T

Tanzanian Ministry of Culture, Music Division, xii , 33 -34, 150 , 175 ;

licensing ngoma, 32 , 171

Teke people (Congo), 67

Therapeutic traditions:

indigenous Afri- can, defined, 1 -2;

research strategy in study of, 5 -6;

mimicry of Western, 20 ;

organized into association, 27 ff;

Islamic-Arabic, and ngoma, 27 -28, 31 -32, 136 ;

licensing of, 32 -33, 171 ;

Christian faith healing, 44 , 138 -139;

biomedicine, 44 , 51 , 154 ;

psychoanalysis, 55 , 144 ;

psychotherapeutic interpretation, of ngoma, 137 , 138 ;

Western self-help, 142 , 177 ;

family therapy, 144 .

See also Health; Knowledge; World Health Organization

Therapy:

individual and collective mechanisms of, 7 , 13 , 14 , 21 ;

with white powder (pémbà ), 15 , 16 , 67 , 101 ,

104 ;

seclusion, counseling, ritual, 19 , 21 , 45 , 51 , 163 ;

initiation as, 19 , 51 -55;

paraphernalia for, in Dar es Salaam, 25 ;

"outlining" person with medicine, 28 ;

reading and prayer, 31 ;

ngoma for, vs. entertainment, 32 ;

immunization against snakebite, with venom, 35 ;

meditative and counseling, 37 ;

through force of words, 66 ;

proto-Bantu cognates of, 66 -68;

characteristic features of Central African, 86 , 88 ;

"course through white" as, 101 -104;

sacrifice as, 104 -105;

herbal, dietary, and ritual, 163 ;

beneficial and deliterious, in reproduction enhancement, 164 .

See also Divination; Drum, drumming; Efficacy; Medicine; Ngoma

Therapy management, 68 , 103

Thompson, R. F., 127

Thonga people (Mozambique), 37 -38, 135 ;

Vandau among, 135

Tiv people (Nigeria), 60 , 66

Traditional Medicine Research Unit, Muhimbili Hospital, Dar es Salaam, xi , 30

Trance: in Bilumbu, 16 , 18 , 92 , 100 ;

femba, in Swaziland, 45 ;

and musical rhythms, 127 -128;

rise and decline, presence and absence of, in ngoma, 140 -141.

See also Mediumship; Possession; Spirits

Transgression, of social rules, cause of sign-symptoms, 137 .

See also Prohibition

Trope:

"doing ngoma" as dominant, 108 ;

and difficult experience, 145 , 149 .

See also Metaphor; Ritual; 150 . Symbol

Tuberculosis, 51 , 77 , 169

Tukuka, rite of affliction, Ndembu, 140

Turner, V. W., 1 , 2 , 21 , 64 , 77 , 83 , 88 , 103 -105, 108 , 119 , 125 , 139 -140, 162 -164

Twasa (sickness, call, to initiation), little symptom-sign specificity in, 55 , 137 , 140

Twin pregnancies, 162