1. Herbert Parmet, JFK: The Presidency of John F. Kennedy (New York: Dial Press, 1983); David Burner and Thomas West, The Torch Is Passed: The Kennedy Brothers and American Liberalism (New York: Atheneum, 1984), chap. 3, 153-154, 186.

For discussions of America in the postwar period, see William Chafe, The Unfinished Journey: America Since World War II (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986); William E. Leuchtenburg, A Troubled Feast: American Society Since 1945 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1982); James Gilbert, Another Chance: Postwar America, 1945-1968 (New York: Knopf, 1981); and David Burner, Robert D. Marcus, and Thomas R. West, A Giant's Strength: American in the 1960s (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1971). [BACK]

2. Richard H. Pells, The Liberal Mind in a Conservative Age: American Intellectuals in the 1940s and 1950s (New York: Harper & Row, 1985), 381, 395-399. [BACK]

3. Pells, The Liberal Mind, 398. [BACK]

4. New York Times, 19 March 1961. [BACK]

5. Parmet, JFK, 37, 84-85, 353; Burner and West, The Torch Is Passed, 151; Allen J. Matusow, The Unraveling of America: A History of Liberalism in the 1960s (New York: Harper & Row, 1984), chap. 1; Alonzo Hamby, Liberalism and Its Challengers (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), chaps. 4 and 5; Charles Morris, A Time of Passion: America, 1960-1980 (New York: Harper & Row, 1984), 2-5; Gilbert, Another Chance, chap. 8. [BACK]

6. Burner and West, The Torch Is Passed, 4, 154 (quote), 186, 191. [BACK]

7. Ibid., 48-50, 58, 152; James MacGregor Burns, John Kennedy: A Political Profile (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1961), 96; William E. Leuchtenburg, In the Shadow of FDR: From Harry Truman to Ronald Reagan (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1983), 76-77, 95. [BACK]

8. Chafe, Unfinished Journey, 207-216; Burner and West, The Torch Is Passed, 161-180; Parmet, JFK, chap. 11; Harvard Sitkoff, The Struggle for Black Equality, 1954-1980 (New York: Hill & Wang, 1981). [BACK]

9. Burner and West, The Torch Is Passed, 158-161, 180, 188-190; Chafe, Unfinished Journey, 215-217. [BACK]

10. A great deal has been written concerning the personal attitudes of John Kennedy toward women. Many writers contend persuasively that he indulged in numerous sexual liaisons outside of marriage, in inappropriate settings, leaving himself vulnerable to blackmail from FBI director J. Edgar Hoover and criminal figures. It is nonetheless my opinion that John Kennedy's public policy decisions concerning women sprang from his assessment of the social, economic, and political aspects of the situation, rather than from his personal views of women as sexual objects. [BACK]

11. Theodore Sorensen, Kennedy (New York: Harper & Row, 1965), 121, 136; Herbert Parmet, Jack: The Struggles of John F. Kennedy (New York: Dial Press, 1980), 159, 253; U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Commerce, The Speeches of Senator John F. Kennedy: Presidential Campaign of 1960, S. Rept. 994, pt. 1, 87th Cong., 1st sess., p. 959. [BACK]

12. Emma Guffey Miller to Lyndon Baines Johnson, 20 March 1968, in folder "Miller, Emma," name file, WHCF, LBJL; India Edwards to John F. Kennedy, 15 October 1960, in folder "Office of Women's Activities, DNC," box 2, India Edwards papers, LBJL; India Edwards to Harry Truman, 22 May 1960, in folder "Truman, Harry S., correspondence with,'' box 3, India Edwards papers, HSTL; Transcript, India Edwards Oral History Interview, 4 February 1969, pp. 17-25, LBJL; Transcript, Myer Feldman Oral History Interview, 10 April 1966, JFKL; Parmet, Jack, 462-464. [BACK]

13. The Governor to Adelaide Hart et al., 21 June 1960, in folder "Correspondence, May-July, 1960," box 4, Margaret Price papers, BHL; Transcript, Myer Feldman Oral History Interview, 27 March 1966, p. 225, JFKL. [BACK]

14. "Memorandum from Margaret Price," 28 July 1960, in folder "Correspondence, May-July 1960," box 4, Margaret Price papers, BHL. [BACK]

15. Margaret Price to Kenneth O'Donnell, 18 August 1960, in folder "Correspondence, August 1963," box 5, and Margaret Price to Robert F. Kennedy, 27 September 1960, in folder "Correspondence, August-September 1960," box 4, Margaret Price papers, BHL; Senate, Speeches of Senator John F. Kennedy . [BACK]

16. Letterhead, Committee of Labor Women, folder 90-22, Katherine P. Ellickson papers, ALUA; "Members of Women's Committee for New Frontiers," flyleaf of "Kennedy—60—New Frontiers: Report of the Women's Committee for New Frontiers," in folder "DNC campaign materials, reports, corr. 1960," box C10, Katie S. Louchheim papers, LC. [BACK]

17. Senate, Speeches of Senator John F. Kennedy, 663, 689, 901, 1241-1249; U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Commerce, The Speeches of Vice President Richard M. Nixon: Presidential Campaign of 1960, S. Rept. 994, p. 2, 87th Cong., 1st sess., 1961, pp. 116-117, 319-320; Statement by the Vice-President on the Equal Rights Amendment, 2 September 1960, reel 106, NWP papers (microfilm ed.). [BACK]

18. Margaret Price to John F. Kennedy, 8 December 1960, in folder "Women--role in government," box 1072, Prepresidential papers, JFKL. [BACK]

19. Karen Keesling and Suzanne Cavanagh, "Women Presidential Appointees Serving or Having Served in Full-Time Positions Requiring Senate Confirmation, 1912-1977," Congressional Research Service Report 78-73 G, 23 March 1978, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., pp. 36-38; Jim F. Heath points out that Kennedy ignored several of the transition reports ( Decade of Disillusionment: The Kennedy-Johnson Years [Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1975], 51). [BACK]

20. New York Post, 20 December 1960, clipping, in folder "1960," box 1, India Edwards papers, LBJL. [BACK]

21. Emma Guffey Miller to John F. Kennedy, 21 February 1961, folder PL9, box 696, WHCF, JFKL; Emma Guffey Miller to Victoria Gilbert, 21 February 1961, 24 March 1961, reel 106, NWP papers (microfilm ed.); Lawrence F. O'Brien to Emma Guffey Miller, 28 February 1961, folder HU3, box 374, WHCF, JFKL. [BACK]

22. New York Post, 7 March 1961, clipping, in folder "Office of Women's Activities, DNC," box 2, India Edwards papers, LBJL. [BACK]

23. Democratic National Committee, Office of Women's Activities, "Women Appointments, the Kennedy Administration as of November 1, 1961," in folder "DNC Office of Women's Activities, Reports of Director, 1955-1961," box C12, Katie S. Louchheim papers, LC. [BACK]

24. Genevieve Blatt to Emma Guffey Miller, 5 December 1961, folder 68, box 4, Emma Guffey Miller papers, SL. [BACK]

25. Clayton Fritchey to John F. Kennedy, 22 July 1963, folder HU3, box 374, JFKL. [BACK]

26. Emanuel Celler to John F. Kennedy, 21 September 1961, and Lawrence O'Brien to Emanuel Celler, 20 September 1961, folder HU3, Box 374, JFKL. [BACK]

27. Keesling and Cavanagh, "Women Presidential Appointees." Oveta Culp Hobby served as secretary of health, education, and welfare from 1953 to 1955, and Frances Perkins held the position of secretary of labor from 1933 to 1945. President's Commission on the Status of Women, transcript of the meeting of 2 October, 1962, pp. 252-253, PCSW papers (Washington, D.C.); Democratic National Committee, "Women Appointees of the Kennedy Administration as of February 19, 1963," uncatalogued papers of Esther Peterson, SL. [BACK]

28. Keesling and Cavanagh, "Women Presidential Appointees." [BACK]

29. India Edwards, Pulling No Punches: Memoirs of a Woman in Politics (New York: Putnam, 1977), 231-232, 252. [BACK]

30. Emma Guffey Miller to Katie Louchheim, 26 January 1963, in folder "Department of State Letters of Congratulations, M-Z, 1962," box C17, Katie S. Louchheim papers, LC. [BACK]

31. Sorensen, Kennedy, 124-125, 251-257; G. Calvin MacKenzie, The Politics of Presidential Appointments (New York: Free Press, 1981), xvii, 23-33. Myer Feldman, a Kennedy aide, has asserted that Margaret Price and President Kennedy "enjoyed an excellent relationship," but her influence with regard to women remains obscure (Myer Feldman to Cynthia E. Harrison, 3 October 1979). Note also that by the time Price took over as vice-chairman of the DNC, the Women's Division had been abolished as a separate entity. [BACK]

32. Kennedy did not, however, neglect appointments of blacks nearly so much as of women (Carl Brauer, John F. Kennedy and the Second Reconstruction [New York: Columbia University Press, 1977], 68-70). [BACK]

33. MacKenzie, Politics of Presidential Appointments, 23-33, 84, 198. [BACK]

34. Telephone interview with Dan Fenn, Jr., 15 May 1981 (Boston, Mass.). [BACK]

35. MacKenzie, Politics of Presidential Appointments, 255-259. [BACK]

36. Dan Fenn to Ralph Dungan, 31 July 1962, in file Office of Education(?), Ralph Dungan papers(?). This item is on display at the Kennedy Library in Boston, Massachusetts. [BACK]

37. Telephone interview with Dan Fenn, Jr., 14 May 1981 (Boston, Mass.). [BACK]

38. Interviews with Esther Peterson, 4 October 1974 (telephone), 27 February 1978, 10 June 1978 (Washington, D.C.); Interview with Edith Green, 18 December 1978 (Portland, Oreg.); Interview with Maurine Neuberger, 15 December 1978, (Portland, Oreg.). For testimony that Kennedy did not take women seriously, see transcript, Mary McGrory interview, 4 August 1964, p. 48, JFKL; and Laura Bergquist, "What Women Really Meant to JFK," Redbook, November 1973, 54. [BACK]

39. Bill Lawrence, Six Presidents, Too Many Wars (New York: Saturday Review Press, 1972), 227-228. [BACK]

40. Sorensen, Kennedy, 124-125; India Edwards to John F. Kennedy, 8 April 1962, in folder "Office of Women's Activities, DNC," box 2, India Edwards papers, LBJL; Edwards, Pulling No Punches, 252; Katie S. Louchheim, By the Political Sea (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1970), 135; Kenneth O'Donnell to India Edwards, 10 April 1962, in untitled folder [1960 clipping material and correspondence], box 1, India Edwards papers, LBJL; New York Times, 23 May 1962, clipping, in folder "Newspaper clips, 1962," box 10, Margaret Price papers, BHL. [BACK]

41. Mackenzie, Politics of Presidential Appointments, 84, 196-197, 209; Burns, John Kennedy, 233-236, 266. [BACK]

42. Frieda S. Miller to Mr. Moran, 17 August 1945, in folder "Women's Bureau," box 420, RG 174 (Schwellenbach), NA. [BACK]

43. Judith Sealander, As Minority Becomes Majority: Federal Reaction to the Phenomenon of Women in the Workforce (Westport, Conn.; Greenwood Press, 1983). [BACK]

44. Sylvia Beyer to Frieda Miller, 18 February 1947, in folder "FSM at ILO," box "Women's Bureau Statements and Press Releases, Correspondence," Frieda Miller papers, SL; "Meeting of the Labor Advisory Committee,'' 9 January 1947, in folder "Labor Advisory Committee, January 1947," box 943, RG 86, NA; "Meeting of the Labor Advisory Committee,'' 3 February 1947, in folder "Women's Bureau, Labor Advisory Committee, 1950-53," box "Committees, Women's Bureau," Frieda Miller papers, SL; "Meeting of the Labor Advisory Committee," 3 October 1947, in folder "Labor Advisory Committee, October 3, 1947," box 943, RG 86, NA; Frieda S. Miller, biographical notes, August 1956, SC 1104, WSHS; Barbara Sicherman and Carol Hurd Green (eds.), Notable American Women: The Modern Period (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 1980), 478-479. [BACK]

45. Department of Labor, press release, 11 December 1952, in folder "1953, Women's Bureau," box 9, RG 174 (Mitchell), NA. [BACK]

46. Selma Borchardt to James P. Mitchell, 30 June 1954, and "Hearings before the Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, March 1954, Women's Bureau," folder 92-6, Katherine P. Ellickson papers, ALUA; Department of Labor press release, 30 September 1954, folder 3, and General Order no. 80, January 1955, folder 4, Alice K. Leopold papers, SL (General Order no. 80 officially established Leopold's position); New York Times, 30 September 1954; Telephone interview with Alice A. Morrison, 11 February 1981 (Alexandria, Va). [BACK]

47. "John F. Kennedy, Voting Record on Measures of Interest to Labor," and William Green to John F. Kennedy, 22 August 1952, folder 37, Box 29, Legislative Reference Files, Meany Archives. [BACK]

48. Parmet, Jack, 184-186; Burns, John Kennedy, 76-79. [BACK]

49. Parmet, Jack, 388-393, 423-433; Burns, John Kennedy, 224-229; Hyman Bookbinder to Andrew Biemiller, 11 September 1959, folder 39, and George Meany to John F. Kennedy, 31 August 1960, folder 40, box 29, Legislative Reference Files, Meany Archives; Washington Post, 10 July 1960. [BACK]

50. Transcript, Myer Feldman Oral History Interview, 6 August 1966, p. 379, 21 September 1968, pp. 19, 38, 45, 23, January 1966, p. 36, JFKL; Theodore Sorensen, Decision-Making in the White House (New York: Columbia University Press, 1963), 77; Tom Wicker, JFK and LBJ (New York: Morrow, 1968), 139; David Halberstam, The Best and the Brightest (New York: Random House, 1972), 71; AFL-CIO Executive Council, minutes, August 1962, folder 12, box 11, Executive Council Reference Files, William F. Schnitzler papers, Meany Archives; Telephone interview with Arthur Goldberg, 17 September 1985 (Washington, D.C.). [BACK]

51. Mrs. Esther Peterson, biography, April 1964, in packet "Secretary of Labor Conference for Labor Editors," Esther Peterson papers (in Peterson's possession); National Business Woman, March 1961, 5; Esther Peterson interview with Kathy Kraft, 17 May 1975, SL; Transcript, Esther Peterson Oral History Interview, 1978, pp. 19-21, SL and University of Michigan; Interview with Esther Peterson, 4 October 1974 and 27 February 1978 (Washington, D.C.); Sorensen, Kennedy, 123-124; Draft transcript, Esther Peterson interview, 18 May 1966, pp. 1-3, JFKL; Draft transcript, Esther Peterson Oral History Interview, 22 January 1970, p. 16, JFKL; Transcript, Myer Feldman Oral History Interview, 23 January 1966, p. 36, JFKL; Parmet, Jack, 186, 422-423, 496-498, Ashtabula [Ohio] Star-Beacon, 9 June 1961, and Tucson [Ariz.] Star, 7 June 1961, clippings in folder "labor's influence, news clippings," Boston Record, 15 February 1961, clipping, in folder ''U.S. Department of Labor, Women's Bureau, Appointment, news clippings re: JFK appointees," box "NWCCR, Appointments to Women's Bureau, Assistant Secretary of Labor," Esther Peterson papers, SL; Sorensen, Kennedy, 53. [BACK]

52. Sorensen, Kennedy, 277; Draft transcript, Esther Peterson interview, 18 May 1966, pp. 22-61, JFKL; [Esther Peterson] to Advance Teams, n.d., in folder "1960 correspondence with Labor," box "Political (Dem. Campaigns)," Esther Peterson papers, SL; Esther Peterson to Senator Kennedy et al., 23 September 1960, in folder "Peterson, Esther," box 202, DNC papers, JFKL. [BACK]

53. Mary Anderson et al. to John F. Kennedy, 2 December 1960, in folder "Lists of Supporters," box "NWCCR, Appointments to Women's Bureau, Assistant Secretary of Labor," Esther Peterson papers, SL. [BACK]

54. Mrs. Paul Douglas to John F. Kennedy, 13 December 1960, in folder "Appointments: government," box 1066, Prepresidential papers, JFKL; Elizabeth A. Magee to Louise Stitt, 8 December 1960, Esther Peterson papers, Giant Foods (Landover, Md.); Draft transcript, Esther Peterson interview, 18 May 1966, pp. 61-62, 22 January 1970, pp. 24, 27, JFKL; Esther Peterson to John F. Kennedy, 17 August 1961, in folder "John F. Kennedy, 1960-61," box "Political (Dem. Campaigns)," Esther Peterson papers, SL; Washington Post, 27 March 1961, clippings, Esther Peterson papers, Giant Foods (Landover, Md.); Arthur Goldberg to Pierre Salinger, 21 April 1961, in folder ''1961 White House, President, April," box 24, RG 174 (Goldberg), NA; John F. Kennedy to the President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House, 4 May 1961, folder LE/FG 150-LE/215, box 473, WHCF, JFKL; Statement of Assistant Secretary of Labor George C. Lodge before the Education Subcommittee of the House Committee on Education and Labor on H.R. 6822, 15 May 1961, in folder ''Assistant Secretary of Labor, 1961," box "NWCCR, Appointments to Women's Bureau, Assistant Secretary of Labor," Esther Peterson papers, SL; U.S. Congress, House, 87th Cong., 1st sess., 9 August 1961, Congressional Record 107: 15258-15264; U.S. Department of Labor, press release, 17 August 1961, Esther Peterson papers, Giant Foods (Landover, Md.). [BACK]

55. Mrs. Esther Peterson, biography, April 1964, in packet "Secretary of Labor Conference for Labor Editors," Esther Peterson papers (in Peterson's possession). [BACK]

56. Emma Guffey Miller to Katie Louchheim, 26 January 1962, in folder "Department of State, Letters of Congratulations, M-Z, 1962," box C17, Katie S. Louchheim papers, LC. [BACK]

57. Economist, 11 August 1962, clipping, in folder "Edith Green, legislation, equal pay," box 62-12, Edith Green papers, OHS. [BACK]

58. John W. Leslie to Pierre Salinger, 24 August 1962, folder FG 737, box 206, WHCF, JFKL. [BACK]