1. Alonzo Hamby, Liberalism and Its Challengers (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), chap. 2.

2. Susan M. Hartmann, The Home Front and Beyond: American Women in the 1940s (Boston: Twayne, 1982), 7-8.

3. National Committee for the Defeat of the UnEqual Rights Amendment, memorandum, 10 May 1945, folder 351, and Dorothy McAllister to Member Organizations, 15 December 1945, folder 352, box 23, series 5, NCNW papers.

4. Louise Stitt to Elizabeth Magee, 19 May 1945, in folder "Equal Pay--National Legislation, 1945," box C4, NCL papers, LC; New York Times, 22 June 1945; John Earner, "Equal Pay for Equal Work: Federal Legislative Activity, 1945 to 1962," pp. 1, 23, Legislative Reference Service, Library of Congress, in folder "Labor--Equal Pay for Equal Work,'' box 15, Maurine Neuberger papers, University of Oregon; U.S. Congress, Senate, S. Rept. 1576 to accompany S. 1178, 79th Cong., 2d sess., 21 June 1946; U.S. Department of Labor, Women's Bureau, "Analysis of Proposed Federal 'Wage Discrimination Act of 1945,'" folder 54, Mary Anderson papers, SL; National Committee for the Defeat of the UnEqual Rights Amendment, memorandum, 10 May 1945, folder 351, and Dorothy McAllister to Member Organization, 14 December 1945, folder 352, box 23, series 5, NCNW papers; Sen. Claude Pepper, diary, 22, 23 May, 20 June 1945 (in Pepper's possession).

5. Press release, 21 June 1945, folder 55, Mary Anderson papers, SL.

6. New York Herald Tribune, 27 June 1945; Marguerite J. Fisher, "Equal Pay for Equal Work Legislation," Industrial and Labor Relations Review 2 (October 1948): 50-51; New York Times, 18 July 1945; U.S. Department of Labor, Women's Bureau, "Differentials in Pay for Women," November 1945, box 189, RG 174 (Schwellenbach), NA.

7. Frieda Miller, memorandum, 4 July 1945, folder 55, Mary Anderson papers, SL.

8. Nathan E. Cowan to Mary Anderson, 13 July 1945, folder 55, Mary Anderson papers, SL.

9. Nora Stanton Barney to Claude Pepper, 26 June 1945, in folder "S. 1178," Records of the U.S. Senate, RG 46, NA.

10. NCL press release, 30 July 1945, in folder "Equal Pay--National Legislation--1945-48," box C4, NCL papers, LC; Dorothy McAllister to Member Organizations, 15 December 1945, in folder "Equal Rights Amendment—National Committee to Defeat Unequal Rights Amend.—Publications," box C6, NCL papers, LC.

11. Report of Equal Pay Meeting, 10 September 1945, folder 58, Mary Anderson papers, SL.

12. "A Summary of Hearings by the Subcommittee on Labor on the Equal Pay Bill (S. 1178) on October 29th, 30th and 31st (1945)," in folder "S. 1178," box H1, Wayne Morse papers, University of Oregon; New York Times, 30, 31 October 1945.

13. U.S. Congress, Senate, S. Rept. 1576 to accompany S. 1178, 79th Cong., 2d sess., 21 June 1946.

14. U.S. Congress, Senate, 79th Cong., 2d sess., 31 July 1946, Congressional Record, 92: 10547-10548.

15. Elizabeth Christman to Members of the Executive Board, 7 March 1947, reel 9, NWTUL papers, LC.

16. Dorothy McAllister to Elizabeth Magee, July 1946, in folder "Equal Pay--National Legislation—1946-56," box C4, NCL papers, LC; Minutes of meetings, 11 October 1948 and 1 March 1948, box 8, WJCC papers, LC; Press release, 2 July 1947, in folder "S. 706," box H6, Wayne Morse papers, University of Oregon; Independent Woman, April 1948, 117-118; "Statements in opposition to proposed federal equal pay legislation," 28 May 1956, in folder "Equal Pay 1956," box 7, WBOF; Earner, ''Equal Pay for Equal Work," 2, 3, 24, 25; J. W. Grove, testimony before the Wage and Hour Subcommittee of the House Education and Labor Committee, 13 February 1948, folder 54, box 16, Legislative Reference Files, Meany Archives.

17. Wayne Morse to Mrs. O. D. Cook, 27 August 1951, in folder "S. 1374," box H9, Wayne Morse papers, University of Oregon; John F. Kennedy to Mary T. Norton, 6 June 1951, in folder "Equal Pay for Equal Work," box 3, Prepresidential papers, JFKL.

18. [William C. Hushing] to George Riley, 24 April 1951, folder 54, box 16, Legislative Reference Files, Meany Archives.

19. "Equal Pay Conference under the Auspices of the Women's Bureau, U.S. Department of Labor," report by Mildred Palmer, Executive Secretary, National Woman's Party, reel 98, NWP papers (microfilm ed.), U.S. Department of Labor, Women's Bureau, Report of the National Conference on Equal Pay (31 March and 1 April, 1952), bulletin no. 243, 29 August 1952.

20. Meany quoted in Alice A. Morrison to Elizabeth S. Magee, 24 December 1953, in folder "Equal Pay—National Legislation--1946-56," box C4, NCL papers, LC.

21. National Committee for Equal Pay, newsletter, 16 March 1953, in folder: "1954 Equal Pay," box 48, RG 174 (Mitchell), NA.

22. Alice Paul to Mabel E. Griswold, 19 October 1954, folder 2-2, NWP papers, WSHS.

23. Secretary of Labor to Frances Bolton, 18 February 1954, in folder "1954—Congressional—B," box 64, RG 174 (Mitchell), NA; Arthur Larson to Frances Bolton, 27 May 1954, in folder "1954--Equal Pay," box 48, RG 174 (Mitchell), NA; U.S. Congress, House, 83rd Cong., 2d sess., 19 July 1954, Congressional Record 100: 10951-10953.

24. U.S. Congress, House, 84th Cong., 1st sess., 13 January 1955, Congressional Record 101: 285; "Preliminary Report on the Legislative Program of the Department of Labor for 1955," in folder "1954 Secretary's Policy Committee—Material from the Secretary's Notebook (2)," box 70, James P. Mitchell papers, DDEL; Stuart Rothman to the Secretary of Labor, 28 February 1955, in folder "1955 Equal Pay," box 113, James P. Mitchell papers, DDEL; Millard Cass to John J. Gilhooley, 5 May 1955, in folder: 1955--Congressional--B," box 106, RG 174 (Mitchell), NA; ''Summary of Action," Secretary's Policy Committee, meeting no. 121, 26 May 1955, in folder "1955—Secretary's Policy Committee--chronological (meetings 106-122),'' box 72, James P. Mitchell papers, DDEL.

25. National Manpower Council, Womanpower: A Statement by the National Manpower Council with Chapters by the Council Staff (New York: Columbia University Press, 1957).

26. George H. Gallup, The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion, 1935-1971 (New York: Random House, 1972), 1:322.

27. "Equal Pay--Administration Support 1956-January 1961," 24 January 1961, in folder "Equal Pay—1961," Box 7, WBOF; Alice K. Leopold to Secretary of Labor, 6 January 1956 (plus attachments), in folder "1956—Equal Pay," box 134, RG 174 (Mitchell), NA; "State of the Union Message, comments by Cabinet members, 2 December 1955," in folder "State of the Union January 1956 (3)," box 15, Anne Whitman file, speech series, DDEL.

28. Secretary of Labor to William Schnitzler, Secretary-Treasurer, AFL-CIO, 17 January 1957, and William Schnitzler to Secretary of Labor, 27 December 1956, in folder "1957—Equal Pay," box 193, RG 174 (Mitchell), NA; George D. Riley to Edith Nourse Rogers, 1 February 1957, and George D. Riley to James Roosevelt, 1 February 1957, folder 92-9, Katherine P. Ellickson papers, ALUA; George D. Riley to Wayne Morse, 1 February 1957, in folder "S. 1807," box H26, Wayne Morse papers, University of Oregon; "Files (for the record)," Alice A. Morrison, 4 January 1957, in folder "Equal Pay 4, National Equal Pay Committee," box 1096, RG 86, NA; Alice A. Morrison to Alice K. Leopold, 4 January 1957, in folder "Equal Pay 3, Federal Legislative Proposals," box 1096, RG 86, NA; National Committee for Equal Pay, newsletter, February 1957, folder 17, box 2, Hattie Smith papers, SL; James T. O'Connell, Acting Secretary of Labor to Lister Hill, 1 August 1957, in folder "Equal Pay, 1957," WBOF; U.S. Congress, Senate, S. 1807, 85th Cong., 1st sess., 4 April 1957, Congressional Record 103: 5091-5092; Earner, "Equal Pay for Equal Work," 11-13.

29. Stuart Rothman to Secretary of Labor, 30 January 1956, in folder "1956—National Legislation D/L Legislative Program," box 180, James P. Mitchell papers, DDEL; Notes on Secretary's Policy Committee meetings nos. 205 (10 February 1956), 206 (20 February 1956), 216 (4 April 1956), 228 (17 May 1956), 236 (12 June 1956), 249 (30 July 1956), in folder: "1956—Secretary's Policy Committee—chronological (meetings 197-213)," Box 75, James P. Mitchell papers, DDEL; Alice K. Leopold to Secretary of Labor, 28 September 1956, in folder: "1956 Equal Pay," box 134, RG 174 (Mitchell), NA.

30. President's Commission on the Status of Women, Committee on Civil and Political Rights, transcript of the meeting of 28 May 1962, Washington, D. C., pp. 13-14, PCSW papers (Washington, D.C.); "Material on Equal Pay for Equal Work prepared by the U.S. Department of Labor, Women's Bureau, January 1956," in folder: "Equal Pay 1956," box 7, WBOF; Margaret Mealey to James P. Mitchell, 19 September 1956, attached to James P. Mitchell to Margaret Mealey, 6 October 1956, in folder "1956—Equal Pay," box 134, RG 174 (Mitchell), NA; Telephone interview with Alice A. Morrison, 11 February 1981 (Alexandria, Va.); Alice K. Leopold to Irma Piepho, 30 April 1957, in folder ''Equal Pay 4, National Equal Pay Committee," box 1096, RG 86, NA; Alice K. Leopold to Edith Green, 3 July 1957, in folder "Equal Pay,'' box 1096, RG 86, NA.