1. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, trans. George Lawrence, ed. J. P. Mayer (New York: Doubleday, Anchor Books, 1969), p. 287. "Habits of the Heart" was used as the title of a book by Robert Bellah, et al., which discussed the fierce individualism characteristic of Americans (Berkeley: University of Califomia Press, 1985). [BACK]

2. David Dary, Entrepreneurs of the Old West (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1986), 76. [BACK]

3. Paul Augustes St. Vrain, "The De Lassus and St. Vrain Family," New Mexico State Records Center & Archives, file #97, 1943. [BACK]

4. Louis Branch, "Ceran St. Vrain and His Molino de Piedra in the Mora Valley," manuscript on file at New Mexico State Records Center and Archives, file #20, 1981. [BACK]

5. Harold H. Dunham, "Ceran St. Vrain," in Mountain Men and Fur Traders of the Far West, ed. LeRoy R. Hafen (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1982), l51. [BACK]

6. St. Vrain, "The De Lassus and St. Vrain Family." [BACK]

7. In this same year, 1831, William Bent may have begun construction of Bent's Old Fort (see chapter 4), and so arrangements may have been considerably more complicated than as disclosed by this letter. Whatever they were precisely, in November of 1832 the first Bent & St. Vrain wagon train arrived in Independence with a fortune in silver bullion, mules, and furs. [BACK]

8. Receipt of Bent St. Vrain & Co. to Abel Baker, Jr. for Fort Jackson with its merchandise, dated October 24, 1838. P. Chouteau-Maffitt Collection, Missouri Historical Society. [BACK]

9. Ibid. [BACK]

10. Peter Michel, personal communication, 1992. [BACK]

11. Thomas E. Chavez , Manuel Alvarez, 1794-1856: A Southwestern Biography (Niwot, Colo.: University of Colorado Press, 1990); and Thomas E. Chavez, personal communication, 1990. [BACK]

12. Dunham, "Ceran St. Vrain," 155. [BACK]

13. David J. Weber, "Louis Robidoux," in Trappers of the Far West, ed. LeRoy R. Hafen (Lincoln: University of Nebraska, 1983), 38. [BACK]

14. Louis Branch, "Ceran St. Vrain and His Molino de Piedra in the Mora Valley," manuscript on file at New Mexico State Records Center and Archives, file #20, 1981, p. 6. [BACK]

15. David Lavender, Bent's Fort (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1954), 184. [BACK]

16. Charles Bent, A.L.S. C. Bent to Manuel Alvarez, dated February 19,1841. Alverez Collection, letter 47, New Mexico State Records Center and Archives, Santa Fe. [BACK]

17. Charles Bent, A.L.S. C. Bent to Manuel Alvarez, undated. Alverez Collection, letter 48, New Mexico State Records Center and Archives, Santa Fe. [BACK]

18. Charles Bent, A.L.S. C. Bent to Manuel Alvarez, no date. Alvarez Collection, letter 48, New Mexico State Records Center and Archives, Santa Fe. [BACK]

19. F. T. Cheetham, "Governor Bent, Masonic Martyr of New Mexico," The Builder 9, no. 12 (1923): 359. [BACK]

21. Mark C. Carnes, Secret Ritual and Manhood in Victorian America (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989). [BACK]

22. Cheetham, ''Governer Bent,'' 361. [BACK]

23. Carnes, Secret Ritual, 31. [BACK]

24. Ibid., 46. [BACK]

25. Ibid., 47. [BACK]

26. Ibid., 52. [BACK]

27. John Brewer, "Commercialization and Politics," in The Birth of a Consumer Society: The Commercialization of Eighteenth Century England, ed. Niel McKendrick, John Brewer, and J. H. Plumb (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1982). [BACK]

28. Ibid., 217. [BACK]

29. Ibid., 219. [BACK]

30. Ibid., 219. [BACK]

31. Ibid., 220. [BACK]

32. Mircea Eliade, Rites and Symbols of Initiation (New York: Harper and Row, 1958), 2. [BACK]

33. Mircea Eliade, Myths, Dreams, and Mysteries: The Encounter Between Conteraporary Faiths and Archaic Realities (New York: Harper & Row, 1960), 203. [BACK]

34. Ibid., 202. [BACK]

35. Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (New York: Vintage Books, 1979), 213. [BACK]

36. Ibid., 218. [BACK]