T
Tanzanian Ministry of Culture, Music Division, xii , 33 -34, 150 , 175 ;
Teke people (Congo), 67
Therapeutic traditions:
indigenous Afri- can, defined, 1 -2;
research strategy in study of, 5 -6;
mimicry of Western, 20 ;
organized into association, 27 ff;
Islamic-Arabic, and ngoma, 27 -28, 31 -32, 136 ;
Christian faith healing, 44 , 138 -139;
psychotherapeutic interpretation, of ngoma, 137 , 138 ;
Western self-help, 142 , 177 ;
family therapy, 144 .
See also Health; Knowledge; World Health Organization
Therapy:
individual and collective mechanisms of, 7 , 13 , 14 , 21 ;
with white powder (pémbà ), 15 , 16 , 67 , 101 ,
104 ;
seclusion, counseling, ritual, 19 , 21 , 45 , 51 , 163 ;
paraphernalia for, in Dar es Salaam, 25 ;
"outlining" person with medicine, 28 ;
reading and prayer, 31 ;
ngoma for, vs. entertainment, 32 ;
immunization against snakebite, with venom, 35 ;
meditative and counseling, 37 ;
through force of words, 66 ;
proto-Bantu cognates of, 66 -68;
characteristic features of Central African, 86 , 88 ;
"course through white" as, 101 -104;
sacrifice as, 104 -105;
herbal, dietary, and ritual, 163 ;
beneficial and deliterious, in reproduction enhancement, 164 .
See also Divination; Drum, drumming; Efficacy; Medicine; Ngoma
Thompson, R. F., 127
Thonga people (Mozambique), 37 -38, 135 ;
Vandau among, 135
Traditional Medicine Research Unit, Muhimbili Hospital, Dar es Salaam, xi , 30
Trance: in Bilumbu, 16 , 18 , 92 , 100 ;
femba, in Swaziland, 45 ;
and musical rhythms, 127 -128;
rise and decline, presence and absence of, in ngoma, 140 -141.
See also Mediumship; Possession; Spirits
Transgression, of social rules, cause of sign-symptoms, 137 .
See also Prohibition
Trope:
"doing ngoma" as dominant, 108 ;
and difficult experience, 145 , 149 .
See also Metaphor; Ritual; 150 . Symbol
Tukuka, rite of affliction, Ndembu, 140
Turner, V. W., 1 , 2 , 21 , 64 , 77 , 83 , 88 , 103 -105, 108 , 119 , 125 , 139 -140, 162 -164
Twasa (sickness, call, to initiation), little symptom-sign specificity in, 55 , 137 , 140
Twin pregnancies, 162