1. Karen Keesling and Suzanne Cavanagh, "Women Presidential Appointees Serving or Having Served in Full-Time Positions Requiring Senate Confirmation, 1912-1977," Congressional Research Service Report 78-73 G, 23 March 1978, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. "Significant Senate-confirmed posts" excludes local comptrollers and collectors of customs. If these appointments are added to the figures, Hoover appointed seven women to Senate-confirmed posts during his tenure, and Roosevelt twenty-eight. [BACK]

2. Independent Woman , March 1947, 82. [BACK]

3. Eleanor Roosevelt to Robert Hannegan, 3 June 1945, box 3756, Eleanor Roosevelt papers, FDRL; "A Summary Statement of the Conference on How Women May Share in the Post-War Policy Making," 14 June 1944, in folder "Meeting, heads of Women's Organizations," box 113, Eleanor Roosevelt papers, FDRL.

The National Council of Negro Women was particularly interested in submitting the names of black women, noting that "to date several American women have been appointed as U.S. Delegates to important international committees and conferences, but none of them were Negro women" (Mary McLeod Bethune to "Dear Council Member and Friend," [21 July 1944], folder 449, box 30, series 5, NCNW papers). [BACK]

4. Mrs. Charles W. Tillett to Matthew J. Connelly, 3 July 1945, file 120, box 534, WHOF, HSTL. [BACK]

5. Keesling and Cavanagh, "Women Presidential Appointees." [BACK]

6. Transcript, India Edwards Oral History Interview, 16 January 1969, pp. 82-83, HSTL. Cabell Phillips, a historian of the Truman Presidency, has observed that Truman had to rely heavily on recommendations for appointments because he lacked a "broad acquaintance among the nation's elite" (Phillips, The Truman Presidency: The History of a Triumphant Succession [New York: Macmillan, 1966], (144). [BACK]

7. Democratic National Committee, press release, 7 October 1953, in folder "Louchheim, Mrs. Katie," box 149, DNC papers, LBJL. I am indebted to James Sundquist for his recollections of India Edwards. [BACK]

8. India Edwards, Pulling No Punches: Memoirs of a Woman in Politics (New York: Putnam, 1977), 173. [BACK]

9. Keesling and Cavanagh, "Women Presidential Appointees." See G. Calvin MacKenzie, The Politics of Presidential Appointments (New York: Free Press, 1981), 12-14, for a discussion of the importance Truman attached to loyalty. [BACK]

10. Harry S. Truman, Memoirs (New York: Doubleday, 1955), 1:161; Stephen Hess, Organizing the Presidency (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1976), chap. 3; Transcript, Clayton Fritchey Oral History Interview, 1 July 1960, pp. 42-43, HSTL; Edwards, Pulling No Punches , 144ff.; Katie Louchheim, By the Political Sea (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1970), 270; Cornelius P. Cotter and Bernard Hennessy, Politics Without Power: The National Party Committees (New York: Atherton Press, 1964), 82, 84; MacKenzie, Politics of Presidential Appointments , 11-15. [BACK]

11. New York Herald Tribune , 20 November 1949, clipping, in folder "Women Voters," box 105, DNC papers, LBJL; Edwards, Pulling No Punches , 177, 186-187. [BACK]

12. India Edwards to Harry S. Truman, 14 October 1949, in folder "General Correspondence, 1949," India Edwards papers, HSTL. [BACK]

13. Diary of Eben A. Ayers, 14 September 1945, HSTL, (quoted in part in Robert J. Donovan, Conflict and Crisis: The Presidency of Harry S. Truman, 1945-1948 (New York: Norton, 1977), 27. [BACK]

14. Transcript, India Edwards Oral History Interview, 16 January 1969, pp. 84-85, HSTL. [BACK]

15. Harry Truman to India Edwards, 6 October 1949, in folder "General Correspondence, 1949," box 2, India Edwards papers, HSTL. [BACK]

16. Martin Binkin and Shirley J. Bach, Women and the Military (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1977), 11-12; Department of Defense, press release, 11 August 1951, in folder "Press releases, DNC," box 3, India Edwards papers, HSTL; Mae Sue Talley, Highlights of the DACOWITS: 25 Years of Service to the Department of Defense (Washington, D.C.: Department of Defense, 1976), 1-3; Defense Advisory Committee on Women in the Services, minutes, 25th Anniversary Meeting, 14-18 November 1976, Washington, D.C., "DACOWITS, 1951-1976," D7. [BACK]

17. George H. Gallup, The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion, 1935-1971 (New York: Random House, 1972), vol. 1: 1935-1948 , pp. 322, 548-549, 659, vol. 2: 1949-1958 , pp. 837, 861; Edwin Coover, "Status and Role Change Among Women in the United States, 1940-1970: A Quantitative Approach" (Ph.D. diss., University of Minnesota, 1973), chap. 6. [BACK]

18. Keesling and Cavanagh, "Women Presidential Appointees," 25-31; President's Commission on the Status of Women, transcript of the meeting of 2 October 1962, Washington, D.C., pp. 252-253, PCSW papers (Washington, D.C.); New York Times , 28 September 1952; "Women Listed in Government Organization Manual in Appointive Positions," in folder "Political Executives--United States," FE papers, PCSW. [BACK]

19. E. Stevenson to Dr. Rosamonde Ramsay Boyd, 30 August 1952, in folder "Presidential Campaign 1952," box 2, India Edwards papers, HSTL. [BACK]

20. American Association of University Women, statement, 18 September 1952, Portland statement, 7 October 1952, and Katherine Howard to "Co-worker," 24 October 1952, all attached to Katherine Howard to General Eisenhower, Governor Adams, Mr. Hauge, 29 October 1952, in folder "Letter to Women Leaders from Katherine Howard, October 24, 1952," box 6, Stephen Benedict papers, DDEL; "Campaign Statements of Dwight D. Eisenhower: A Reference Index," 277-281, DDEL. [BACK]

21. Mrs. Charles W. Weis, Jr., to Hugh Scott, 11 January 1953, in folder "1936 (Women, 1952-53)," box 1058, WHGF, DDEL. [BACK]

22. "Republican 'balance sheet' (as of December 1952)," Max Rabb to Governor Adams, 3 January 1953, in folder "109-A-1 1952-53(1)," box 476, DDEL; Independent Woman , January 1953, 7, March, 1953, cover. Hobby resigned in July, 1955. [BACK]

23. MacKenzie, Politics of Presidential Appointments , 14-21. [BACK]

24. Wes Roberts to Governor Adams, 4 March 1953, in folder "136 (women 1952-53)," box 1058, WHGF, DDEL. [BACK]

25. Bertha Adkins entered political life after a career in college administration. Following a tenure as dean at Western Maryland College and Bradford Junior College, she became Republican National Committeewoman for the State of Maryland in 1948. In March 1950 the committee chose her to assume the post of executive director of the Women's Division of the RNC, and in January 1953 she was promoted to the post of assistant chairman of the committee and director of the programs for women's activities. Republican National Committee, "Miss Bertha S. Adkins," September 1956, biography file, SL; Transcript, Bertha Adkins Oral History Interview (Columbia University Oral History Project), 18 December 1967, pp. 1-5. [BACK]

26. Republican National Committee, press release, 30 July 1953, in folder "General Correspondence, 1953-54," box 2, India Edwards papers, HSTL. [BACK]

27. Washington [D.C.] Post and Times Herald , 30 May 1956, clipping, in folder "Louchheim, Mrs. Katie," box 149, DNC papers, LBJL. [BACK]

28. Newsweek , 9 May 1955, 30-32, clipping, in folder "Women, General," box 105, DNC papers, LBJL. [BACK]

29. White House, press release, 25 October 1956, reel 103, NWP papers (microfilm ed.); Independent Woman , October 1956, 3, 4, 34; Transcript, Bertha Adkins Oral History Interview, (Columbia University Oral History Project), 18 December 1967, pp. 46, 50. [BACK]

30. Wheaton herself found out only that morning. Transcript, Anne Wheaton Oral History Interview, (Columbia University Oral History Project), 31 January 1968; New York Times , 4 April 1957; Washington [D.C.] Post and Times Herald , 4 April 1957, WBOF. [BACK]

31. Republican National Committee, press release, 16 August 1958, in folder "109-A-1 Women 1958," box 477, WHGF, DDEL. [BACK]

32. Keesling and Cavanagh, "Women Presidential Appointees," 28-36; "Women Listed in Government Organization Manual in Appointive Positions," in folder "Political Executives—United States," FE papers, PCSW; Republican National Committee, bulletin, 16 July 1961, in folder ''Top women in government,'' Esther Peterson papers (in Peterson's possession); "Analysis of appointments of top women," n.d. [August, 1962], in folder "White House, 1962-63," box "Political (Dem. Campaigns)," Esther Peterson papers, SL. [BACK]

34. Mary Anderson, Woman at Work: The Autobiography of Mary Anderson as told to Mary N. Winslow (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1951), 183-184. [BACK]