INDEX
A
Abbé Maury, 111 , 113
Abensour, Miguel, 8 , 149
Absolutism, French Revolution and, 275
Adams, John, 72
Agriculture, French Revolution and, 33
Alexander I, of Russia, 207
Ali, Mahamed, 123
Allegiance, oath of, 103 -104
Amants de Lyon, 71
America
American Revolution, 18 , 21 , 72 , 100 , 123
Brissot on, 253
Declaration of Independence, 225
Hegel on, 235
system of 1787, 83 , 86
Anarchism
Anarchists, 94
atheism and, 188
Saint-Just and, 140
Anaxagoras, 224
Ancien regime. See Old regime
Ancient democracies, 203 , 210 -212
Ancient Regime and the French Revolution, The (Tocqueville), 220 , 241 , 247 , 255 , 258 -259
Andrews, Richard, 6
Angers, occupation of, 58
Anjou, rebellion in, 58
Anthropology, 127
Anthropology (Kant), 208 , 213 -214
Anti-semitism, 105 -106, 114 -115
Antoinette, Marie, 77
Appel comme d'abus, 178
Arendt, Hannah, 2 , 6 , 105 -106, 150 , 183 , 201 , 230 -231
Arieli, Yehoshua, 115 n.7
Aristocracy, 40 , 49 , 62 -63, 98 -101
Aristotle, 211 , 221
Artois, struggle for power in, 55 -56
Assembly. See National Assembly
Assimilation, Jewish, 103
August Insurrection, 117
Aulard, Alphonse, 58 , 175 -176, 185 , 191
Authority, 178 , 190
B
Babeuf, F. N., 85 , 88
Bach, Dr., 88
Baker, K. M., 116 , 262 -263
Bakhtin, M. M., 249
Balzac, Honoré de, 36 , 43
Bankhash, Shaul, 29 n.46
Barbarism, 208 -209
Barère, B., 95
Barnave, 253 , 262 n.57
Baron, S. W., 116
Barra, suicide of, 88
Baurrel, Abbé, 174
Beaumarchais, C. de, 36 , 40
Beaumont, Gustave de, 260 n.11
Beethoven, L. yon, 9
Behrens, C. B. A., 28
Benjamin, Walter, 97
Berr, I. B., 103 , 104 , 108 , 115
Best, Geoffrey, 28 n.21, 29 nn.30, 44
Bicêtre, invasion of, 164
Bildung, principle of, 214
Billaud-Varenne, J. N., 142
Blanc, Louis, 37
Bloch, Marc, 121
Blumenberg, Hans, 235
Bodin, J., 83 , 126
Bolsheviks, 13 , 268 , 269
Bonaid, Louis de, 1 , 247 , 261 n.35
Bonaparte. See Napoleon
Bonneville, circle of, 175
Bossenga, Gail, 64 n.4
Bourbon monarchy, 80
Bourgeoisie, 39 , 42 , 52 , 63 , 78 -79, 91 , 155 , 209 , 270 , 272 , 257
Bourgeois revolution, 34 , 42 , 47 , 119 , 271
Bourgeois society, 38 , 95 , 99 , 267 , 269
Bourgeois universalism, 87
Brienne, Loménie de, 66 n.17
Brissot de Warville, Jacques-Pierre, 113 , 133 , 252 , 253
Brittany, rebellion in, 58
Broglie, Prince de, 112
Bucher, G., 9 , 146
Burke, Edmund, 125 , 153 , 219 -225, 247 , 248 , 254 , 261 n.33
Buvers de sang, 94 , 99
Buzot, François-Nicholas, 88
C
Cabanis, Dr., 202
Caesar, Julius, 232
Cagliostro, 203
Cahiers, views of, 181
Camus, Albert, 182
Canguilhem, G., 262 n.54
Capitalism, French, 98 , 271
Carlyle, T., 1 , 101
Carnot, L. N. M., 133
Carrier, drownings by, 60 , 62
Catholic Church, 81 , 96 , 98
Celan, Paul, 148
Centralization
aristocracy and, 40 , 49 , 62 -63
bourgeoise and, 63
bureaucracy and, 54
counterrevolution and, 62
Directory and, 54
French Revolution and, 52 , 63
monocameral assembly and, 253
Old Regime and, 49 -50
surveillance and, 54
Cercle Social, 86 , 175 , 202
"Ce sang etait-il si pur"? (Barnave), 94
Change
conservatism and, 125 -126
continuity and, 242 , 246
ethnocentricity of, 128
liberalism and, 125 -126
Marxism and, 125 -126
normality of, 124
Tocqueville on, 248 .
See also Continuity
Channu, Pierre, 46 n.20
Chapelier, Le, 83 , 85 , 88 -89
Charles X, 96
Chateaubriand, F. R., 146
Chaumette, P. G., 91 , 188
Chaunu, Pierre, 61
Chinese revolution, 15
Choiseul, E. F. de, 18
Christian Church
Comite Ecclesiastique, 181
egalitarianism and, 180
election ofpriests, 181
French-Roman relations, 181
novel of humanity, 175
reform within, 179
revolution and, 174 -176, 184
Richerist ideology and rebellion, 180
separate from state, 193 .
See also Church
Citizens, active, 110 , 181
Civic oath, 104
Civic virtue, 230
Civil code, 94 , 267
Civil constitution, 58 -60, 188
Civil rights, 97
Civil wars, French, 96
Civitas, Saint-Just on, 136 -137
Claims, material and communitarian, 93 , 98
Clapham, Sir John, 39
Class structure, 98 , 99 , 101 , 264
Class struggle, 35 , 42
Clausewitz, Carl von, 22
Clavière, Etienne, 88
Clermont-Tonnerre, S., 110 , 113 , 115
Cloots, A., 148 , 188
Club des Citoyennes Républicaines Révolutionnaires, 43 , 89 , 90
Cobb, Richard, 2 , 14 , 56
Cobban, Alfred, 5 , 14 , 46 , 117
Cobden, Richard, 43
Cochin, Augustin, 1 , 47 , 263 n.75
Colbert, J. B., 122
Comite Ecclesiastique, 181
Commerce, and French Revolution, 33 , 258
Committee of Public Safety, 170 n.22, 231
Commune, 161 , 170 n.27
Communism, 40
Communitarianism, 40 , 70 , 98
Comninel, G. C., 46 n.3
Complot des Prisons, 157 -158
Comte, Auguste, 9
Condorcet, Jean-Antione-Nicholas, 88 , 202 , 274
Conscription, 21 , 60
Consequentialism, 234
Conservatism, change and, 125
Consistency, writers and, 240
Conspiracy theories, 174
Constant, Benjamin, 202 -203, 211 , 273
Constituent assembly, 32 , 94 , 178 , 182 , 188 , 212 , 269 , 273 , 276
deputies to, 85
Kant on, 209
king and, 204
public goods, 89
rationalizing trend of, 191
Third Estate and, 180 .
See also National Assembly
Constitutional monarchy, 84 -85
Constitution of 1791, 32 , 83
Constitution of 1793, 83
Contest of the Faculties, The (Kant), 223
Continuity, and change, 242 , 246
Convention, 191 , 192 , 274
history of, 268
religion and, 185
Conventionnels, 86 , 94
Corday, Charlotte, 88
Cordeliers Club, 154
Corporate values, 96
Corporation, Jews as, 113
Corporatism, 76 , 81
Counterrevolution, 57
centralization and, 62
debate about, 58
geography of, 57
September massacres and, 157 , 168
start of, 58
in Vendée, 62
Cousin, Victor, 44
Creveld, Martin van, 27n.l, 29 n.38
Critique of Pure Reason (Kant), 222
Cromwell, Oliver, 193
Crowd in the French Revolution, The (Rudé), 153 -160
Crowds, revolutionary, 6 , 153 -156, 158 , 165
Cult of Reason, 189
Cult of Supreme Being, 174 , 185 , 186 , 191
Aulard-Mathiez controversy, 176
Cult of Reason and, 176
political moral of, 194
political task of, 190
Pontifex Maximus, 192
revolutionary church fiasco, 185
Robespierre and, 188
social value of, 192
Cultural synthesis, 84
D
D'Allard laws, 88 -89
Danton, George Jacques, 76 , 158 , 204
Dantonistes, 93
David, Natalie Z., 170 n
Davis, N. Z., 9 , 170 n.33
Dawson, Phillip, 66
De Broglie, Prince, 112
Declaration of Independence, 225
Declaration of the Rights of Man, 76 , 225
De la Force du Government (Constant), 94
De la Gorce, 174
De la Nature (Saint-Just), 134
De Maistre, J., 1
Democracy, 19 , 203 , 210 -212, 273 -274
Democracy in America (Tocqueville), 220 , 240 , 255 , 258 , 259
Démocratie dirigée, 189
Departments, creation of, 53
Dérapage, concept of, 46
Desmoulins, Camille, 88 -89, 148
Desmoulins, Lucile, 148
Destutt de Tracy, 202
Determinists, 242 , 247 -248
Dezamy, on Saint-Just, 133
Diamond Necklace affair, 76
Diderot, D., 189
Directory, 54 , 98
Direct rule. See Centralization
Doyle, William, 28 n.20, 28 n.23
Dreyfus Affair, 104
Dunn, John, 30 , 115 n.7
Duport, Adrien, 114
E
Economic policy, French, 79 , 99 -100, 186
Economics, creation of, 127
Economic transformation, 121
Eden treaty, 120 , 121
Educational systems, 73
Eglise constitutionelle, 175
Egypt, and French Revolution, 123
Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon (Marx), 268
Electoral laws, 110
Electorate, definition of, 40 -41
Elites
Britain and, 82
cultural transformation of, 69
public opinion, 80
sensibility of, 73 -75
as socially heterogeneous, 78
traditional opinion and, 100
Elster, J., 262 n.54
Elting, John R., 28 nn. 21, 28, 29
Emancipation, 103 -106, 109 -114
Encyclopedie (Diderot), 99 , 222
End of World History (Hegel), 234 -235
Engels, Friedrich, 39
English revolution, 31 , 35 , 123
Enlightenment, 189 , 222 , 225 , 236 , 254
economic progress and, 44
French Revolution and, 17
language of, 163
material origins of, 78
principles of, 79
seamier side of, 80
visions of, 243
Epistolary novel, 71
Equality, 40 , 75 , 130 , 258
identity and, 135
liberty and, 248 , 254
L'Esprit des Lois (Montesquieu), 228
L'Esprit révolutionnaire, 83 -84. See also Jacobinism
État social et politique de la France (Tocqueville), 249
F
Fabre d'Églantine, Philippe, 188
Fauchet, circle of, 175
Feast of the Federation, 186
Febvre, Lucien, 133
Federalism, 53 , 57
Federalist Papers, 86
Fehér, Ferenc, 116 n.10, 174 -197
Feudalism, defined, 80 -81
Feuerwerker, David, 115 n.1, 116 n.14
Fichte, J., 143
Fiscal policy, 18 -19
Floreal speech, 188 , 189 , 191
Forster, Georg, 201
Foucault, Michel, 163 , 192
Fouché, Joseph, 54 , 91 , 185 , 188
Fraternity, 130
Frederick the Great, 22
French armies, 24 -25
French Assembly. See National Assembly
French economy, 79 , 99 -100
French historiography, decline of, 2
French Jews, 109 -113
French left, 31
French Republic, Second, 268
French revolution
academic interpretation of, 13
agriculture and, 33
bourgeoise and, 40 , 63
centralization and, 49 , 52 , 54 , 63
changes in, 54 -55
class concept and, 42
cold issue, 4
commerce and, 33 , 258
consequences of, 33 , 37 , 247
debate about, 31 , 33 , 34
democracy and, 19
economic transformation, 12
geopolitical challenges, 16
German Liberals, 34
historiography of, 1
importance of wars, 23
influences of, 33
intentions and results, 31 -32
internalist interpretation, 15
interpretations of, 5 , 14 -15, 33 , 45
Iranian revolution and, 26
key words, 17
legacy of, 129
le mal revolutionnaire, 251 -252
liberty and, 241
loss of population, 61
modern strategy, 25
nineteenth-century view, 33
opponents to, 31
opposing blocs of 1789, 52
police and, 54
political interpretation of, 13 , 117
reversals, 55
revisionist interpretation, 5
rightists and, 31
social interpretation of, 14 , 117
social revolution, 35 , 45
totalitarian, 107
unexpected, 244
world-historical event, 27 .
See also Revolution; specific events, persons
Frozen Revolution, The , 185
Furet, Francois, 1 -8, 10 , 13 , 20 , 23 , 34 , 46 -47, 93 , 100 , 117 , 118 , 220 , 263 n.75
G
Gallican church, 180 , 202
civil constitution of, 180 , 181
reform of, 177 , 204
revolutionary reform of, 177
schism undermining, 184
Gauchet, M., 46 n.8
General will, 228
Genocide, 59 , 61 -62
Gens sans aveu, 156 , 158
Geography, creation of, 127
Geopolitical challenges, 16
Gervinus, 45
Ginzberg, Asher, 105 -106
Girondins, 88 , 91 , 190 , 193 , 211
Glorious Revolution, 31
Gobineau, Arthur de, 256
Godineau, Dominique, 74
Grande nation, 72 , 84 , 86 , 101
Grande terror, 162
Great Britain, 52 , 72 -73, 82
Great fear, 52 , 156
Grégoire, Henri, 110 , 113 , 115 , 175 , 202 , 215 n.5
Gregory VII, 175
Griewank, Karl, 27 n.2
Guerillas, 58
Guérin, Daniel, 2
Guilds, abolition of, 88 -89
Guizot, François, 35 , 36 , 46 , 264 -265
Gurvitch, George, 140
H
Ha'am, Ahad, 105 -106
Haiti, French Revolution and, 122 -123
Haskalah, 104 , 107
Hebertists, execution of, 92
Hegel
on consequentialism, 234
on German Constitution, 232
history and, 220 -236
idealism in, 224
Messianic theme in, 235
on Napoleon, 232 -233.
See also specific works
Heine, Heinrich, 201 , 210 , 222
Heller, Agnes, 4
Hermeneutics, 3 , 5 , 97 , 117 , 119
Heroism, 146 -147, 232 -233
Hertzberg, Arthur, 105 , 106 -107, 107 -108, 113 , 114
Hic rhodus, hic salt! , 91
Higonnet, Patrice, 2 , 4 , 5
Hirshman, Herbert, 74
Histories (Polybius), 221
History
creation of, 127
debate on French Revolution, 31
French liberal tradition, 34
historical revisionism, 34
historical schools, 219
historiography, 2
redefinition of, 128
repetition in, 246
Saint-Just on, 136
sociology and, 2
as text, 3
traditions and, 242
twentieth-century, 37
Hobbes, T., 126 , 221 , 226 , 229
Hobsbawm, E. J., 4 , 46
Hölderlin, F., 147
Holland, 82
Holland, Rose, 46 n.4
Holocaust, 98 , 104 , 105
Hugo, V., 174
Human rights, 225
Humboldt, A., 201 , 202
Hume, D., 127
Hunt, Lynn, 15 , 16 , 17 , 19 , 20 , 22 , 23 , 25 , 26 , 52
Huntington, Samuel P., 14 , 15
I
Identity, Saint-Just and, 135
Ideologies, 124 -125
It Principe (Machiavelli), 126 , 150 , 221 , 232 -233
Inconsistency, in human action, 240
Incorruptibles, 91
Individuality, 43 , 109 , 134
Industrialization, 33 , 39 , 44
Inquisition, 192
Instrumental rationality, 150
Insurrection, military, 57
Insurrection, of August (1792), 117
Integration, in Saint-Just, 142
Interpretation, 3 , 5 , 97 , 117 , 119
Iranian revolution, 26
Ireland, French Revolution and, 123
J
Jacobins, 84 , 220 , 268 , 269
calamity and, 37
capitalist layering, 82
catholicism of, 91
classical ideals in, 74
clubs, 20 , 85 -90, 154 , 186
contradictions of, 92 , 94
daily life, 90
decline of party, 157
dictatorship and, 176 , 267
differences among, 92 -93
L'esprit révolutionnaire, 86
illusion of, 89
insurrection of 1793, 161
Le Chapelier, 83
legitimacy of, 161
liberals and, 36
memory of, 97
orthodoxy and, 94 -95
politics of, 20
poor and, 91
revolutionary, 101
social life, 100
state system, 155 , 161 , 176 , 185 , 203
terrorism and, 103
universalist/individualist vision, 85 , 88
Jaurès, Jean, 1 , 175
Javogues, Claude, 56 -57
Jessenne, Jean-Pierre, 55 , 56
Jewish question, 104 -106, 108 -115
Journées révolutionnaires, 155 , 156 , 158 . See also September massacres
K
Kant, 2 , 145 , 191 , 201 , 204 , 211 , 222 -223, 227 , 234
on ancient democracies, 210 -212
Arendt on, 215
categorical imperative in, 229
church vs. religion, 215 n
Constant and, 202 -203
Copernican revolution and, 224
Danton and, 204
doctrine of virtue, 213
facturn brutum in , 206
lawful revolution, 207
on legal systems, 206
moral philosophy of, 206 , 212 -214
political philosophy of, 204 , 205 , 212 -214
on res publica noumenon , 210
on Robespierre, 201 , 205
on trial of king, 209
typology of regimes, 208 .
See also specific works
Kantorowicz, E., 146 , 183
Kates, Gary, 6
Kennedy, Michael L., 28 n.25
Kestnbaum, Meyer, 27
Key words, of French Revolution, 17
King. See Monarchy
Kocka, Jürgen, 47 n.31
Kojève, Alexandre, 233
Koselleck, R., 47 n.24
Kropotkin, Pierre, 148
L
La Chalotais system, 73
La Chapelle-Basse-Mer, 59 -60
Lacombe, C., 95
Lacos, Choderlos de, 76
Lacoue-Labarthe, P., 147
Lacroix, S., 116 n.13
Ladouce, Laurent, 59
Lafont de Saint-Yenne, on art, 75
Lally-Tollendal, motion of, 255
Lamartine, Alphonse de, 243
Lamennais, church and, 96
Landauer, Gustave, 148
Lasky, M. J., 149 n.19
Law, 204 -205, 212
Lebas, suicide of, 88
Lebon, Gustave, 154
Lebrun, François, 68
Lefebvre, Georges, 1 , 56 , 117
Lefort, Claude, 148
Leftists, 31
Legality, revolution and, 204 -205, 212
Legistes, 196 n
Le mal révolutionnaire, 251 -252, 254
Leninism, 268 -270
Lepelletier, Louis-Michel, 87 , 102 n
Lepetit, Bernard, 64
Lequino, on suicide, 87
Letters on the Aesthetic Education of Man (Schiller), 208
Levee en masse, 21 . See also Mobilization
Liaisons Dangereuses, Les (Lacos), 76
Liberal-bourgeois interpretation, 268 -270
Liberalism, 119 , 125
Liberty, 130
commerce and, 258
French Revolution and, 248
struggle for, 241
Tocqueville on, 242 -243, 258 -259
Locke, John, 125 , 126 , 266
Lodge. See Club
Loi Agraire, 92
Lord Acton, 46
Lotman, I. M., 260
Louis Napoleon, 207 , 246 , 256
Louis-Phillipe, 96 , 99
Louis XIII, 49
Louis XIV, 185 , 220
Louis XVI, 84 , 212 , 213 , 223
ideology of, 100
popularity of, 84
public/private life, 96
revolution of, 204
trial of, 235
Lowith, Karl, 235
Lucas, Colin, 47 , 56
Lynn, John A., 21 , 24 , 28 -29
M
Mably, on ideology, 82
Machiavelli, N., 126 , 150 , 221 , 231 -233
McNeill, William H., 28
Maier, H., 176
Maistre, J. de, 125 , 247 , 266
Malesherbes, 110
Mallet du Pan, 247 , 256
Le mal révolutionnaire, 251 -252, 254
Malthus, T. R., 127
Marat, Jean Paul, 133
cruelty of, 95
Massin on, 80
murder of, 88
plan de législation criminelle, 80
tyranny of freedom, 206
Markets, 90 , 186 , 257
Martyrs de prairial, 93
Marx, Karl, 14 , 34 , 36 , 42 , 125 , 127 , 264 , 268 -271
on Convention, 268
d'Allarde laws, 88 , 97
die deutsche Misere, 209 -210
historical necessity, 270
Jewish question, 268
Le Chapelier laws, 88 , 97
on market society, 267 .
See also specific works
Massin, on Marat, 80
Mathiez, Albert, 117 , 176 , 185 , 189 , 190 , 191 , 192 , 273
Maurras, on history, 1
Maury, Jean-Sifrein, abbé, 111 , 113
Mazarin, J., 50
Mercier, Louis Sebastien, 86 , 222
Michelet, Jules, 146 , 148
Middle class, 41 , 257 , 264 , 265
as bourgeoise class, 43
constitution of 1791, 35
as new France, 38
violence of, 94 -95
Mignet, F. A., 35 , 43 , 46 , 265 -266, 269
on bourgeoise revolution, 36
on equality, 41
on Third Estate, 40
Military life, 88
Military reforms, 21
Military re-organization, 18
Mill, John Stuart, 127 , 249
Mirabeau, Count, 196
Mitchell, Henry, 8 , 10
Modernity, 7 -8, 25 , 72 , 124
Monarchy, 50 , 80 , 81 , 84 -85. See also Old Regime
Montagnards, 86 , 118
military policy of, 21
1793 constitution and, 191
suicide and, 88
universalist vision of, 91
Montaigne, M. E., 86 , 211
Montesquieu, C. L., 70 , 75 , 126 , 231 , 241 , 252 , 253 , 254 , 256
Moore, Barrington, Jr., 14
Morality of the Means, 168 n
More, Thomas, 126
Mounier, Jean Joseph, 252
N
Nantes, massacre of, 62
Napoleon, 16 , 54 , 55 , 82 , 88 , 96 , 122 , 193 , 203 , 270
army and, 23 -24
civil code, 267
Hegel on, 233
Hundred Day rule of, 207
Napoleonic wars, 24 -26
significance of, 23
on social mobility, 43
Napoleonic concordat, 193 , 202
Nassau, William, 246
National Assembly, 32 , 33 , 85 , 154 , 161 , 204 , 207 , 253 . See also Constituent assembly
National development, in Sieyes, 112
Nationalism, 72 -73, 184
Nationality, 112
National regeneration, 17 , 19
National representation, 18 , 19
Natural rights, Hegel on, 25
Nature, concept of, 134 , 138 -140
Necker, Jacques, 80
Nietzsche, F., 1 , 3
Nineteenth century, 33 , 36
Nobility, 40 , 49 , 62 -63, 98 -101
Nodier, Charles, 143
La Nouvelle Héloïse (Rousseau), 71 , 75
Nozick, Robert, 226
O
Oath of Allegiance, 103 -104
Oath of Horatii (David), 77 , 86 -88
Old regime, 35 , 90 , 162 , 164 , 166 , 180 , 220 , 228 , 241 , 247 , 255 , 258 -259, 264 , 266 , 271 -272, 274 -275, 299
bureaucracy and, 97
decline of, 16
failure to restore, 45
framework of, 100 -101
freemasonry and, 90
Gallican church reform, 177
institutions of, 79
Jacobins and, 92
lost wars of, 17
modernizing effects, 80
public life, 70
republicans in, 96
revolutions and, 224
rhetorical legacy of, 84
Tocqueville on, 220 , 241 , 247 , 255 , 258 -259
unpopularity of, 90
women and, 99
On the Common Saying (Kant), 205
Oppositions, 129
Orientalism, 128
Owen, Robert, 39
P
Pacification, 58
Paine, T., 187
Pamphlets, 88 , 252
Parallel legal systems, 178
Paret, P., 28 n. 21, 29 n.45
Paris, 53 , 92 , 97 , 120
Parlements, 178
Pas-de-Calais, 55 -56
Patriotic party, 90
Payan, Claude, 189
Péthion, pamphlets by, 252 , 254
Pétion, Jerome, 88
Petty-bourgeoise, 154
Phenomenology (Hegel), 233 , 266
Philosophy, German, 222
Philosophy, of history, 8 -9
Philosophy of History (Hegel), 224 , 229 , 233 -234
Philosophy of Right (Hegel), 266
Physiocrats, 127
Plassey plunder, 120
Police, creation of, 54
Political fundamentalism, defined, 191
Political interpretation, of French Revolution, 5 , 117
Political science, creation of, 127
Political state, as savage state, 135
Politics
fundamentalism in, 191
sacrilizing of, 193
Saint-Just and, 135 -136, 144
Tocqueville and, 274
See also specific persons, issues
Popular justice, 165
Popular resistance, 57
Popular sovereignty, 182 -183
Pornography, 71 , 80
Posthistoire, 3 , 10
Postmodernity, 3
Prisons, 157 -158
Privacy
categories of, 77
common good and, 81
definition of, 71
elitist sensibility and, 73
feminized, 71
green and, 74 , 76
married life and, 74 , 76
nationalism and, 82 , 84 , 92
secularized, 71
women and, 72
Professionals, 52
Proletariat, definition of, 39
Property, 75 , 86 , 94
Protestant reformation, 123 , 224 , 265
Public sphere, 94
architecture and, 72
categories of, 77
civic harmony and, 74
elitist sensibility and, 73
nationalism and, 82 -84, 93
public good, 69 -101, 96 -98
public life, 71 , 71 , 72
secularized, 72
Punitive reforms, 95
Q
Quinet, Edgar, 133 , 175 , 194 n.6
R
Rabaut, Saint-Etienne, 252 , 254
Rabelais and His World (Bakhtin), 165
Rameau's Nephew (Diderot), 188
Ranke, L. von, 128
Rationalist fanaticism, 182
Reason, in Saint-Just, 95 , 139
Rebellions, 129
Reddy, William, 90
Reeve, Henry, 249
Reflections on the Revolution in France (Burke), 219
Reformation, 123 , 265
Regeneration, 87
Regicide, 147
Reign of Terror, 230 -231
Reine du Monde, 80
Religion, 174 , 187
Religion within Reason Alone (Kant), 202
Renouvier, on solidarisme, 96
Représentant en mission, 56
Republic, The (Plato), 221
Républicaines Révolutionnaires, 88 , 95
Republicanism
legality and, 94
as masculine, 77 , 96
revolution and, 90
Republic of letters, 80
Republic of virtue, 189 , 192 -193, 230 -231
Res publica noumenon , 210
Restoration, 36 , 96 , 264 , 269 , 271
Reubell, François, 111 , 112
Reveillon riots, 94
Revel, Jacques, 90
Revisionism, 34 , 37
Revolution
course of, 244
debate about, 30 -31
determination in, 243
etymology of, 13 , 221 -222
historical transformation of, 30 -31
middle class and, 266
modernization and, 14
people of 1792, 266
Saint-Just's concept of, 144
self-transformation and, 256
study of, 30
as virus, 248
Ricardo, D., 127
Richet, Denis, 34 , 46 n. 7
Richir, Marc, 5 , 95
Richter,Jean-Paul, 99
Ricoeur, P., 263
Rightists, 31 , 141
Rights, of citizenship, 96
Robespierre, Maximilien, 7 , 9 , 118 , 186 -193, 209 , 211 , 213 , 222 , 228 , 230 -231, 233 , 273
Brissot on, 91
corruption and, 76
execution of, 88
fall of, 157
Floreal speech, 188
Kant and, 201
Louvet and, 76
religious revolution and, 189
state religion and, 185
system of, 92 -94
Vendée's genocide, 59
Roederer, S., 74 , 79
Romme, G., 77 , 87 , 102
Rothenberg, G., 22 , 23 , 28 n.28, 29 n. 34
Rousseau, J.J., 15 , 38 , 112 , 126 , 142 , 143 , 188 -189, 227 -228, 230 -232
on General Will, 75 , 228
on ideal social condition, 74 .
See also specific works
Royalists, 94
Royer, C., 241
Rudé, George, 153 -160
Rural revolts, of 1792, 52
Russian revolution, 268 , 169
S
Sade, Marquis de, 71 , 95
Saint-Germain, C. L. de, 18
Saint-Just, L. A. de, 7 , 83 , 143 , 148 n. 1, 186 , 214 , 231
on Jacobins, 86
naturalism in, 141
paradox of, 143
rightists and, 31 , 141
sociability in, 137
Saint-Simon, Louis, 9 , 39
Salles, Saint Vincent de, 75
Saltpetriere, invasion of, 164
Sans-culottes, 91 -95, 155 -156, 161 , 170
insurrection in, 159
invasion of, 164
justice and, 159
revolutionary crowds and, 154
Savage state, 135 , 136
Scarlet Pimpernel, The , 162
Schama, Simon, 18
Schelling, F. W., 224
Schiller, F., 207 , 214
Schlegel, F., 201
Science, of society, 8 -9
Scott, James, 57
Scott, Samuel F., 28 n.8
Scott, Walter, 35
Secher, Reynald, 59 -61
Second Republic, 268
Second Treatise of Government (Locke), 22l, 225
Sédillot, René, 62
Self, 78 , 82
September massacres, 91 -94, 156 -159, 170
Seven Years' War, 17 -18
Sex roles, 72
Shiner, L., 261 n.49
Sieyès, Abbé, 8 , 85 , 112 , 113 , 92 , 202 , 210 -211, 252
Simon, Walter, 46 n. 10, 47 n.28
Singer, B., 6 , 8
Skocpol, Theda, 2 , 4 -7, 14 , 15 , 27 n.8, 29 n.47
Smith, Adam, 92
Smith, Goldwin, 37 , 38
Soboul, Albert, 133 , 134 , 155 , 273
Soboul, Georges, 117 , 118
Sociability, in Saint-Just, 137
Social Contract (Rousseau), 75 , 225 , 228
Social history, 2
Social interpretation, of revolution, 5 , 97 , 117 , 119
Socialism, 9 , 98
Social mobility, under Napoleon, 43
Social naturalism, in Saint-Just, 141
Social science, 8 -9, 126 -127
Society, 135 -136, 141 -142
capitalist, 82
delineation of, 166
focus of, 71
material, 85
politics and, 82
in various countries, 71 , 98 -100
Sociology, 9 , 127
Sole, Jacques, 46 n. 11
Solidarisme , 96
Sorbonne, 268
Souvenirs (Tocqueville), 243 , 244 , 250 , 257 , 258
SovereignSty, 184
Spinoza, B., 126
Spirit of the Law (Montesquieu), 228
Stael, Madame de, 175 , 186 , 187
Stalin, Joseph, 32
State, 85 , 97
in eighteenth century, 51
after French Revolution, 51
impact of war on, 51 -52
in Saint-Just, 97
savage state, 135
stages of development, 118 .
See also Centralization
Stein, Lorenz yon, 43
Stendhal, on modernity, 148
Stone, Bailey, 28 n. 19
Strife of the Faculties (Kant), 204 , 206
Supreme executive, 212
Sybel, Heinrich von, 33
T
Taine, H., 93
Tale of Two Cities, A (Dickens), 162
Talleyrand, C. M. de., 196
Talmon, Jacob, 105 , 106 , 107
Talmon, Jean-Louis, 115 n.6, 184 -185
Target, Guy, 76 , 108 , 109
Taylor, George V., 28 n. 18
Terror, 85 , 92 -93, 159 , 161 162, 187 , 191 , 269 , 273
executions and, 57
expulsion of, 94 -95
portrait of agent, 56
Saint-Just on, 145
Tocqueville on, 256
Thermidor, 100 , 186 , 193 , 202 -203, 267
Thermidorians, 94 , 269 , 273
Thierry, Augustin, 35 , 46 n. 8
Third Estate, 40 , 42 , 90 , 275
Third Republic, 96 -97
Tilly, Charles, 2 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 155
Times Literary Supplement , 56
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 1 , 14 , 16 , 35 , 37 , 44 , 46 , 122 , 240 , 274
on centralization, 49 -50
critics of, 25
goals in, 241
on middle class, 42
as political writer, 242
re-evaluation of French Revolution, 245 .
See also specific works
Tollendal, Lally, 255
Tönnesson, on militants, 2
Traite de Police (Delamare) 1705, 70
Treilhard, on monarchy, 185
Turgot, A. R. J., 274
Turreau, Gen., 60 , 62
Tyranny, 256
U
United States, 18 , 72 , 100 , 225
Universalists, 87 , 95
Un-reason, Barère on, 95
Ure, Dr. Andrew, 39
V
Valmy, battle of, 158
Varennes, crisis of, 211
Vendée, 61 -62, 188
Ventose, decrees of, 93
Vergniaud, P. V., 93
Versailles, 70
Vess, David M., 29 n. 41
Viala, suicide of, 88
Vichy regime, 98
Vigée-Lebrun, art of, 72
Villers, on Kant, 203
Violence
antistate, 172
crown and, 164
forms of, 159 , 163
legal use of, 167
modern state and, 167 -168
popular, 156 , 159 , 160 , 161 , 164
sociology of, 152 -153
as spectacle, 162
Volger, W. F., 46 n. 9
Vovelle, Michel, 59
W
Wallerstein, Immanuel, 5
Walzer, Michael, 146 , 209
War
defeats of Old Regime, 17
fiscal drain of, 18 -19
Great Britain and, 118 -119
importance of, 23
transformation of state, 51 -52
war debts, 54
Weber, Eugen, 108
Weber, Max, 14 , 167 , 211
Weltanschauung , 124 , 125
Whigs, radical, 100
Woloch, Isser, 20 , 28 n. 25, 28 n. 26
Women
in eighteenth century, 71 , 72
Jacobin view of, 92
nature of, 77
republican life of, 90
republican revolution and, 89 , 90
sex roles, 72
sexuality, 76 , 77
societies shutdowns, 92
World-system, 119 , 122
Y
Young-Bruehl, Elizabeth, 115 n. 7
Z
Zionism, 107
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