1. New York Herald Tribune, 20 July 1946, clipping, folder 2-8, NWP papers, WSHS.

2. Equal Rights, January-March 1949, 7; New York Times, 10 January 1947.

3. William Chafe, The American Woman: Her Changing Social, Economic, and Political Roles, 1920-1970 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1972), 202-216.

4. Susan M. Hartmann, The Home Front and Beyond: American Women in the 1940s (Boston: Twayne, 1982), 181; Ethel Klein, Gender Politics (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1984), 71.

5. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970, pt. 1 (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1975), 64.

6. Hartmann, Home Front, 93.

7. Ibid., ch. 6; Historical Statistics, 385.

8. Chafe, American Woman, 202-216.

9. Status Bill sponsor James Wadsworth strongly opposed the ERA, partially because it might require women to serve in the military. "It may seem absurd," he wrote to one constituent, "but it would not be beyond the bounds of possibility that some young woman in the future would demand admission to West Point or Annapolis" (Wadsworth to Mrs. Vernon Howe, 1 February 1949, in folder ''Equal Rights Amendment, January 31, 1949-February 22, 1950" box 24, James W. Wadsworth papers, LC.

10. Memorandum, 8 January 1947, and Peter Seitz (form letter), 10 February 1947, in folder "1947," ERA files, WBOF; Mary Anderson to Hattie Smith, 14 March 1947, folder 21, box 3, Hattie Smith papers, SL.

11. "Supporting Comment on Proposed Joint Resolution on the Status of Women," 21 January 1947, folder 21, box 3, Hattie Smith papers, SL.

12. Memorandum, 10 February 1947, folder 9, box 44, Helen Gahagan Douglas papers, Albert Archives, University of Oklahoma.

13. Memorandum, 10 February 1947, folder 9, box 44, Helen Gahagan Douglas papers, Albert Archives, University of Oklahoma; Memorandum, 19 February 1947, folder 21, box 3, Hattie Smith papers, SL.

14. Memorandum, 10 February 1947, folder 9, box 44, Helen Gahagan Douglas papers, Albert Archives, University of Oklahoma.

15. Blanch Freedman, Executive Secretary, New York Women's Trade Union League, as sent to National Women's Trade Union League, 24 January 1947, attached to Rose Schneiderman to Malvina Thompson, 3 February 1947, in folder "Harry S. Truman, 1945-1948," box 3765, Eleanor Roosevelt papers, FDRL.

16. Minutes of meeting, 9 September 1947, in folder "Women's Bureau Labor Advisory Committee, 1950-53," box "Committees—Women's Bureau," Frieda Miller papers, SL.

17. Independent Woman, March 1947, 88 (quote from BPW); "Brief Memorandum in Opposition to the Taft-Wadsworth Bill, (Commonly called the Biological Status Bill)," folder 1-2, NWP papers, WSHS (quote from NWP); New York Times, 18 February 1947; "Highlights of the Women's Status Bill, 16 April 1947," in folder "1947," ERA files, WBOF.

18. "Statement in regard to Women's Status Bill, H.R. 2007 and S.J. Res. 67--80th Congress," 15 June 1947, in folder "1947," ERA files, WBOF (quote beginning "to break the deadlock . . ."); New York Herald Tribune, 7 April 1947; "Statement by Mrs. Eleanor Roosevelt regarding Bill on the Status of Women," 14 February 1946, and Washington Post , 25 February 1947, clipping, in folder ''1947," ERA files, WBOF; ''Brief for Action," League of Women Voters publication 91, 1 April 1947, in folder "General Correspondence, 1947," subject file, India Edwards papers, HSTL; New York Times, 18 February 1947.

19. The National Women's Trade Union League received information that the House committee had reported it favorably in return for "some large party contributions from 'rich ladies'" (NWTUL, legislative report, 16 August 1948, reel 10, NWTUL papers, LC). Anita Pollitzer to Members of the National Council and Others Particularly Concerned, 5 April 1948, and Anita Pollitzer to Members of the National Council and Others Concerned with the Equality Campaign, 13 April 1948, folder 1-2, NWP papers, WSHS: "JD" [i.e., J. E. Dempsey, Administrative Assistant to the Secretary] to "Judge" [i.e., Secretary L. B. Schwellenbach], 19 April 1948, in folder "Bills—Misc.," RG 174 (Schwellenbach), NA; Thomas C. Pardo (ed.), The National Woman's Party Papers, 1913-1974: A Guide to the Microfilm Edition (Sanford, N.C.: Microfilm Corporation of America, 1979), 147-150.

In the Senate committee, Republican senators Wiley, Langer, Ferguson, Donnell, and Cooper and Democratic senators McGrath and Fulbright voted in favor; Democratic senator James Eastland voted no. Washington Post, clipping, 1 May 1948, in folder "Equal Rights for Women, 1939-49," box 601, Robert A. Taft papers, LC; Louise Young to Friends of the NCSW, 6 July 1948, folder 21, box 3, Hattie Smith papers, SL; "1948 Republican Party Platform for ERA, a report to members by Anita Pollitzer, National Chairman [NWP]," [June 1948], and Emma guffey Miller to Sally Butler, President, BPW, 6 July 1948, and "Memorandum Concerning the Two Major Political Parties and the Equal Rights Amendment," reel 103, NWP papers (microfilm ed.); Equal Rights, May-August 1948, 1-3.

20. New York Herald Tribune, 12 January 1949; "Housewives for Truman: A Program Designed to Bring in the Vote," in folder "Housewives for Truman," box 2, subject file, India Edwards papers, HSTL; Press release R-145, 9 February 1948, in folder "Women Voters," box 105, DNC papers, LBJL.

21. New York Times, 10 April 1949; Minutes of meeting, National Committee on the Status of Women, 5 April 1949 and 4 August 1949, in subject file "Equal Rights Amendment," SL; Olya Margolin to Elizabeth Magee, 23 November 1948, in folder "ERA, NCSW, 1947-48," box C6, NCL papers, LC; Anita Pollitzer to State Chairmen and Members of the Outgoing National Council, 31 May 1949, folder 1-3, NWP papers, WSHS; Pardo, National Woman's Party Papers, 152.

22. J. Stanley Lemons, The Woman Citizen: Social Feminism in the 1920s (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1975), 186-191.

23. Douglas B. Maggs, Solicitor of Labor, to Mary Anderson, 17 January 1944, folder 13, box 92, Helen Gahagan Douglas papers, Albert Archives, University of Oklahoma; Douglas B. Maggs to Mrs. Thomas F. (Dorothy) McAllister, 2 June 1945, folder 55, Mary Anderson papers, SL; National Committee for the Defeat of the UnEqual Rights Amendment, "To the member organizations and individuals on the National Committee," 20 June 1945, and Margaret F. Stone to Mary McLeod Bethune, 27 January 1945, folder 351, box 23, series 5, NCNW papers.

24. U.S. Congress, Senate, 81st Cong., 2d sess., 23, 24, 25 January 1950, Congressional Record 96: 738-744, 758-762, 809-813, 861, 873.

25. Ibid., 25 January 1950, 861-873 (Hayden quotation, p. 868; Pepper, 869); New York Times, 26 January 1950. Thirty-six Democrats and fifteen Republicans voted in favor of the Hayden amendment, and thirteen Democrats and eighteen Republicans against. All nineteen votes against the ERA with the rider were Democrats. All absent senators were announced in favor of the ERA.

26. Alice Paul, oral history, pp. 518-530.

27. New York Times, 27 January 1950. See also Independent Woman, March 1950, 85-86, for the response of the BPW to the Hayden amendment—that it "nullif[ied] and [made] ridiculous the whole procedure."

28. U.S. Congress, House, 81st Cong., 2d sess., 7 March 1950, Congressional Record 96: A2053-54; Alice Paul to Agnes Wells, 7 June 1950, folder 1-4, NWP papers, WSHS; U.S. Congress, House, 81st Cong., 2d sess., 6 March 1950, Congressional Record 96: 2855; National Committee on the Status of Women, Minutes, 3 February 1950, in folder "ERA, NCSW, 1949-50," box C6, NCL papers, LC; Pardo, National Woman's Party Papers, 158; New York Times, 26 May 1951.

29. "My Day," 25 May 1951, box 3153, Eleanor Roosevelt papers, FDRL; "My Day," 7 June 1951, from Washington Daily News (typescript copy), in folder ''1950's,'' ERA files, WBOF; Harry S. Truman to Gertrude Dixon Enfield, 17 April 1952, file 120-A, WHCF, HSTL. The Senate Judiciary Committee reported the ERA favorably on May 21, 1951, by a seven-to-two vote, but the full Senate did not take the amendment up.

30. William Chafe, The Unfinished Journey: America Since World War II (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), 154-157.

31. Alonzo Hamby, Liberalism and Its Challengers (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 119-125, 137-138, chap. 3; Chafe, Unfinished Journey, 112-127, 138-139, 144; Eugenia Kaledin, Mothers and More: American Women in the 1950s (Boston: Twayne, 1984), 11.

32. U.S. Department of Labor, Women's Bureau, "Biographical Sketch of Alice K. Leopold, director, Women's Bureau, U.S. Department of Labor," 11 December 1953, and U.S Department of Labor, "Biographical Sketch: Alice K. Leopold," n.d., folder 1, box 1, Alice K. Leopold papers, SL.

33. Mabel Griswold, the party's executive secretary, wrote to a comrade: "One piece of good news is that Mrs. Leopold, Director of the Women's Bureau, has withdrawn the Bureau's opposition to the Amendment. . . . Next best thing to outright support which may come some time" (Mabel Griswold to "Elda," 30 March 1954, folder 2-1, NWP papers, WSHS). Alice Paul to Mrs. George Ramey, 1 March 1954, Alice K. Leopold to Mabel Griswold, 10 March 1954, folder 2-1, NWP papers, WSHS; Equal Rights, October 1954 (typescript), folder 92-7, Katherine P. Ellickson papers, ALUA.

34. Martin P. Durkin to Chauncy W. Reed, 27 July 1953, in folder "H.J.R. 55," box 42, Katharine St. George papers, Cornell University. See bill files (S.J.R. 49), Committee on the Judiciary, Records of the U.S. Senate, RG 46, NA; New York Times, 2 July 1953. See, for example, Carl Hayden to Jacob Potofsky, 19 May 1953, and Jacob Potofsky to Carl Hayden, 22 May 1953, folder 8, box 457, Carl Hayden papers, Arizona State University; New York Times, 17 July 1953; Pardo, National Woman's Party Papers, 159.

35. Alice A. Morrison to Winifred Helmes, 23 February 1955, in folder "1950's," ERA files, WBOF; John Mitchell to Irma Piepho, 3 March 1955, in folder "Correspondence, 1955," box 5, WJCC papers; Katharine St. George to Alice Paul, 3 February 1956, James P. Mitchell to Katharine St. George, 27 February 1956, and Alice K. Leopold to Katharine St. George, 6 March 1956, in folder ''H.J.R. 55," box 42, Katharine St. George papers, Cornell University.

36. Briefing, in folder "Press conference, April 25, 1956," box 4, Press Conference Series, Anne Whitman files, DDEL; Gerald D. Morgan to Nina B. Price, 10 December 1955, in folder "Equal Rights Amendment," folder 136-A, box 1059, WHGF, DDEL; Secretary of Labor to Gerald D. Morgan, 9 February 1956, in folder "Equal Pay 1956," box 134, RG 174 (Mitchell), NA.

37. White House, press release, 25 October 1956, reel 103, NWP papers (microfilm ed.).

38. Handwritten notes on meeting #258, 4 February 1957, and notes on meeting of 22 April 1957, in folder "1957--Secretary's Policy Committee—chronological—meetings 258-277," box 75, James P. Mitchell papers, DDEL; Washington Post, 17 January 1957.

39. Gerald D. Morgan to Nina Horton Avery, 27 December 1957, folder 136-A, box 1059, WHOF, DDEL.

40. Hickory [ N.C. ] Daily Record, editorial, 24 August 1957, reprinted in the Congressional Record, 27 August 1957, A7087-7088, clipping in folder 136-A, box 1059, WHGF, DDEL.

41. AFL-CIO, memorandum on Objections to Proposed Equal Rights Amendment, and Andrew Biemiller to All Members of the 86th Congress, 11 February 1959, folder 92-8, Katherine P. Ellickson papers, ALUA; Andrew Biemiller to John F. Kennedy, 15 February 1957, in folder "Equal Rights Amendment, October 3, 1951 to February 15, 1957," Legislative Assistant's Background Files, Prepresidential papers, JFKL.

42. Hyman H. Bookbinder to Boris Shishkin, 6 November 1957, folder 3, box 17, Legislative Reference Files, Meany Archives.

43. Hyman H. Bookbinder to Helen O'Donnell, 7 January 1958, folder 4, Box 17, Legislative Reference Files, Meany Archives.

44. Tom Harris to Andrew Biemiller, 19 January 1960, folder 7, and Patrick Malin to Biemiller, 4 January 1960 (with attachments), folder 7, box 17, Legislative Reference Files, Meany Archives.

45. Jacob Clayman to Legislative Representatives of IUD Affiliated Unions, 14 June 1960, in folder "ERA 1960-61," box "Women," Esther Peterson papers, SL; Andrew Biemiller to Carl Hayden, 12 June 1959, folder 6, box 17, Legislative Reference Files, Meany Archives; Pardo, National Woman's Party Papers, 161.