Index
A
Abenaki, 104
Abert, J. W.: "Journal from Bent's Fort to St. Louis in 1845," 91 , 97 , 175 , 275
Adair, Mary, 139
Adobe Walls, 94
Aldred, Alexandra, 266 , 274 -277
Algonquin, 64 , 71
Alienation: on American frontier, 2 , 7
and attraction to religious ritual, 6 -7
Alott, Gordon, 259
Althusser, Louis, 105
Alvarez, Manuel, 128 , 203 , 208
American Fur Company, 27 , 96 , 202 , 203
Anasazi-Pueblo, 102 , 193 ;
trade with Plains Indians, 109 , 111
Ancestors: ritual reenactment of actions, 24 , 138 ;
veneration as result of human neoteny, 23 , 83 , 164 , 246 -247, 281 -282
Anglo-Americans: alienation, 6 -7;
conflict with Native Americans in Southwest, 31 , 234 -238;
evangelical religiosity, 6 -7, 4 -9;
mythology of entrepreneur, 197 ;
mythology of the West, 86 ;
nostalgia for Native American culture, 85 -88;
trading practices, 28 -29, 144
Anomie, 46 , 82 , 217 , 278 ;
among the sub-proletariat, 55 ;
among those excluded from high-grid, low-group societies, 46 -47
Anthony, Scott J., 238
Anthropology: cognitive, 70 -71
Apache, 9 , 14 , 81 , 120 ;
Mescalero, 81
Arapaho, 8 , 9 ;
acquisition of horse, 109 ;
alliance with Cheyenne, 109 ;
ancestral home, 107 ;
benefits of trade with Bent & St. Vrain, 121 ;
difficulty adapting to sedentary. life, 234 ;
disenfranchisement by Treaty of Fort Wise, 232 ;
early resistance to American traders, 11 , 13 , 116 -117;
1863 delegation to Washington, 234 -235;
fictive kinship relation to Bent's Fort traders, 14 , 155 ;
hostility toward Anglos after Sand Creek, 31 ;
intertribal conflict of 1850s, 229 -230;
middleman role in southwestern trade, 111 , 155 ;
relocation to Oklahoma, 16 , 31 , 243 ;
Siberian ancestry. of, 65 ;
trade with Pueblo, 109 ;
trade with Spanish, 11 , 13 ;
Treaty of Fort Laramie, 227 -228
Archaeology, 56 -62;
and language, 60
Archuleta, Diego, 15 , 161
Arikira, 116 ;
Treaty of Fort Laramie, 227 -228
Armijo, Manuel, 15 , 161 -162, 210
Army of the West, 15 , 102
Assiniboin, 142 ;
Treaty of Fort Laramie, 227 -228
Astor, John Jacob, 114 , 202
Auguste, Charles, 199
Australian aborigines, 76
Axis mundi, 3 -4, 25 -27, 71 , 72 , 282 -283;
Sun Dance pole as, 25 -26
B
Babitt, Almon W., 230
Baker, Bob, 255
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 190
Barclay, Alexander, 174 ., 186 , 275
Barclay's Fort, 174 ,
Barlow-Sanderson Overland Mail and Express Company, 258
Barthes, Roland, 178
Battle of Glorietta Pass, 233 -234
Battle of Washita, 243
Baugh, Timothy, 102 , 111
Beaubien, Charles, 161 , 203
Beckworth, Jim, 141 , 242
Bent, Charles, 7 , 92 , 125 , 161 ;
appointment as governor of New Mexico Territory, 15 , 287n 20;
assassination by Mexican revolutionaries, 15 , 125 ;
Masonic ties, 210 , 214 ;
personality, 208 -210;
political contacts, 207 , 214 , 220 ;
portrait of, 209 ;
role in overthrow of Mexican government, 185 , 186 , 207 , 219
Bent, Charles (son of William), 237 , 238 , 240 , 244
Bent, George, 92 , 94 , 186 ;
marriage to Cheyenne woman, 206
Bent, George (son of William), 231 -232, 237 -238, 239 , 240 -241, 244 , 307n 24
Bent, Julia (Guerrier), 237 , 238 , 240 , 244 , 254 ., 276 -277
Bent, Juliannah, 254
Bent, Mary (Moore), 237 , 243
Bent, Robert, 56 , 92 , 124 , 171 , 186
Bent, Robert (son of William), 238
Bent, Silas Jr., 141 , 204
Bent, Silas Sr., 204 .
Bent, William, 7 , 92 , 185 , 230 ;
abandonment of Bent's Old Fort, 16 , 125 -126, 195 -196, 226 -227;
attack on Shoshoni, 123 -124, 206 ;
construction of Bent's New Fort, 93 , 126 , 228 ;
death, 243 ;
defense of Native American population, 8 ;
family background, 204 ;
as Indian agent, 231 , 232 ;
kinship ties with Plains Indians, 204 -207;
marriage to Owl Woman, 14 , 123 , 206 ;
marriage to Yellow Woman, 206 ;
photograph of, 205 ;
removal of children from Southwest, 237
Bent & St. Vrain Company, 27 ;
agreement with American Fur Company, 96 , 155 , 203 ;
"Big Man" culture, 220 -221;
buffalo robe trade, 115 , 117 ;
disruption of activities after Mexican War, 125 -126;
dissolution, 93 , 125 ;
financial success, 102 , 172 ;
formation of partnership, 92 , 215 ;
map of trading empire, 95 ;
peacemaking efforts between Plains tribes, 124 -125;
relationship with Cheyenne and Arapaho, 122 -125;
smaller trading posts, 94 , 155 ;
social networks as circuits of power, 198 ;
ties to fraternal organizations, 210 , 214 ;
trading strategy, 93 -94
Bentham, Jeremy, 79 ;
"deep play," 49 , 79 ;
panopticon, 167 -170
Benton, Thomas Hart, 161 , 185 , 186 , 224
Bent's New Fort (Big Timbers), 93 , 126 , 228
Bent's Old Fort, 27 -28;
advancement of federal agenda, 30 , 185 ;
aerial view of excavated foundation, 100 ;
axis mundi of, 207 ;
as calcified ritual, 90 ;
calumet ceremony at, 138 ;
cholera epidemic, 195 -196, 223 , 226 ;
class hierarchy, 90 , 172 -174, 177 ;
design and construction, 96 -101, 171 ;
dimensions, 96 -98;
drawing of, 91 ;
earthenware used, 178 -182, 303n 39, 304n 57;
eating arrangements, 177 -178, 182 -183;
eating implements, 184 -185;
effect on balance of power in southwestern Plains, 7 , 15 ;
establishment of fictive kinship relations with Europeans, 29 , 31 ;
establishment of fictive kinship relations with Native Americans, 29 , 30 -31;
establishment of trade alliances with Native Americans, 11 , 20 , 28 , 30 ;
feudal role, 14 -15, 172 ;
firearms at, 149 ;
gambling at, 176 ;
"Golden Years," 185 -186;
location of, 11 ;
map of location, 12 ;
as model of modern ideology., 90 , 162 , 252 -253;
modern reconstruction of, 32 -33, 57 ;
as panopticon, 30 , 170 -175, 185 , 188 -189, 195 ;
persistence of ritual in modern form, 32 , 253 ;
plan view of first level, 98 ;
plan view of second level, 99 ;
pollution, 194 -195;
renovation of in early 1840s, 186 ;
rituals associated with, 22 , 30 , 173 , 194 , 253 , 281 ;
role in new ideology), of New Mexico Territory, 20 , 253 ;
salaries of personnel, 172 -173;
tea servings, 181 -182;
topography, 2 ;
trade goods, 154 -155;
trading area, 14 ;
trash deposits, 191 -193, 194 -195, 303n 39, 304n 57;
zaguan , 173
Bent's Old Fort Historical Association, 268 ;
page from sales catalog, 270
Bent's Old Fort National Historic Site, 186 , 253 ;
designation as, 259 , 309n 17;
ethnically diverse staff of, 266 ;
general management plan (GMP), 265 , 267 , 268 ;
local input to interpretation, 266 -268;
perpetuation of panopticism, 256 ;
planning process for, 261 -265;
portrayal of minority. group roles in interpretive program, 274 -276;
reenactment of historic events, 254 -256, 257 -258, 268 -277;
visitor characteristics, 274 ;
year of representation, 263
Berkhofer, Robert, 259 , 260
Bernard Pratte and Company, 199
Berne, Eric, 248 -249
Bernstein, Basil, 53 , 70
Berthrong, Donald, 67 , 228 , 234
Big Horn Medicine Wheel, 278 -279;
illustrated, 43
Big Timbers (Bent's New Fort), 93 , 126 , 228
Billington, Ray Allen, 106 , 127
Black Elk, 283
Blackfoot: myths of the horse, 150 -151
Black Kettle, 239 , 242 , 243
Blakeslee, Donald, 109 , 138
Boggs, Lilbum, 254
Boggs, William, 175
Boone, Albert G., 175 , 232
Bourdieu, Pierre, 53 -35,183 -184, 282
Bowen, Murray, 83
Branch, Alexander, 203
Branch, Louisa (St. Vrain), 203
Brandon, William, 85 ;
Quivira , 105
Brewer, John, 213 , 214
Brulé Sioux, 229
Buffalo robes: as currency in trade relations, 155 -156
The Builder,210
Bull Hump, 206
Burley, David, 151 -152
Burshears, Buck, 272
C
Caddoe: 1863 delegation to Washington, 235
Calcified ritual, 22 , 29 -30, 90
Calumet ceremony, 109 , 110 , 112 , 129 , 138 , 281
Cames, Mark C.: Secret Ritual and Manhood in Victorian America,50 , 211 , 212 , 213
Carondelet, Baron de, 13 , 109 , 113 , 199
Carroll, John A., 259
Carson, Kit, 16 , 28 , 102 , 174 -175, 182
marriages, 123 , 206 ;
social position in fort, 172
Catlinite, 74
Celestial archetypes: in traditional societies, 35 , 36
Ceramics, 303n 38, 304n 48;
and ritual behavior, 151 -152;
used at Bents Old Fort, 178 -182
Chamberlain, Ike, 149
Champlain, Jean Baptiste, 13 , 116
Chaos: association with unknown, 244 -245;
transformation of through ritual, 24
Cheetham, F. T., 210 -212
Chenoweth, J. Edgar, 259
Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company, 190
Cheyenne, 8 , 9 ;
alcohol use, 140 -141;
alliance with Arapaho, 109 ;
ancestral home, 74 , 107 ;
benefits of trade with Bent & St. Vrain, 121 ;
buffalo in culture, 74 ;
cholera epidemic among, 226 ;
contraries (Crazy Dogs), 79 ;
difficulty adopting to sedentary. life, 234 ;
disenfranchisement by Treaty of Fort Wise, 232 ;
Dog Soldiers, 242 , 292n 14;
early resistance to American traders, 11 , 13 , 116 -117;
1863 delegation to Washington, 234 -235;
embedded position in emerging modemity, 55 , 250 ;
escalating violence with U.S. military, 229 , 230 -231;
fictive kinship relation to Bent's Fort traders, 14 , 35 -36, 155 , 204 -207;
horses in culture, 78 , 109 ;
hostility toward Anglos after Sand Creek, 31 , 242 ;
inter-tribal conflict of 1850s, 229 -230;
medicine wheels, 41 , 42 , 43 ;
and meteor shower of 1833, 34 ;
middleman role in southwestern trade, 111 , 155 ;
migrations 1673-1869, 108ill ;
mythology, 35 , 71 , 292 n 14;
relocation to Oklahoma, 16 , 31 , 243 ;
ritual based on astronomical calendar, 41 -43;
Siberian ancestry, 64 , 65 , 71 -72;
starvation and disease of 1850s, 228 ;
tobacco's role in trade rituals, 74 ;
trade with Europeans, 11 ;
trade with Pueblo, 109 ;
Treaty of Fort Laramie, 227 -228. See also Sun Dance
Chivington, John M., 233 -234, 238 -240, 244
Chivington Massacre, 233
Cholera epidemic of 1849, 195 -196, 223 , 226
Chouteau, Augustc, 204
Christianity, 45 , 216
Civil War: on southwestern Plains, 233 -234
Clark, William, 140
Clifford, James, 70 , 77
Clinton, William, 40
Coffee, Holland, 121
Cognitive anthropology, 70 -71
Colley, S. G., 234 -235
Colonialism, 51 -52
Colorado Territory: Confederate Army invasion of, 233 ;
conflict between Anglos and Native Americans, 234 -238;
friction with federal government after Sand Creek, 241 -242
Comanche: change in relations with Mexico, 120 ;
1863 delegation to Washington, 234 -235;
horses in culture, 9 ;
hostilities with Americans after Mexican War, 125 , 223 ;
hostility toward Bent & St. Vrain, 124 -125, 171 ;
intertribal conflict of 1850s, 229 -230;
Treaty of Fort Laramie, 228
Commodities: vs. gifts, 28 , 132 . See also Trade goods
Confucianism, 45 -46
Contraries (Crazy Dogs), 79
Counting coup, 72 -73, 235
Craigen, F. W., 149
Cronen, William: Changes in the Land,105
Crosby, Alfred, 104 .
Crow, 84 ;
intertribal conflict of 1850s, 230 ;
Treaty of Fort Laramie, 227 -228
Cultural hegemony, 308n 7;
and annexation of Southwest, 249 -250
Culture: defined, 20 -21, 282 ;
and identity, 22 -33;
of modernity, 166 ;
of shared values and beliefs, 166
Custer, George Armstrong, 243
D
Dances with Wolves,85
Dary, David: Entrepreneurs of the Old West,198
Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR): dedication of historical marker at Bent's Old Fort, 258
de Acosta, Joseph, 104
de Morfi, Fr. Juan Augustin, 11 , 21
de Mun, Jules, 113
Dog Soldiers, 242 , 292n 14
Douglas, Mary, 22 , 29 , 88 , 135 ;
on egocentered societies, 83 -84, 173 , 220 ;
on evangelicalism, 253 , 271
Durkheim, Emile, 51 , 84 , 135 , 257 ;
Division of Labor,138 ;
on mechanical solidarity, 137 , 166 , 291n 13;
on sentiment as response to ritual, 49 , 68 , 137 , 289 n 19, 291n 23
E
Eating: as ritual behavior, 184
Eddy, John, 278 , 279
Eliade, Mircea, 244 -245;
on celestial archetypes in traditional cultures, 35 , 36 ;
"imago mundi," 4 ;
on initiation rituals, 49 -50, 215 ;
on irreducibility of religion, 50 -51;
The Myth of the Eternal Return,188 ;
on ritual, 138 ;
on secret societies, 216 ;
terra incognita,2 ;
"terror of history," 36 , 213 -214;
on traditional cultures, 36 ;
on yearning for paradise, 84 , 194
El Niños Heroicas,160
Encomieda system, 114 -115
Erie Canal, 189
Evangelicalism, 6 -7, 49 , 253 , 271
Evans, John, 236 -237, 239
Ewers, John C.: The Horse in Blackfoot Indian Culture,150 -151
Exchange: ritual nature of among Plains Indians, 21 -22, 28 , 109 -111, 129 -130, 142 -143, 155 , 222 ;
in traditional societies, 135 -136, 137 , 142 . See also Trade
F
Farnham, Thomas J., 175
Farrer, Claire, 81
Feuerbach, Ludwig, 38
Fictive kinship, 5 ;
as basis for trade in southwestern Plains, 14 , 21 -22, 28 , 30 -31, 35 -36, 109 -111, 155 -159, 204 -207;
rituals of, 74 , 138 ;
role of in traditional societies, 28 -29, 222
Field, Matthew, 96 , 175
Fitzhugh, William, 28
Fitzpatrick, Thomas, 102 , 125 , 224 , 228
Fleming, Hugh B., 228 , 229
Fletcher, Alice C., 109
Forsyth, John Robert, 97
Fort George, 94
Fort Jackson, 96 , 203
Fort Laramie: treaty talks with Plains Indians, 227 -228
Fort Lupron, 174 .
Fort Mann, 225
Fort Pierre, 96
Fort St. Vrain, 94
Fort Union, 96 , 172
Foucault, Michel: The Archaeology of Knowledge , 56 -57, 59 ;
on culture of discipline, 166 -167, 175 , 193 , 218 , 291n 13;
definition of discourse, 290n 40
Fox, 230
Fraternal organizations, 50 , 210 , 211 ;
functions of, 213 -214;
in nineteenth century U.S., 211 -212, 216 ;
origins of, 213
Frazier, James: The Golden Bough , 25 -26
Freud, Sigmund: and connection between archaeology and meaning, 60 ;
The Future of an Illusion,49
Frontier: alienation on, 2 , 7 ;
concept of, 3 , 6 ;
danger of, 217
Fugitive ritual, 23 , 72 , 144 , 247 , 283 ;
counting coup as, 72 -73
Functionalism, 44
Furst, Peter, 140
Fur trade: American entry. into, 115 -117;
cessation of U.S. factory system, 116 , 118 ;
Spanish efforts in, 113 -115
G
Gadsden Purchase, 17
Gantt, John, 122 -123, 123 -124, 140 , 141 , 206
Garrard, Lewis H,: Wah-to-yah and the Taos Trail , 110 , 175
Gay, Peter, 60
Geertz, Clifford, 48 , 74 , 187 ;
on Christianity, 216 ;
on deep play, 49 , 79 -80;
on religion and ideology, 247 -248;
on significance of circle to Oglala Sioux, 280
Gell-Mann, Murray, 21
General management plan (GMP), 263 -265
"Gendeman's Cabin" (ceramic pattern), 180 -181
Geomancy, 75
Ghost Dance, 131
Giddens, Anthony, 52 -53, 131 ,257, 288n 7;
theory of structuration, 164 -165
Gifts: vs. commodities, 28 , 132 ;
in traditional societies, 135 -136
Gill, Frances, 134 .
Gilpin, William, 225
Gimwali , 137
Glorietta Pass, Battle of, 233 -234
Gold Rush of 1849: effect on Plains Indians, 226
Gould, Stephen Jay, 61 -62, 83
Gramsci, Antonio, 249 , 308n 7
Gratten, John L., 229
Gregg, Josiah, 147 , 176
Grimsley, Thornton, 185
Grinnell, George Bird, 66 , 100 -101, 279 ;
By Cheyenne Campfires,78 -79
Gros Ventres, 142
Guerrier, Bill, 276
Guerrier, Edward, 276
Guerrier, Julia Bent (daughter of William), 237 , 238 , 240 , 244 , 254 , 276 -277
H
Hafen, LeRoy R., 259
Hallowell, A. Irving, 87 -88
Hanke, Lewis, 106 -107
Hanson, Charles E. Jr., 145
Harland, Richard, 133
Harney, William S., 229 , 230
Harris, Marvin, 298n 15
Hempstead, Edward L., 177
Hermeneutics, 71
Hidatsa, 142
High-grid, low-group societies, 85 -84, 173 , 220 ;
anomie in, 46 -47;
evangelical fervor in, 271 ;
formation of on southwestern Plains, 22 ;
risk in, 48 -49
Hill, Donald, 255 , 266 , 274
Hispanics. See Mexico; New Mexico; Spanish
History: as mythology of modern world, 260 -261;
role of values and belief systems in, 251
Hodder, Ian, 153 ;
"Post-Modernism, Post-Structuralism, and Post-Processual Archaeology," 163 -164
Homeland, concept of, 3 -4
Homestead Act of 1862, 57
Howard, Phyllis, 275
Hungate, Nathan Ward, 236
Hungate Affair, 236 -237
Hunt, William J., 148
Huron, 64 .
Hyde, George, 239
I
Identity: and culture, 22 -33;
in ego-centered societies, 83 -84;
and individualism, 45 -49;
in panoptic society., 170 ;
socially defined nature of, 157 ;
struggle for in nineteenth century., 215 , 217
Ideology, 247 -249;
and religion, 246 -247, 256 -247
Individualism: in high-grid, low-group societies, 83 -84, 173 ;
and identity., 45 -49;
in Plains Indian culture, 84 ;
and ritual, 32 , 167
Indlviduation, 50
Industrialization, 189 -190
Iroquois, 153
Isaac, Rhys: The Transformation of Virginia,165 , 176 -177, 187 , 253 , 271
J
Jablow, Joseph: The Cheyenne in Plains Indian Trade Relations, 1795-1840, 138 , 142
Johnson, Hildegard Binder, 57 -58
Jorgensen, Joseph G., 65
Jung, Carl, 50 , 88
K
Kearny, Stephen, 15 , 102 , 160 , 161 , 162 , 186
Kennedy, John F., 40
Ketcharm, H. T., 235 -236
Kinship. See Fictive kinship
Kiowa-Apache, 9 , 14 , 223 , 226 ;
breaking of ties with Comanche, 125 ;
change in relations with Mexico, 120 ;
early resistance to American traders, 13 ;
1863 delegation to Washington, 234 -235;
intertribal conflict of 1850s, 229 -230;
relations with Bent & St. Vrain, 124 , 125 ;
trade with Spanish, 13 ;
Treaty of Fort Laramie, 228
Koshare Indian Dancers, 272 , 273
Kula ring, 136 -137
L
La Barre, Weston, 88 , 140
Lamar, Howard R., 161 , 176
Language, 163 ;
and archaeology, 60
Las Casas, Bartolomé de, 107
Lavender, David, 27 -28, 96 , 211
Lawrence, D. H., 88
LeCompte, Janet, 92 , 122 , 140 , 141 , 174
Leg-in-the-Water, 242
Leone, Mark P., 105 , 186 -188;
"Time in American Archaeology," 248
Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 28 , 37 ;
The Raw and the Cooked,86 -87
Lewis, Oscar: The Ejects of White Contact upon Blackfoot Culture, 142
Leyenda Negra ("Black Legend"), 105
Limens (thresholds), 80
Lincoln, Abraham, 235
Lisa, Manuel, 13 , 116 , 177
Little Robe, 242
Little Thunder, 229
Lodge, Henry, 174
Lost Generation, 2 -3, 6
Louis Dog, 146
Louisiana Purchase, 11
Lowell, Frances Cabot, 190
Lowie, Robert, 84
Lupton, Lancaster, 174
Luziere, Pierre Charles de Hault dc Lassus de, 198 -199
Lyotard, François, 38 , 56 ;
and connection between archaeology and language, 60
M
Magoffin, James, 15 , 161 -162
Magoffin, Samuel, 161
Magoffin, Susan Shelby: Down the Santa ire Trail and Into New Mexico,161 , 175 -176, 183 , 275
Malinowski, Bronislaw: Argonauts of the Western Pacific,136 -137
Mandan, 111
Manifest Destiny, 17 , 224 , 260
Männerbunde, 216
Marcy, William L., 162
Market economy: role of wealth in, 28
Martinez, Padre, 16 , 185 , 212
Marx, Karl, 38
Masons, 31 , 210 , 211 , 212 , 213 , 214
Material culture, 163 ;
and meaning, 164 -166;
ritualistic use of by modernizing societies, 186 -189
Mauss, Marcel, 28 , 221 ;
on exchange in traditional societies, 135 -136, 137 , 142 ;
The Gift, 135
Maya: concern with numbers and time, 43 , 45 ;
observation apparatus, 42 -43
McKinney, Thomas L., 144
Mechanical solidarity, 137 , 166 , 291n 13
Medicine pole (Sun Dance pole), 25 -26, 65 , 68 , 71 , 73 -74
Medicine wheels, 41 , 278 -280;
illustrated, 42 , 43
Mescalero Apache, 81
Metaphor, 163
Metis, 151 -152
Mexican War, 15 -16, 160 ;
comparison to Vietnam War, 20 ;
El Ninos[*] Heroicas, 160 ;
in New Mexico Territory, 15 , 18 , 160 -162
Mexico: indepcndence from Spain, 13 , 117 ;
relations with Plains Indians after independence, 120 -122;
revolt against
American occupation of New Mexico territory, 15 -16;
and Santa Fe Trail trade, 117 -119
Midewiwin, 64
Miller, Daniel: Material Culture and Mass Consumption,28
Milner, George R, 156
Miniconjous Sioux, 228 -229
Minnitaree: Treaty. of Fort Laramie, 227 -228
Missouri Company, 109
Missouri Fur Company, 13
Mitchell, D. D., 227
Modernism: debunking of myths, 6 , 281
Modernity: adoption of in New Mexico Territory, 18 -19, 128 , 219 , 252 ;
Bent's Old Fort as model of, 90 , 162 , 252 -253;
culture of, 166 ;
Sun Dance as response to alienation of, 78 -82
Modern societies: attempts to reclaim identity in, 45 ;
burden of, 45 ;
construction of reality in, 36 -37;
defined, 287n 31;
distinction between religion and ideology, 246 -247, 256 -257;
history as mythology in, 260 -261;
ideological basis in capitalism and individualism, 163 ;
obsession with time, 40 -41;
power of, 53 ;
relation to traditional societies, 77 ;
ritual in, 32 , 45 -49, 49 -51,197 -198, 281 -282, 283 ;
ritual use of material culture, 186 -189;
and romantic love, 52 -53;
surrogate royalty in, 24
Mooney, James, 74
Moore, Craig, 276
Moore, Jackson W., 191
Moore, Mary Bent, 237 , 243
Moore, R. M., 243
Mwali, 136
Mythology, 24 ;
of American creation, 3 ;
history as, 260 -261;
as realm of sacred, 36 ;
and ritual, 70 , 71 , 138 , 257
N
National Park Service: environmental impact statement (EIS), 265 ;
general management plans (GMPs), 265 -265;
reconstructions, 261 -262
Native Americans: and alcohol use, 140 -142;
early trade with Europeans, 103 -105;
effects of participating in trade, 150 -131;
formation and loss of shared humanity with Europeans, 221 -223, 251 -252;
meaning of trade objects to, 132 ;
role of tobacco in rituals, 138 -140;
susceptibility to European disease, 104 -105;
tradition of shamanistic ecstasy, 140 , 141 -142;
use of beads, 153 . See also Plains Indians; specific tribes
Navajo: change in relations with Mexico, 120 ;
Navajo sing, 82
Neoteny, human, 23 , 83 , 170 , 249 ;
and ancestor veneration, 23 , 83 , 164 , 246 -247, 281 -282;
and ritual, 24
New Guinea: "Big Man" system, 84 , 220
New Mexico Territory, 55 ;
adoption of culture of modernity, 18 -19, 128 , 219 , 252 ;
destruction of existing social order, 128 -129;
effect of Native Americans on colonization, 9 -11;
U.S. attempts to secure, 223 -232;
welcome of trade with Americans, 117 -119;
withdrawal of Mexican army, 15 , 160 -162
Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, 1 , 38 , 163 , 178
Nihilism, 37 -58
Nineteenth century: breakdown of value and belief systems, 217 ;
fraternal organizations, 211 -212, 216 ;
struggle for identity in, 215 , 217
Nobel, John, 1 -2
Nostalgia: for Native American culture among Anglo Americans, 85 -88;
for paradise, 63 -64, 82 -83, 84 -85;
for past worlds, 39 -40;
ritual as expression of, 24 -25
O
Odd Fellows, 211
Oglala Sioux, 280 -281
Ojibway, 147
Ordinance of 1785, 57
Oregon Terntory, 17
Osage, 157 , 226 ;
intertribal conflict of 1850s, 230
Otto, John Solomon, 179
Owl Woman, 14 , 123 , 206 ;
marriage to William Bent, 14
Oxheheom, 66
P
Pacific Climatic Episode, 110 -111
Pahmap, 111
Panopticism, 30 , 170 ;
as belief system, 194 ;
and Bent's Old Fort, 30 , 170 -175, 185 , 188 -189, 195 ;
and Bent's Old Fort National Historic Site, 256 ;
origins of, 193 ;
sacralization of, 218 ;
on southwestern Plains, 217 -218
Panopticon, 167 -170
Paper, Jordan, 138
Parkman, Francis: The Oregon Trail , 175
Pawnee, 14 , 223 ;
cholera epidemic among, 226 ;
intertribal conflict of 1850s, 229 -230;
trade with Spanish, 13
Peace medals, 144 -145
Pecos, 111
Pelzer, William, 225
Perez, Albino, 210 -211
Performance theory, 71
Petuns, 64
Phenomenology, 71
Pike, Zebulon, 11 , 112
Pintupi Aborigines, 76
Plains Indians: adoption of values of capitalism and individualism, 128 , 130 , 155 -156, 252 ;
alcohol use, 140 -141;
anomie as result of loss of culture, 131 ;
Big Horn Medicine Wheel, 43 , 278 -280;
change in relations with Mexico, 120 -122;
cholera epidemic among, 226 ;
creation of culture, 251 -252;
degradation of ritual aspect of trade, 131 , 132 , 142 -144;
differences in wealth as effect of trade with Americans, 143 -144, 155 -156;
disenfranchisement by Treaty of Fort Wise, 232 ;
displacement from ancestral lands, 8 , 21 ;
early resistance to American traders, 11 , 13 , 116 -117;
ego-centered aspect of culture, 84 ;
escalating violence with U.S. military, 229 , 230 ;
fictive kinship relation to Bent's Fort traders, 14 , 21 -22, 28 , 35 -36, 155 -159;
firearms in culture, 148 -150;
horses in culture, 8 , 9 , 150 -151;
increase in warfare and raiding, 122 ;
increasing conflict with Anglos, 221 -223, 234 -238;
intertribal conflict of 1850s, 229 -230;
loss of meaningful way of living, 128 -129, 234 -235, 251 -252;
map of land occupation, 10 ;
pattern of land occupation, 9 , 14 ;
re-location to Oklahoma, 16 , 31 ;
ritual exchange, 21 -22, 28 , 109 -111, 129 -130, 142 -143, 155 , 222 ;
ritual role of central pole, 4 ;
role in annexation of Southwest, 20 ;
tobacco use during trade ("smoking over"), 110 , 112 , 129 , 138 ;
trade network, 109 -111;
trade with Spanish, 11 , 13 , 113 -115;
treaty talks with U.S. government, 227 -228;
use of beads, 153 . See also specific tribes ; Sun Dance
Plato: The Republic , 282
Pletcher, David M., 251
Polk, James, 15 , 161 -162
Pomo, 134
Postmodernism, 6 , 37 , 260 ;
defined, 56 ;
nihilistic strain, 37 -38
Poststructuralism: and meaning of trade goods, 133
Potawatomi, 230
Potomac Company, 190
Pratt, Mickey, 276
Pratte, Bernard, 96 , 199
Pratte, Bernard Jr., 200 , 204
Pratte, Chouteau and Company, 202
Pratte, Sylvestre, 200
Pre-emption Act of 1841, 57
Prentice, Guy, 133 -134, 298n 15
Protestantism, 167
Prucha, Frances Paul: Indian Peace Medals in American History , 144
Pueblo. See Anasazi-Pueblo
Puritans, 194
Pynchon, William, 147
R
Radcliff-Brown, A. R., 222
Radin, Paul: Primitive Man as a Philosopher , 280
Rappaport, Roy A.: Pigs for the Ancestors , 220
Religion: evangelicalism, 6 -7, 49 , 253 , 271 ;
and ideology, 246 -247, 256 -257;
irreducibility of, 50 -51;
ritual attraction of, 6 -7
Richmond, Harry, 239
Ritual, 22 , 23 , 60 , 247 , 253 ;
attraction of for alienated, 6 -7;
basis for, 23 -24;
calcified, 22 , 29 -30, 90 ;
and ceramics, 151 -152;
degraded, 144 ;
and caring, 184 ;
as expression of nostalgia, 24 -25;
and fictive kinship, 74 , 138 ;
fugitive, 23 , 72 -73, 144 , 247 , 283 ;
function in traditional societies, 43 -45;
and ideology, 247 ;
importance to world construction, 49 -55, 85 , 281 -282;
and individualism, 32 , 167 ;
of initiation, 49 -50, 215 ;
liminality of, 80 -82, 247 ;
and material culture, 164 -166, 186 -189;
and mythology, 70 , 71 , 138 , 257 ;
and neoteny, 24 ;
nonverbal aspects of, 23 , 71 , 257 ;
persistence of in modern environment, 32 , 44 -45, 49 -51, 197 -198, 253 , 281 -282, 283 ;
phases of as defined by
Turner, 80 -81;
and reconfiguration of symbol, 25 , 27 ;
as reenactment of ancestors' actions, 24 , 138 ;
and religion, 6 -7, 247 ;
and replication of primordial states, 138 , 257 ;
as return to paradise, 63 -64, 82 -83;
role in affirming relationships, 138 ;
role in transformation of Southwest, 247 ;
shaping of material world, 29 ;
of summer solstice, 81 ;
and trade, 132 , 142 ;
transformation of chaos through, 24
Ritual exchange: associated with Bent's Old Fort, 22 , 30 , 173 , 194 , 253 , 281 ;
nature of among Plains Indians, 21 -22, 28 , 109 -111, 129 -130, 142 -143, 155 , 222 ;
in Trobriand, 136 -137
Robidoux, Antoine, 121
Roe, Frank Gilbert: The Indian and the Horse , 9 , 150
Romantic love: as watershed between traditional and modern societies, 52 -53
Ruxton, George F., 175
S
Sac, 230
Sacco, Cathy, 263
Safer, Jane, 134
Sahlins, Marshall, 28 , 298n15
Said, Edward W.: Culture and Imperialism , 290n40
Sand Creek Massacre, 8 , 16 , 31 , 56 , 233 , 238 -241;
rupture of relations between Anglos and Native Americans, 241 , 242 , 244
Sandoval, David J., 119 , 252
Santa Anna, 210
Santa Fe Trail, 18 ;
attempts to pacify by U.S. government, 223 , 224 -225
Santa Fe Trail Association, 265
Sarpy & Fraeb, 96 , 203
Saussure, Ferdinand de, 132
Schama, Simon: Landscape and Memory , 26
Schilz, Thomas F., 147 , 150
Schlesier, Karl, 64 , 65 , 66 , 72 , 77
Scoyen, Eivind, 259
Secret societies, 215 -216
Sennett, Richard: Flesh and Stone , 27
Sentiment, 49 , 68 , 137 , 152 , 289 n 19, 291n 13
Sepulveda, Juan Gines de, 107
Service, Elman, 298n 15
Shadlow, Ann, 254 , 276 -277
Shamanism: and psychotropic drug use, 140 ;
in Siberian, 71 -72;
and tobacco use, 139
Sheridan, Philip Henry, 8 , 243
Sheridan Lake, 8
Shoshoni, 9 , 14 ;
Treaty of Fort Laramie, 227 -228
Simpson, George, 177
Sioux, 14 ;
Brulé, 229 ;
intertribal conflict of 1850s, 230 ;
Miniconjous, 228 -229;
Oglala, 280 -281;
Treaty of Fort Laramie, 227 -228;
Wounded Knee, 31
Six Civilized Tribes, 236
Skinner, Quentin, 167
Slater, Milo H., 149
Smith, Jack, 240
Smith, Peg-leg, 102
"Smoking over," 110 , 112 , 129 , 138
Sociology: and colonialism, 51 -52
Socrates, 38
Soulava , 136
Soule, Silas S., 242
South, Stanley, 182
Southwestern Plains: Civil War in, 233 -234;
cultural transformation of ("world formation"), 1 , 16 -22, 221 , 247 ;
defined, 285n 2;
effect of Bent's Old Fort on balance of power, 7 , 15 ;
fictive kinship as basis for trade in, 14 , 21 -22, 28 , 30 -31, 35 -36, 109 -111, 155 -159, 204 -207;
formation of high-grid, low-group society, 22 ;
gold rush, 231 -232;
landscape, 1 ;
panopticism and secret societies, 217 -218;
prehistoric trade networks, 102 -103;
role of cultural hegemony in annexation of, 249 -250;
role of value and belief systems in annexation, 251See also New Mexico Territory
Spanish: attempt to increase fur trade with Plains Indians, 113 -114;
introduction of horse to plains, 9 ;
motivations for occupation of New World, 105 -107;
resistance to American encroachment in Southwest, 11 -13, 112 -113
Spier, Leslie, 64 , 66
Spradley, James, 70
Stanford, Dennis, 65
St. Vrain, Ceran, 7 , 16 , 28 , 92 , 161 , 172 ;
acquisition of Mexican citizenship, 119 , 160 , 200 ;
activities after dissolution of Bent & St. Vrain, 126 ;
and Bernard Pratte and Company, 199 -200;
dissolution of Bent & St. Vrain, 93 , 125 ;
entry into partnership with Charles Bent, 202 ;
family history, 141 , 198 -199;
marriages,
St. Vrain, Ceran, (continued)
203 ;
portrait of, 201 ;
ties to prominent traders, 202 -203;
as U.S. Consul at Santa Fe, 202
St. Vrain, Felicite, 172
St. Vrain, Jacques Marcellin Ceran de Hault de Lassus de, 199
St. Vrain, Marcellin, 94
St. Vrain Creek, 94
Sublette, Bill, 102
Sub-proletariat, 54 -55
Summer solstice rituals, 81
Sumner, William Vos, 230
Sun Dance, 64 -66, 138 , 279 ;
altar, 74 , 76 ;
camp, 76 ;
center pole (medicine pole), 25 -26, 65 , 68 , 71 , 73 -74;
Cheyenne version, 66 -70, 292n 14;
and counting coup, 72 -73;
ethnographic treatments of, 66 -70;
individualistic orientation, 65 ;
liminality in, 81 -82;
phenomenological analysis of, 71 -76;
photograph of, 75 ;
as response to alienation of modernity, 78 -82;
ritual self-torture, 68 , 79 ;
similarities to Siberian shamanistic practices, 71 -72
T
Taos, 15 , 102 , 111 , 119
Tariff of Abominations, 190
Taylor, Frederick Winslow, 302n 16
Taylorism, 170
Tecumseh, 147
Tenkswatawa, 147
Terra incognita , 4 -5
Thede, Steve, 266 , 267
Thomas, David Hurst, 105
Thompson, Enid, 185 , 196
Thorson, George, 96 -97
Thorton, Daniel, 259
Tillich, Paul The Courage to Be , 38
Time: modern obsession with, 40 -41;
in traditional societies, 41 -43
Tobacco: role in trading ritual, 74 , 110 , 112 , 129 , 138 ;
use by Native Americans, 138 -140
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 32 , 197
Trade: in alcohol, 140 -142;
Anglo-American practices, 28 -29, 144 ;
between Anglos and New Mexicans, 117 -119;
as basis for fictive kinship in southwestern Plains, 14 , 21 -22, 28 , 30 -31, 35 -36, 109 -111, 155 -159, 204 -207;
buffalo robes as currency in, 155 -156;
between Europeans and Native Americans, 11 , 13 , 103 -105;
in fur, 113 -115, 115 -117, 118 ;
prehistoric networks in southwestern Plains, 102 -103, 109 ;
ritual aspects of, 132 , 142 ;
role of tobacco in, 74 , 110 , 112 , 129 , 138
Trade goods, 298n 4;
beads, 153 ;
at Bent's Old Fort, 154 -155;
firearms, 147 -150;
horses, 150 -151;
meaning of, 130 -132, 145 , 147 , 153 -154;
mirrors, 145 -147;
peace medals, 144 -145;
and poststructuralism, 132 -133;
and Prentice's concept of wealth, 133 -135;
wakan ("medicine"), 157
Traditional societies: alteration by contact with modern cultures, 25 ;
ancestor worship in, 23 -24;
astronomical devices in, 41 -43;
and celestial archetypes, 35 , 36 ;
defined, 287n 31;
function of ritual in, 43 -44;
ontology, 36 ;
role of fictive kinship relations in, 28 -29, 222 ;
theories of exchange in, 135 -136, 137 , 142 ;
theories of wealth in, 133 -136
Transitional societies, 53 -55
Treaty of Fort Laramie, 227
Treaty of Fort Wise, 232
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 7 , 16 ;
effect on United States boundaries, 16 -17
Treaty of Medicine Lodge, 243
Trenholm, Virginia Cole, 109
Trobriand: and ritual exchange, 136 -137
Tuan, Yi-Fu, 29 -30, 45 , 283
Turley, Simeon, 119
Turner, Frederick Jackson, 3 , 6 , 86
Turner, Victor, 32 , 64 , 80 , 213 ;
The Anthropology of Performance , 71
U
Union Fur Company, 202
United States: annexation as result of Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 16 -17;
attempts to secure New Mexico Territory, 223 -225;
formation of Indian agency, 224 ;
government reaction to Sand Creek massacre, 241 -242;
industrialization, 189 -190;
treaty talks with Plains Indians, 227 -228
United States rectangular survey, 57 -58
Ute, 9 , 14 ;
change in relations with Mexico, 120 , 121
V
Values and beliefs: and annexation of southwestern Plains, 251 ;
basis in religion and ideology, 247 ;
breakdown
of in nineteenth century, 217 ;
culture of shared, 166 ;
as determinants of meaning, 132 -133, 134 ;
role in history, 251 ;
and sentiment, 137
Vaygu'a , 136 -137
Vigil, Donaciano: Proclamation of January 25 , 1847, 18 , 19
Vigil, Juan Bautista, 15 , 161 , 208
von Clausewitz, Karl: On War, 17
von Gernet, Alexander D., 140
W
Wampum, 153
Ware, Eugene E, 242 -243
War of 1812, 189
Washington, George, 190
Washita, Battle of, 243
Wealth: in the market economy, 28 ;
theories of in traditional societies, 133 -136
Webb, Walter Prescott: The Great Plains, 1 -2
Weber, David J.: The Taws Trappers: The Fur Trade in the Far Southwest 1540-1846 , 113 , 114 , 120 , 121
White, Richard, 22 , 221 -222, 251
White Antelope, 239 , 240
Whiteshield, Henry, 276
White Thunder, 14 , 123
Whitman, Marcus, 175
Wilbert, Johannes, 139 , 140
Williams, William Carlos, 77
Winter, Joseph C., 138 -140
Wise, Jack, 254 , 268 , 269 , 272 , 274
Wislizenus, Frederick A., 175
Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 60
Wolf, Eric, 104
Wootton, R. L. (Uncle Dick), 28 , 102 , 202
Worcester, Donald E., 147 , 150
World formation: importance of ritual to, 49 -55, 59 , 85 , 281 -282;
in southwestern Plains, 1 , 16 -22, 221
Wounded Knee, 31
Wright, John K., 1
Wright, Lawrence, 6 , 38 -39
Y
Yellow Hand, 205
Yellowtail, Robert, 279
Yellow Wolf, 123
Z
Zaguan , 100