1. See Pierre Maxime Schuhl, Machinisme et Philosophie (3d ed.; Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1969). Jean Pierre Vernant, "Remarques sur les formes et les limits de la pensée technique chez les Grecs," Revue d'Histoire des Sciences et de leurs Applications 12 (1957): 205-225 (translated in his Myth and Thought Among the Greeks [London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1983]); and Bertrand Gille, Les Mécaniciens Grecs: La Naissance de la Technologie (Paris: Seuil, 1980). [BACK]

2. Alex Keller, "Mathematical Technologies and the Growth of the Idea of Technical Progress in the Sixteenth Century," Science, Medicine and Society in the Renaissance: Essays to Honor Walter Pagel (New York: Neal Watson, 1972), 11-27. [BACK]

3. William Eamon, "Technology as Magic in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance," Janus 70 (1983): 171-212. [BACK]

4. William Giblert, De Magnete [On the Magnet], trans. Silvanus P. Thompson (London: Chistwick Press, 1900), ii, verso. [BACK]

5. John L. Heibron, Elements of Early Modern Physics (Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 1982), 17 et seq . [BACK]

6. Gérard Simon, "Les machines au XVIIe siècle: Usage, typologie, résonances symboliques," Revue des Sciences Humaines 58 (1982): 9-31. [BACK]

7. Lén Brunschvicg, L'Expérience Humaine et la Causalité Physique (Paris: Félix Alcan, 1922); and Leszek Kolakowski, The Alienation of Reason: A History of Positivist Thought (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1968). [BACK]

8. Lavoisier and Laplace, Memoir on Heat , trans. Henry Guerlac (New York: Neal Watson, 1982). [BACK]

9. Frederic Lawrence Holmes, Lavoisier and the Chemistry of Life: An Exploration of the Scientific Creativity (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985). [BACK]

10. Roger Hahn, "Laplace and the Mechanistic Universe," in God and Nature: Historical Essays on the Encounter between Christianity and Science (Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 1986), 256-276. [BACK]

11. See Laplace's unpublished correspondence with Le Sage and Prévost listed in Roger Hahn, Calendar of the Correspondence of Pierre Simon Laplace (Berkeley: Office for History of Science and Technology, 1982). [BACK]

12. quoted in Hahan, "Laplace and the Mechanistic Universe," 268-269. [BACK]

13. G. June Goodfield, The Growth of Scientific Physiology (London: Hutchinson, 1960). [BACK]

14. Roger Hahn, "Science in the Early 19th Century: Another Views," Acta Historiae Rerum Naturalium Necnon Technicarum , special issue 13 (1981): 59-74; Frederick Gregory, Scientific Materialism in Nineteenth-Century Germany (Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1977); Timothy Lenoir, The Strategy of Life: Teleology and Machanics in Nineteenth-Century German Biology (Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1982); and John E. Lesch, Science and Medicine in France: The Emergence of Experimental Physiology, 1790-1855 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1984) break [BACK]

15. Nikhil Bhattacharya, "Knowledge 'per caussas': Vico's Theory of Natural Science," in Giorgio Tagliacozzo, ed., Vico: Past and Present (Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press, 1981), I: 182-197; and the articles by Badaloni, Belaval, and Berlin in Giorgio Tagliacozzo and Hayden v. White, eds., Giambattista Vico: An International Symposium (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1969). [BACK]

16. Emil Du Bois-Reymond, Ueber die Grenzen des Naturerkennens: Die sieben Welträthesel (2d ed.; Leipzig: Von Veit, 1884); aslo in his Vorträage über Philosophie und Gesellschaft , ed. Siegfried Wollgast (Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1974). break [BACK]