122
Human agent, 68 -74 passim, 381 n.2;
and modes of determination, 313 -18. See also Human nature; Individual; Man; Social subjectivity
Humanism, 6 , 32 , 47 , 68 -71, 378 n.4;
anthropological, 170 ;
capitalist, 5 , 10 , 11 -13, 73 , 75 -76, 196 ;
economism coupled with, 73 -76;
Feuerbachian, 170 , 171 , 173 ;
Hegelian, 77 ;
Renaissance, 46 ;
and socialism, 68 , 73 , 74 , 75 -76;
and subject and object, 196 , 201 ;
theoretical, 170 , 174 , 313 , 370 n.1, 381 n.2;
Humanist historicism, 2
Human nature: Marx and, 171 ;
Spinoza and, 43 -45
Human reason. See Reason
Human sciences, 22 , 235 , 247 -48. See also Social science
Hunter-gatherer bands, 120 -22
Hunting, in lineage societies, 113
Hussain, Athar, 99
Husserl, Edmund, 266
"Hyperreality," 7
I
Idea: Hegelian, 59 , 60 , 77 -78, 170 ;
Spinoza and, 45
Idealism: anthropocentric, 68 ;
and art, 291 ;
E. Balibar and, 374 n.6;
and crisis, 192 -93;
essentialist, 44 ;
ethical, 3 ;
expressive causality and, 44 , 47 , 48 ;
Foucault and, 249 ;
and humanism, 69 ;
materialism and, 161 , 190 -91;
modernism and, 18 ;
objective, 384 n.4;
of philosophy of history, 158 ;
subjective, 384 n.4
Ideas, history of, 47 -48
Identification, 211 ;
and discursive practice, 264 -65, 267 -68;
literature and, 304 -7
Identity: Deleuze on, 230 ;
"of differences," 372 n.5;
"Ideological apparatuses," 159 , 213 -16, 221 -23, 382 n.5;
capitalist state and, 315 -16;
Foucault and, 242 , 243 , 248 , 256 ;
literature/language and, 268 , 290 , 293 , 294 , 294 -95, 301 -2, 306 -7
Ideological discourse, 184 , 190 , 205 -13 passim, 262 -72 passim, 279 , 369 n.13
Ideological instance, 36 -37, 212 , 222 , 268 , 313 -24 passim
Ideological practice, 36 -37, 165 -69, 205 , 213 -25 passim;
and literature, 261 , 262 , 269 -74, 277 , 283 , 293 -94;
and scientific practice, 165 -66, 168 -69, 182 -88, 205
Ideology, 158 -307;
concept of, 163 , 164 -69, 181 , 205 , 207 -8, 212 ;
of concepts, 164 -69;
and contradictions, 207 -8, 221 -25, 257 , 282 , 283 , 304 ;
in dominance, 215 ;
"end of," 225 -27, 267 , 368 n.7;
/error, 166 -68, 173 , 184 , 187 , 195 -96, 203 , 206 , 379 n.5;
Foucault and, 208 , 238 , 242 -43, 248 -49, 304 ;
function of, 164 -65, 182 -83, 207 -8;
"in general," 216 ;
literature and, 260 -307;
Marxism as "organic," 48 ;
nationalization and, 339 ;
production of, 269 , 272 -73, 278 -79, 283 -84, 294 , 384 n.4;
science and, 45 -46, 158 -205, 212 -13, 226 -28, 238 , 267 -68, 378 n.2, 379 n.5, 382 n.6;
and social subjectivity, 159 , 205 -59, 381 -83;
Spinoza and, 381 n.1;
Structural Marxism on, 24 , 215 , 227 ;
theoretical, 165 -69. See also Ideological . . .
"Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses" (Althusser), 205 , 207 , 208 -16, 261 , 289
Ideology of Power and the Power of Ideology (Therborn), 221 -25
Illusion, discourse and, 269 , 274
Imaginary: ideology and, 206 -13;
Imagination, Spinoza and, 44
"colonial era," 128 -29;
and monopoly capitalism, 347 -48, 353 , 354 ;
"neo-colonial era," 128 -29;
"trade era," 127 -28
Independence movements, Third World national, 354
Indeterminacy, causal, 6 , 198
Individual: "alienated," 2 -3, 226 ;
atomized, 74 ;
"biographical path" of, 223 ;
in capitalist state, 315 , 330 , 338 -39, 340 ;
"free," 382 n.4;
interpellation of, 159 , 208 -17 passim, 221 -25, 264 , 315 , 381 n.2;
multinational capitalism and, 359 . See also Human agent; Man; Subject
Individualism: and capitalism, 7 , 10 , 16 -17, 196 ;
Deleuze and, 253 ;
economic, 6 ;
empiricism and, 199 ;
Foucault and, 253 ;
irrationalist, 389 ;
libertarian, 228 -29;
possessive, 225 ;
post-
Individualism (continued )
modern, 201 -2;
Individualization, capitalist state and, 338 -39, 340
Industrialization: British, 149 ;
"proto-," 142 , 146 -49, 376 n.14;
state-promoted capitalist, 356 -57. See also "Manufacturing" mode of production
"Industrial stage," in transition from feudalism to capitalism, 133 -34
Inequality. See Equality/inequality
Information technology, 383 n.7
Infrastructure, 172
Ingarden, Roman, 384 n.4
Instances: determination in last, 23 , 52 -57, 67 -68, 87 -88, 319 , 328 -29;
economic, 36 -37, 53 -54, 313 -29 passim, 356 ;
ideological, 36 -37, 212 , 222 , 268 , 313 -24 passim;
political, 36 -37, 222 , 308 , 309 , 313 -29 passim, 356 ;
of social formations, 36 -40, 41 , 52 -57, 67 -68, 83 , 87 -88, 314 -15;
Institutions: Deleuze on, 231 ;
and functions, 37 -38, 55 -56, 114 ;
ideological apparatuses, 214 , 227 ;
of knowledge, 227 ;
state apparatuses, 214
Intellectuals, and Marxist theory, 379 -80n.6
Intentionality, political, 101
"Interdiscourse," 263 -64, 270
Interiority, 50 ;
radical, 57
International, Second, 74 , 75
Internationalization: of capitalism, 5 -16 passim, 202 , 346 -64, 375 -76n.12;
internalization of, 351 -56. See also Global . . .
Interpellation: capitalist state and, 315 -16, 324 ;
contradictions of, 71 -72, 221 -25, 304 ;
discursive practice and, 264 , 267 , 268 ;
Foucault and, 242 -43, 248 -49, 304 ;
literature and, 268 , 283 , 290 , 304 -7;
of social subjects, 71 -72, 159 , 208 -17 passim, 221 -25, 304 , 315 -17, 324 , 381 n.2
Interventionist state, 356 -60, 361 , 362 -63
"Introduction to the Contribution to a Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right" (Marx), 170
Irrationalism: and crisis in Marxism, 203 ;
post-Marxist, 5 , 369 -70n.13, 389 ;
postmodern, 6 ;
of Right, 369 n.10;
romantic, 20 ;
and science/ideology distinction, 379 n.5, 382 n.6;
voluntarist, 5
Italy: fascism in, 386 n.4;
transition from feudalism to capitalism in, 148 , 151
Ivory Coast, lineage societies in, 111
J
Jacob, James R., 369 n.11
Jacob, Margaret C., 369 n.11
Jacobins, 296
James, C. L. R., 372 n.8
Jameson, Fredric, 8 , 367 n.5, 385 n.6
Jauss, Hans Robert, 277 , 384 n.4
Journeymen, in transition from feudalism to capitalism, 147 , 156 -57
Juniors, in lineage societies, 115 , 116 -17, 123 , 124 , 126 -27
Junkers, Prussian, 386 n.4
Justice, distributive, 10 , 31
K
Karsz, Saül, 70 -71, 79 , 204 , 365 n.1
Keynesianism, 353 , 357 , 359 , 363
Khrushchev, Nikita, 73
Kinship, in "primitive" societies, 55 , 56 , 85 -86, 111 -27 passim
Knowledge: and abstraction, 160 -61;
Foucault and, 169 , 233 -58 passim, 304 ;
objective, 158 , 162 , 167 -68, 186 -87, 197 ;
and power, 169 , 233 , 241 -58 passim, 304 , 340 -41;
as practice without a subject, 194 -201;
production of, 178 -81, 185 -201, 227 -28, 242 -43, 284 . See also Epistemology; Science
"Knowledge effects," 183 -84, 190 , 205 , 228 ;
of literary criticism, 292 ;
ontological realism and, 196 ;
Pêcheux and, 266
Kriedte, Peter, 131 , 142 -50, 156 , 376 n.14, 377 n.16
L
Labor: division of mental and manual, 338 , 340 -41, 344 , 390 ;
division of technical and social, 115 -16, 382 n.6;
"double labor market," 130 ;
economic practice and, 37 ;
economism/humanism and, 74 , 75 -76;
"formal subsumption" to capital, 106 ;
as human science, 235 ;
imperialism and, 129 -31;
international division of, 352 , 353 ;
in lineage societies, 112 -15, 117 -18, 120 -21;
mode of
production and, 84 -88, 105 -6, 112 -21 passim, 129 -31, 133 ;
monopoly capitalism and, 348 , 349 , 350 , 352 , 353 , 358 ;
Nazi concentration camp, 131 ;
non-monopoly capital and, 352 ;
productive vs. unproductive, 389 -90;
"real subsumption" to capital, 106 , 348 , 351 ;
"social division of," 324 ;
and transition from feudalism to capitalism, 133 , 136 , 148 , 149 , 152 -53, 156 -57. See also Working class
Labrousse, Ernest, 371 n.1
Lacan, Jacques, 2 , 211 -12, 231 , 365 n.2, 372 n.6, 389 ;
Althusser's estrangement from, 382 n.3;
and interpellation, 212 , 372 n.6;
literature on, 381 -82n.3;
structuralism of, 22
LaCapra, Dominick, 384 n.4
Laclau, Ernesto, 369 -70n.13, 386 n.2, 389
Lakatos, Imre, 167
Language: and class domination, 294 -307;
Deleuze on, 230 -31;
as human science, 235 ;
Pêcheux and, 262 -68;
symbolic, 211 -12. See also Discourse; Linguistics; Literature
Language, Semantics, and Ideology (Pêcheux), 261 , 262 -68
Laporte, Dominique, 295 -97
Lash, Scott, 388 n.9
Late Capitalism (Mandel), 360
Law: capitalist state and, 338 -39;
of Culture, 211 ;
of Father, 211 ;
language of, 295 ;
natural, 198 ;
Roman, 154
Laws of motion, mode of production and, 109 , 110 -11
Leadership, political, 345
La leçon d'Althusser (Rancière), 228
Lecourt, Dominique, 159 , 178 , 180 , 254 , 378 n.1, 380 -81n.9
academic, 2 ;
and crisis in Marxism, 202 , 203 ;
French, 232 -33 (see also French Communist Party);
modernism and, 21 , 22 , 369 n.10;
neo-Nietzschean, 383 n.7;
Nietzschean, 254 ;
postmodern, 229 , 241 , 383 n.7;
and Structural Marxism, 4 -5, 28 . See also Marxism
"Left Hegelianism," German, 171
Leibniz, G. W., 42 , 44 , 46 -49, 59
Lenin, V. I./Leninism, 20 , 189 , 208 -9, 366 -67n.4, 372 n.5, 380 n.7
Lenin and Philosophy (Althusser), 262
Levies, feudal, 136 -45 passim, 152 , 155 , 377 n.15
Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 22 , 23 , 25 , 89 , 373 -74n.5, 375 n.8
Lévy, Bernard-Henry, 228
Lewis, John, 68 -69
Leys, Colin, 388 n.11
Liberal conservatism, 74
Liberalism: classical, 315 , 356 ;
middle class, 11 -12, 13 , 17 , 368 n.7;
vulgar, 28 . See also Neo-liberalism
Libertarian dissidence, 7
Libertarian individualism, 228 -29
Libertarian-libertine aestheticism, 248 -49
Libertarian voluntarism, 3
Liberty. See Freedom
Limitation, structural, 309 , 310 , 311 , 312 , 315
Lineages: "dependent," 124 ;
"seigneural," 124 . See also Kinship
Lineage societies: "lineage system" vs. "tribal-village system," 113 , 116 ;
mode of production, 111 -31, 134 , 157
Lineages of the Absolutist State (Anderson), 150 , 153
Linguistics: and discursive practice, 262 -68;
and literature, 295 -301;
Saussurean, 22 , 89 , 262 , 389 . See also Discourse; Language
Lipietz, Alain, 387 n.7
Lire le Capital , 228 , 378 n.4
Literary criticism, 282 -83, 284 , 287 -94;
scientific, 274 -80, 287 -88, 289 -94, 302
Literary discourse, 260 -65, 269 -74, 289 -94, 299 , 301 , 307
Literary effects, 286 , 289 , 293 , 297 -301, 305
Literary practice: E. Balibar, and, 304 -7;
R. Balibar and, 298 , 304 , 306 , 307 ;
Macherey and, 274 -80, 283 , 284 , 290 , 304 -7, 383 -84n.1
Literary production, 260 , 261 , 269 -79 passim, 283 -91 passim, 301 -7, 384 -85n.4
Literary reception, 261 , 271 , 275 , 277 , 290 -94, 302 -3;
"categories of," 384n .4
Literature: and ideology, 260 -307. See also Literary . . .
"Lived experience," 272- 73
Lock, Grahame, 372 n.8
Logic: approximate/partial, 218 ;
internal/external (of mode of production), 108 -9;
"of sense," 230 -31;
Spinoza and, 58
Logique du sens (Deleuze), 229 -30
Lukács, G., 9 -10, 272 , 273 , 282 , 285
Lyotard, Jean F., 8
M
Macherey, Pierre, 269 -84, 285 , 289 -94, 301 -7;
and class struggle, 292 -93, 374 n.6;
and expressive causality, 58 ;
and Foucault, 255 ;
and literary practice, 274 -80, 283 , 284 , 290 , 304 -7, 383 -84n.1;
"Problems of Reflection," 289 -90;
and Spinoza, 372 n.3;
Theory of Literary Production , 260 -61, 269 , 274 -80, 283 , 289 , 301
Madness, Foucault and, 234 -35
Madness and Civilization (Foucault), 234 -35, 237 , 243 , 247
Maidens, Meal, and Money (Meillassoux), 119 -25, 129
Malraux, André, 285
Man: Age of, 236 ;
economism/humanism and, 74 ;
Foucault and, 236 ;
knowledge production and, 196 . See also Human agent; Humanism; Individualism; Labor; Reason
Mandel, Ernest, 360 , 367 n.4, 368 n.8
"Manufacturing" mode of production, 105 -6, 108 , 133 , 143 -49 passim, 154 , 155
Maoism, 76 , 101 , 164 , 228 , 374 n.6, 380 n.7
Marcuse, Herbert, 32
Market: feudal, 143 -47, 154 , 155 ;
world, 15 -16, 125 -26. See also Economy; Trade
Market mechanisms: and mode of production, 88 ;
Marx, Karl: and contradiction, 96 ;
Darstellung of, 50 -51;
on economic determination, 54 -55, 58 ;
Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts , 3 ;
1844 Manuscripts , 170 -71;
"epistemological break" of, 163 , 169 -74, 194 , 199 ;
German Ideology (with Engels), 15 -16, 170 , 171 ;
and Hegel, 42 , 44 , 57 , 58 , 60 , 170 , 172 , 380 n.8;
and historical thinking, 33 , 77 , 79 , 160 , 169 -74;
intellectual development, 169 -74, 380 n.8;
"Introduction to the Contribution to a Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right," 170;
and mode of production, 79 -93 passim, 172 ;
modernism of, 21 ;
Montesquieu and, 59 ;
on philosophy, 204 ;
on "political scene," 333 ;
Poverty of Philosophy , 171 ;
"Preface to the Critique of Political Economy," 172 ;
and "primitive accumulation of capital," 91- 92;
on rent, 132 ;
"Sixth Thesis on Feuerbach," 170 ;
and structural causality, 50 , 58 ;
and totality, 60 -61;
and transition from feudalism to capitalism, 132 , 148 , 377 n.16;
Western Marxism and, 3 . See also Capital
analytical, 367 -68n.7;
anthropology, 111 , 374 -75n.8;
and capitalist state, 319 ;
on class determination/practice, 322 -23;
and collapse of capitalism with a human face, 5 , 11 -13;
and "commercial capitalists," 144 ;
and contradiction, 222 ;
"crisis" of, 5 , 29 -30, 201 -4;
Deleuze and, 232 -33;
dialectical materialism, 45 , 161 -63, 166 ;
as dialectics of nature, 20 ;
dictatorship of proletariat in, 32 ;
"economism" of, 63 ;
"epistemological," 34 , 379 n.6, 381 n.10;
and exploitation, 226 ;
Foucault and, 233 -34, 246 , 249 , 256 ;
as general (not total) history, 79 -82;
Hegelian, see Hegelian Marxism; hermeneutics and, 176 , 177 -78;
historians in Annales school, 371 n.1;
historical epistemology and, 180 -81;
and lineage societies, 114 , 125 ;
and literature, 284 -94, 301 -7;
on nationalization, 339 ;
New Left's defeat blamed on, 8 ;
New Philosophy and, 228 -29, 253 -54;
as "organic ideology," 48;
phenomenological, 379 -80n.6;
political theory, 309 ;
and productive vs. unproductive labor, 389 -90;
and rationalism, 43 ;
on repressive state, 213 ;
and science, 194 , 204 , 205 -6, 228 -29, 379 n.5;
and Totalitaria, 17 ;
"two," 204 ;
Western, 2 -3, 27 -28, 366 n.3. See also Structural Marxism
Marxism and Epistemology (Lecourt), 178
Marxism and "Primitive" Societies (Terray), 112 -16, 119 , 375 n.10
Marx's Capital and Capitalism Today (Cutler, Hindess, Hirst, & Hussain), 99 , 102
"Marx's Relation to Hegel" (Althusser), 380 n.8
Masses: "alienated," 226 ;
and history, 72 ;
vs. power bloc, 37
Master craftsmen, in transition from feudalism to capitalism, 147
Materialism, 33 -34;
anti-, 99 ;
Bhaskar and, 378 n.1;
of Bourdieu, 217 -18, 219 -20;
"Cultural," 384 -85n.4;
dia-
and discourse, 262 ;
and economism/humanism, 74 ;
epistemological, 162 -63;
Foucault and, 243 , 246 , 249 ;
historical, see Historical materialism; and idealism, 161 , 190 -91;
ideology concept of, 163 , 166 , 205 ;
and knowledge, 162 -63, 187 , 190 -96, 201 ;
and literature, 274 -75, 284 , 289 -90, 293 -94, 301 , 302 ;
Macherey and, 260 ;
in philosophy, 161 -63, 190 -94;
positivist, 48 ;
science and, 33 -34, 160 -63, 166 , 187 , 192 , 193 ;
Spinoza and, 42 -46, 52 , 58 , 59 -60, 68 , 162 , 176 ;
Structural Marxism and, 311
Materialist rationalism, 41 -46, 52 , 58 , 59 -60, 68 , 176
Matriliny, in lineage societies, 121 -22
Matrix effect, 309 , 313 , 317 -29 passim, 385 -86n.2, 388 -90
Meaning: Deleuze on, 230 , 231 ;
discourse and, 263 -64, 267 -68, 269 , 272 ;
Foucault and, 240 -41;
literary, 269 , 272 , 278 , 306 -7
Medicine, Foucault and, 234 -35
Megill, Allan, 383 n.7
Meillassoux, Claude, 111 -25 passim, 374 -75nn.8, 10;
Anthropologie économique des Gouro de Côte d'Ivoire , 111 ;
"Economy in Agricultural Self-Sustaining Societies," 111;
and imperialism, 125 -26, 129 -31;
Maidens, Meal, and Money , 119 -25, 129 ;
"Mercantile" capitalism, 127 , 144
Merchant class, feudal, 143 -47
Meritocracy: bourgeois, 6 ;
capitalism relying on, 11 ;
liberty as, 17
Merquior, J. G., 383 n.7
Metaphysics, 68 ;
of absolute, 60 ;
Foucault's Nietzschean, 252 ;
Spinoza's rationalist, 42 -46, 52
Method, materialism and, 193
Methodological individualism, 2 , 10 , 68
"Metropoles," and "periphery," 347 -54
Mezzogiorno, in Italy, 386 n.4
"Micro-powers," Foucault and, 251 , 253 , 258
Middle class, 11 -12, 367 n.7;
Chinese, 76 ;
and division of mental and manual labor, 341 ;
Eastern European, 16 ;
liberal, 11 -12, 13 , 17 , 368 n.7;
and monopoly capitalism, 363 -64;
neo-liberalism and, 10 , 11 -12;
of New Left, 3 ;
Poulantzas on, 341 , 363 -64, 388 n.12, 390 ;
"professional," 10 , 11 -12, 17 , 341 , 363 -64, 367 -68n.7;
for Socialist Party, 4 ;
Totalitaria of, 17 . See also Bourgeoisie
Military: capitalism "implanted" by, 128 ;
in transition from feudalism to capitalism, 155 . See also War
Mill, John Stuart, 6
Milliband, Ralph, 386 n.3
Mining, capitalist, 148
"Mirror-connections," 210 , 212
Mise-en-scène, literary, 51 , 269 -70, 304 -5
Misrecognition, ideological, 212 -13
Mitchell, Juliet, 365 n.2
Mitterand, François M., 4
"Mode of information," Foucault and, 383 n.7
Mode of production, 23 , 25 -18, 83 -157, 375 -76;
agricultural, 120 -23;
E. Balibar and, 83 -111 passim, 118 , 131 -33, 374 n.6;
capitalist, 79 , 85 , 88 -89, 93 , 106 -8, 125 -31, 172 , 203 , 314 -22 passim, 330 , 340 -63 passim;
and class, 85 -86, 87 , 101 , 105 , 115 -19, 125 , 151 , 309 , 319 -22;
concept of, 39 -40, 83 -111, 319 ;
and dependency theory, 125 -26, 375 -76n.12;
dissolution of, 108 -9, 130 -31, 142 -50, 151 , 152 -53;
"domestic," 120 , 123 -24, 129 ;
economism/humanism and, 73 , 74 , 75 -76;
"extended" concept of, 109 -11, 119 -25, 150 , 319 -20;
feudal, 87 -88, 134 -46, 150 -57, 344 ;
hunter-gatherer, 120 -22;
ideology and, 208 , 224 , 382 n.4;
"industrial," 133 -34;
"manufacturing," 105 -6, 108 , 133 , 143 -49 passim, 154 , 155 ;
Marx and, 79 -93 passim, 172 ;
"mode of information" and, 383 n.7;
multinational capitalist, 347 -53, 359 , 363 ;
organizational technologies and, 343 -44;
and power, 257 ;
reproduction and, 90 -99, 108 -23 passim, 129 -30, 208 -9, 357 -58;
"restricted" concept of, 109 -10, 150 , 319 ;
revolutionary rupture in, 65 , 109 ;
of science, 183 ;
social formations and, 39 -42, 53 -54, 67 -68, 84 -131 passim, 135 , 150 -57, 319 -22, 371 n.2;
Structural Marxism and, 83 -91 passim, 99 , 111 , 131 , 157 , 373 n.3, 387 n.7;
transformation to another, see Transformation; "tribal-village," 113,116 . See also Forces of production; Relations of production
Mode of Production and Social Formation (Hindess & Hirst), 99 , 102
Modern Age, Foucault and, 236
Modernism, 1 , 17 -22, 369 n.10;
Foucault and, 241 ;
progressivism of, 20 -21;
Structural Marxism and, 18 , 22 -29
Modernization, Mitterand and, 4
Modes of determination, 309 -18, 336 -37
Moloch-power, 253
Monarchies, national, 153 -56
Monism, of Spinoza, 43
Monopoly capital, 333 -34, 349 -60, 387 n.4
Monopoly capitalism, 315 , 345 -64
Monopoly of violence, state, 153 , 155 , 318 , 337 -38
Montesquieu, Charles-Louis, 59 , 60 , 77
Montrose, Louis, 384 n.4
Morality: and sex, 248 . See also Ethics
Mouffe, Chantal, 369 -70n.13, 389
Mulhern, Francis, 287 -88
Multinational capitalism, 5 -16 passim, 129 , 202 , 346 -64, 375 -76n.12
Mysterious Island (Verne), 280 -84
Mysticism, philosophical, 19
N
National independence movements, Third World, 354
Nationalism: French language and, 295 , 296 ;
Poulantzas and, 387 n.5
Nationalization, capitalist state and, 338 , 339 -40
National-popular state, 330 -31, 334 -38, 341 -46
Nation-state, and contemporary capitalism, 355 -56, 359
Nature: dialectics of, 20 ;
Spinoza and, 42 -43, 44 , 46 , 52 , 58 . See also Human nature
Nazis: concentration camps, 131 ;
petty bourgeois movement, 333 -34
"Negativity," Western Marxism and, 2
Neo-anarchism, 3 , 7 , 229 -30, 248 -49
Neoclassical economic theory, 10 , 373 n.4
"Neo-colonial era," 128 -29
Neo-conservatism, 358 -64 passim, 381 n.10, 382 n.6
Neo-Hegelianism, 49
Neo-liberalism, 374 n.6;
Deleuze and, 253 -54;
economism/humanism and, 74 ;
Foucault and, 253 -54;
in France, 4 ;
and global capitalism, 9 -10, 11 -12;
modernism vs., 21 ;
rationalist, 5 , 6 , 9 -10, 32 ;
science/ideology distinction and, 164 ;
Structural Marxism versus, 27
Neo-Malthusian demographic analysis, 137
Neo-Nietzschean theories, 229 -33, 383 n.7, 385 n.1
Neo-positivism, 367 -68n.7
Netherlands, transition from feudalism to capitalism in, 148
"New Historicism," 255 , 374 n.6, 384 n.4
New Philosophy, 227 -33, 253 -54, 257 -58, 259 , 382 n.6
New Right, 8 , 12 , 32 , 202 , 227 -33, 364 , 391
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 6 , 7 , 232 ;
Foucault and, 236 -37, 241 , 243 , 246 , 249 , 252 , 383 n.7
Nietzschean theories: gauchisme , 3 ;
neo-, 229 -33, 383 n.7, 385 n.1;
Nietzsche et philosophie (Deleuze), 230
"Nietzsche, Genealogy, History" (Foucault), 242 , 243 -44
Nights of Labor (Rancière), 382 -83n.6
"Nightwatchman" state, 315 , 356
Noblesse d'épée , 295
Noblesse de robe , 295
"Nodal points," 309 , 321 , 322 , 389
Nominalism, E. Balibar and, 374 n.6
Non-antagonism, 62 -65
Non-correspondence: E. Balibar and, 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 102 , 107 , 108 , 109 ;
and lineage societies, 118 -19
Non-reproduction, and structural causality, 310
Normal and the Pathological (Canguilhem), 179
Normalization, Foucault and, 234 , 246
Normandy, feudal, 135 , 137 , 141 -42
Normative literary criticism, 276 -77
Note conjointe (Péguy), 299
Le nouvel esprit scientifique (Bachelard), 178
Nove, Alec, 368 n.8
Novel: modern/realistic, 272 ;
representation and figuration in, 280 -84
O
Object, 209 ;
of discourse, 99 , 100 , 184 ;
of knowledge, 196 , 197 , 201 ;
of labor, 121 ;
materialism and, 193 ;
science centered in, 184
Objective idealism, 384 n.4
Objectivism: Bourdieu and, 216 ;
on class, 323 ;
extreme, 33 -34;
Lenin and, 20 ;
Macherey and, 261 ;
modernism and, 18
Objectivity: of knowledge, 158 , 162 ,
167 -68, 186 -87, 197 (see also Science);
symbolic capital and, 220 -21
Oedipus complex, 211 , 231 -32
O'Hagan, Timothy, 191 , 194 -95
Oligarchic dictatorships, socialist, 5 , 14
Ontological realism, 25 , 158 , 168 -69, 175 , 193 ;
anti-empiricist, 195 -96, 201 ;
Bhaskar's term, 378 n.1;
and ideology, 205 ;
modernism and, 18 -19, 20 , 25 ;
and postmodernism, 202
Ontological relativism, 7 , 175 , 193 , 201 -2
Ontology: Deleuzean, 230 , 244 , 253 , 256 . See also Ontological . . .
Open systems, 198
Opposites: "identity of," 48 , 58 ;
"unity of," 372 n.5. See also Contradiction; Differences
"Oppression," conflict between "liberty" and, 17
Order of Things (Foucault), 235 , 237 , 241
Organizational technology, of capitalist state, 341 -46
Origin, Foucault and, 244
Other, 212
Outline of a Theory of Practice (Bourdieu), 216 -21
Overdetermination, 60 -65, 114 , 222 , 319 -21, 372 n.6
Ownership: capitalism and, 30 , 31 , 73 , 315 , 349 , 351 -52, 356 ;
economic practice and, 37 ;
economism/humanism and, 73 , 75 -76;
mode of production and, 85 , 87 ;
multinational capitalism and, 351 -52;
private, 30 , 31 , 73 , 88 , 156 , 329 ;
"public," 31 ;
Structural Marxism and, 23 ;
structure in dominance and, 88
P
Palloix, Christian, 387 n.7
"Parallelogram of forces," 40 , 51 , 54 , 62
Parliamentary democracy, 344 -46, 362 , 387 n.4
Parsons, Talcott, 6 -7
Parties: authoritarian, 362 ;
communist bureaucracy, 31 , 76 , 228 , 378 n.4;
national, 353 ;
parliamentary, 362 ;
plebiscitary, 362 ;
Socialist, 4 . See also French Communist Party
Passages from Antiquity to Feudalism (Anderson), 150 , 151
Patriarchy, origins of, 123
Patriliny, in lineage societies, 121 -23
PCF. See French Communist Party
Peasants, feudal, 135 -42, 146 -47, 151 , 152 , 153 , 156 -57
Peasants, Landlords, and Merchant Capitalists (Kriedte), 142 -50
Pêcheux, Michel, 261 , 262 -68, 269 -70, 384 n.2
Péguy, Charles, 297 , 298 -99, 300
"People," "the": capitalist state and, 316 , 358 ;
Perestroika , 368 n.8
Periodization, mode of production and, 83 , 90 -99
"Periphery," and "metropoles," 347 -54
"Pertinent effects," 326 -29, 333 -34, 335 , 388 -89, 390
Phenomenology, 2 , 7 , 216 , 379 n.6
Philosophical rationalism, 92 -98, 160 -69, 176 , 182 , 205
La philosophie du non (Bachelard), 178
Philosophy, 25 , 42 -52, 158 -204, 205 ;
as class struggle in theory, 10 , 163 , 167 -68, 188 -94, 201 ;
of Descartes, 46 -47;
as "double articulation," 204 ;
hermeneutics and, 176 , 200 -201;
Hindess & Hirst's, 99 ;
of history, 35 , 83 , 101 , 158 , 162 , 169 -74, 370 n.1;
of Leibniz, 46 -49;
Lenin and, 20 ;
New, 227 -33, 253 -54, 257 -58, 259 , 382 n.6;
"of philosophers," 178 -79;
romantic, 19 ;
and science, 42 , 45 -46, 158 -204, 227 , 233 , 242 -43, 377 -78;
"spontaneous," 187 , 226 , 227 , 263 ;
and subjects of history, 71 -72;
theses, 191 . See also Hegel . . .
Philosophy and the Spontaneous Philosophy of the Scientists (Althusser), 159 , 187 , 261
"Philosophy effect," 190
Physics, crisis of, 192 -93, 194
Physiology, Canguilhem and, 180
Pierre, Commencement d'une vie bourgeoise (Péguy), 298 -99, 300
Pirenne, Henri, 377 n.16
Plague, and transition from feudalism to capitalism, 152
Plebiscitary politics, 345 -46, 358 , 362 , 363 , 364
Pluralism: and capitalism, 7 , 16 -17;
"everything causes everything else" of, 52 -53;
Freud and, 372 n.6;
"of instances," 62 ;
"political," 10 ;
postmodern, 201 -2;
Poem, lyric, 272
Poland, feudal, 140
Polanyi, Karl, 373 n.4, 377 n.16
Political contradiction, 37 , 64 , 257 , 322
Political discourse, 369 n.13
Political economy: Foucault and, 239 ;
Marx and, 171 -74;
of postmodernity, 367 n.5
Political instance, 36 -37, 222 , 308 , 309 , 313 -29 passim, 356
"Political pluralism," 10
Political power, 30 , 258 -59, 308 -64. See also State power
Political Power and Social Classes (Poulantzas), 207 , 309 , 319 -22, 333 , 334 -36
Political practice, 36 -37, 205 , 226 , 322 , 329 , 333
"Political scene," 333 -35, 353 , 356
Political voluntarism, 101 -5, 164 , 202 , 313 , 328 -29, 370 n.13
"Politicism," and "economism," 376 -77n.15
Politics, 4 -5;
action, 227 ;
Althusser's phases, 380 n.7;
apathy in, 31 ;
"calculation," 105 ;
capitalist, 30 , 130 , 308 , 309 , 313 -34;
class struggle deflected by, 338 -41;
and crisis of Marxism, 202 -3;
in "end of history," 32 ;
feudal, 137 -45 passim, 150 , 153 -56, 377 -76n.15;
Foucault and, 252 , 253 , 255 , 259 ;
Hegel and, 170 ;
humanism and, 71 ;
imperialism and, 130 ;
intentionality in, 101 ;
and lineage societies, 119 , 121 , 122 -23, 129 ;
literary criticism and, 292 -93;
and mode of production, 101 , 104 , 105 , 119 , 121 , 122 -23, 129 ;
parliamentary, 344 -46, 362 , 387 n.4;
philosophy and, 189 -90, 192 , 203 -4;
plebiscitary, 345 -46, 358 , 362 , 363 , 364 ;
post-Marxist philosophy and, 203 -4, 370 n.13;
predominance of, 326 -29, 359 ;
"of production," 373 n.2;
radicaldemocratic, 170 ;
regional domain of, 308 , 319 , 320 , 324 ;
science/ideology distinction and, 164 ;
Structural Marxism and, 24 , 29 , 308 , 309 , 342 , 390 -91;
symbolic systems and, 219 ;
totalitarian, 228 ;
and transition from feudalism to capitalism, 135 , 149 -50. See also Democracy; Political . . . ; State
Popper, Karl R., 266
Population growth/decline: in feudal societies. 137-38, 139 ;
in lineage societies, 120 , 123 ;
in transition from feudalism to capitalism, 149 , 152
Populism: aesthetics, 7 ;
authoritarian, 361 ;
middle-class/petty bourgeois, 254 , 363 ;
neo-anarchist irrationalist, 248 -49;
post-Marxist theory and, 370 n.13
Positivism: crisis in Marxism and, 203 ;
hermeneutics and, 174 -75;
materialism, 48 ;
neo-, 367 -68n.7;
structuralism and, 22
Positivity, "threshold of," 238
Poste-gauchisme , 229
Postel-Vinay, Gilles, 376 n.14
Poster, Mark, 383 n.7
"Post-industrial" society, 3 , 7 -8
Post-Marxist theories, 1 , 2 , 5 -10, 17 , 31 , 391 ;
and crisis in Marxism, 203 -4;
of Deleuze, 229 -30;
and democracy, 10 , 369 -70n.13, 389 ;
of Hindess & Hirst, 105 ;
of Laclau, 386 n.2;
and "professional middle class"/petty bourgeoisie, 10 , 368 n.7, 389 ;
and science, 203 -4;
and social class, 389 . See also individual theories
Postmodernism, 1 , 6 , 10 , 158 , 367 n.5, 391 ;
and art, 369 n.10;
and crisis in Marxism, 5 , 201 -2, 203 ;
Deleuze and, 2 , 5 , 229 -30, 233 , 241 ;
and democratic socialism, 31 , 370 n.13;
and determination, 56 ;
dissident, 7 -8, 254 , 255 , 259 , 367 n.5, 374 n.6;
equality and, 32 ;
Foucault and, 2 , 7 -8, 233 , 236 -37, 241 , 254 , 255 , 259 , 383 n.7, 385 n.1;
gauchisme , 65 ;
and global capitalism, 5 , 8 , 11 -12, 202 ;
of Hindess & Hirst, 105 ;
and history, 81 ;
idealism and, 193 ;
and ideology, 164 , 208 , 227 -33;
of Laclau, 386 n.2;
New Philosophy and, 229 -30, 233 ;
and readings, 175 ;
Regulation School and, 387 n.7;
science/ideology distinction and, 164 ;
Structural Marxism vs., 27 , 29 , 31 , 201 -2, 229
Poststructuralism, 233 ;
and literary criticism, 277 -78;
phenomenological, 2
Potlatch, and symbolic capital, 220
Poulantzas, Nicos, 255 -59, 308 -9, 319 -42, 346 -64, 385 -90;
Classes in Contemporary Capitalism , 309 , 346 , 348 , 350 ;
Crisis of the Dictatorships , 309 , 387 n.4;
and economic vs. social class, 317 , 323 -26;
Fascism and Dictatorship , 309 , 387 n.4;
and Foucault, 253 , 255 -59, 385 n.1;
and "matrix effect,"
and monopoly capitalism, 346 -51;
and "new petty bourgeois," 333 -34, 363 , 368 n.7;
and PCF, 366 n.4;
and political instance, 309 , 319 -24 passim;
Political Power and Social Classes , 207 , 309 , 319 -22, 333 , 334 -36;
and "power bloc," 309,316 , 332 -38, 353 , 356 , 360 ;
State, Power, Socialism , 256 -57, 309 , 334 -39, 341 , 346 ;
Poulet, Georges, 384 n.4
Poverty of Philosophy (Marx), 171
Power: "articulation" and, 106 ;
bio-, 247 -50, 254 , 257 , 258 ;
capitalism and, 30 -31, 172 , 258 , 319 -22, 326 -41;
class, see Class power; economic vs. political, 30 ;
Foucault and, 25 , 169 , 233 , 241 -59, 304 ;
ideological conflicts and, 268 ;
and knowledge, 169 , 233 , 241 -58 passim, 304 , 340 -41;
in lineage societies, 111 , 115 -17, 123 ;
philosophy and, 190 ;
political, 30 , 258 -59, 308 -64 (see also State power); postmodernists and, 7 -8, 29 ;
Poulantzas and, 255 -59, 309 , 316 , 326 -37;
science and, 169 , 227 -28, 247 -48;
Structural Marxism and, 25 , 26 , 29 , 255 -56, 308 ;
world market, 15 . See also Coercion; Domination; Hegemony
"Power bloc": fascism and, 386 n.4;
vs. masses, 37 ;
Poulantzas and, 309 , 316 , 332 -38, 353 , 356 , 360
class, 313 , 322 -23, 325 -26;
discursive, 262 -70;
economic, 36 -37, 205 , 219 -21;
historical, 206 ;
of human agents, 316 -17;
ideological, see Ideological practice; knowledge as, 194 -201;
literary, see Literary practice; philosophical, 191 -92;
political, 36 -37, 205 , 226 , 322 , 329 , 333 ;
scientific, see Scientific practice; social formations and, 36 -39;
and Spinoza, 45 , 52 ; theoretical, see Theoretical practice
Pragmatism: contradictions and, 65 ;
modernism and, 19 ;
politics justified by, 104 -5;
subjectivist, 19
Pre-Capitalist Modes of Production (Hindess & Hirst), 99 , 101 , 102
"Preconstruction," discursive practice and, 264 , 265
"Preface to Capital" (Althusser), 379 n.6
"Preface to the Critique of Political Economy" (Marx), 172
Presence: Deleuze and, 230 ;
of economic, 326 ;
Present, "historical," 65 -67, 81
Prices: feudal, 138 , 139 -40, 145 , 146 ;
in transition from feudalism to capitalism, 149 , 152
"Primitive accumulation," 91 -92, 124 , 156
"Primitive" societies, 55 -56, 85 -86, 111 -31, 373 n.4, 374 -75n.8
Prisons, Foucault and, 246 , 247
Private ownership, 30 , 31 , 73 , 88 , 156 , 329
"Problems of Reflection" (Macherey), 289 -90
Process: history as, 67 -72, 76 -79, 171 , 215 ;
of knowledge, 267 ;
of production, 117 -18;
scientific practice as, 267
Processing plants, imperialist, 127 -28
Production: capitalism and, 30 , 31 , 76 , 143 , 348 , 349 , 351 ;
collective ownership of, 17 , 120 ;
feudal, 135 -46;
forces of, see Forces of production; globally integrated, 16 , 351 ;
of ideology, 269 , 272 -73, 278 -79, 283 -84, 294 , 384 n.4;
of knowledge, 178 -81, 185 -201, 227 -28, 242 -43, 284 ;
literary, 260 , 261 , 269 -79 passim, 283 -91 passim, 301 -7, 384 -85n.4;
mode of, see Mode of production; "politics of," 373 n.2;
in "primitive" societies, 55 -56, 111 -31;
private ownership of, 30 , 73 ;
and productive vs. unproductive labor, 389 -90;
relations of, see Relations of production; reproduction and, 94 -96, 108 -23 passim, 208 -9, 210 , 213 , 215 ;
Structural Marxism and, 23 , 25 -28
Profit, and transition from feudalism to capitalism, 141
Progressivism, of modernism, 20 -21
Proletarianization, "absolute," 131
Proletariat, 12 ;
dictatorship of, 32 , 74 , 366 n.4;
and Marxist theory, 32 , 379 -80n.6. See also Working class
Property relation: capitalist, 232 ;
in lineage societies, 118 -19, 120 ;
and mode of production, 85 -86, 88 , 106 , 118 -19, 120 . See also Ownership
"Proto-industrialization," 142 , 146 -49, 376 n.14
Prussia: and fascism, 386 n.4;
transition
Prussia (continued )
from feudalism to capitalism in, 149 , 153
"Pseudo-reality," literature and, 271 -72
"Pseudo-science," Foucault and, 237
Psychiatry, Foucault and, 234 -35, 246
Psychoanalysis, 176 -77, 181 ;
Freudian, 176 , 211 , 231 , 301 , 372 n.6;
and over-determination, 372 n.6. See also Identification; Lacan, Jacques
Psychology: behaviorist, 10 ;
Deleuze & Guattari on, 231 -32;
historical epistemology and, 181 . See also Psychoanalysis
Punishment, Foucault and, 247
Putschism, 65
Q
Qualification, ideology and, 37 , 221 , 222
Quantum mechanics, 18
R
Rabinow, Paul, 383 n.7
Racism, PCF and, 4
Rancière, Jacques, 226 , 228 , 365 n.1, 366 n.4, 378 n.4, 382 -83n.6
Rationalism, 42 ;
beyond, 188 -94;
empiricist, 20 ;
"grand," 168 ;
hermeneutics and, 176 ;
"limited," 168 ;
materialist (Spinoza), 42 -46, 52 , 58 , 59 -60, 68 , 176 ;
and mode of production, 92 -108 passim;
neo-liberal, 5 , 6 , 9 -10, 32 ;
philosophical, 92 -98, 160 -69, 176 , 182 , 205 ;
on social structures, 98 . See also Epistemological absolutism
Reading: deep, 175 -76;
"innocent," 175 ;
"symptomatic," 174 -78
Reading Capital (Althusser & E. Balibar), 2 , 33 , 34 , 261 ;
Brewster and, 51 ;
and differential history, 91 ;
and humanism, 68 ;
and ideology, 165 , 166 , 182 -87 passim, 205 , 206 , 215 , 289 ;
and mode of production, 83 , 84 -90, 183 ;
and philosophy, 159 , 165 , 166 , 187 , 194 -95;
and realism, 161 ;
and science, 159 , 160 , 166 , 176 , 182 -87 passim, 203 ;
on social formations, 36 , 40 ;
and Spinoza, 97 -98;
on structural causality, 41 ;
and Structural Marxism vs. Structuralism, 98 ;
and subjects of history, 71
Reagan, Ronald/Reaganism, 13 , 359 , 360 -61
Realism, 54 , 56 -57, 158 , 294 -95, 369 n.10, 381 n.10;
vs. conventionalism, 161 -62;
and crisis of Marxism, 202 -3;
Foucault and, 243 -44;
Lenin and, 20 ;
and literature, 272 , 274 -75, 284 , 289 , 290 , 294 , 302 ;
ontological, see Ontological realism; vs. relativism, 49 ;
scientific, see Scientific realism; Spinoza and, 42 , 43 , 58 ;
Structural Marxism and, 25 , 33 -34, 311 ;
"transcendental," 378 n.1
of art, 277 ;
empiricism and, 19 ;
hermeneutics and, 175 ;
ideology and, 213 ;
knowedge and, 158 , 162 , 198 -99, 201 ;
Lacan on, 389 ;
literature and, 270 -72, 290 , 293 , 302 -3;
modernism and, 18 -19, 20 , 25 ;
romanticism and, 19 ;
sense of, 218 -19;
Spinoza and, 44 -45;
Structural Marxism and, 25 , 31 . See also Realism
Reason, 52 ;
Spinoza and, 44 ;
tyranny of instrumental, 228 . See also Rationalism
Reception, 384 -85 n.4. See also Literary reception
Recession, global (1970s), 351
Reciprocity: capitalism and, 127 ;
in lineage societies, 115 -16, 127 ;
state-economy, 311 . See also Cooperation
Recognition, ideological, 210 , 212 -13
Reductionism, 18 , 33 , 310 -11;
"anti-reductionist," 28 ;
Freud and, 372 n.6;
Poulantzas and, 386 n.2
Reflectionism, 23 , 33 , 39 , 53 , 62 , 272 -73;
crude, 161 ;
empiricist, 20 ;
Foucault and, 244 ;
literature and, 272 -73, 282 , 285 , 302 -3;
Poulantzas and, 326 , 328 , 331 ;
vulgar Marxist, 28
Reflex motion, history of, 180
Regulation School, French economist, 387 n.7
Relations of production, 373 n.2;
E. Balibar on, 84 -90, 94 , 95 , 102 -11 passim, 118 ;
capitalist, 106 -8, 125 -31 passim, 314 -15, 319 -20, 340 -41, 343 , 356 ;
contradiction and, 222 ;
feudal, 135 -57 passim;
ideology and, 208 -15 passim, 222 ;
organizational technology as, 343 ;
power and, 256 -57;
Structural Marxism and, 26 ;
and transition from feudalism to capitalism, 106 -11, 125 -35, 141 -57, 377 n.15
Relative autonomy, 66 -67, 200 , 272 ;
literature and, 272 , 282 -83, 294 , 302 ;
of scientific practice, 182 -88, 205 , 382 n.6;
of state, 308 , 315 , 318 , 320 , 329 -34, 360 ;
structural causality and, 38 -39;
of theory, 379 -80n.6
Relativism: epistemological, see Epistemological relativism; extreme, 33 -34;
judgmental, 175 ;
and literary produc-
tion, 290 ;
modernism and, 20 ;
onto-logical, 7 , 175 , 193 , 201 -2;
post-modern, 201 -2;
radical, 237 ;
realism vs., 49 ;
English, 384 -85n.4
Rent: absolute/differential, 132 ;
ground, 132 -33;
and transition from feudalism to capitalism, 132 -33, 141
Representation: capitalist state and, 338 -45 passim, 356 -62 passim;
Deleuze & Guattari on, 230 , 231 -32;
discourse and, 267 -68, 269 , 271 , 272 ;
Foucault and, 235 -36;
literary, 269 , 271 , 272 , 280 -84, 304 -7;
modernism and, 18 -19;
political practice and, 37
Representative democracy, 31 , 338 , 341 , 342 -43, 344 -45, 358
Repression, state, 213 -15, 338 -39
Reproduction: of capitalism, 356 -57;
ideology and, 208 -9, 210 , 213 , 215 , 268 ;
imperialism and, 129 -30;
in lineage societies, 111 -23 passim;
Meillassoux and, 111 -23 passim, 129 -30, 375 n.10;
as mode of determination, 310 ;
and mode of production, 90 -99, 108 -23 passim, 129 -30, 208 -9, 357 -58;
and transition from feudalism to capitalism, 131 -32
"Resemblance," Foucault and, 244
Resistance: Foucault and, 252 -53, 255 , 258 -59;
Poulantzas and,