Wagering the Land |
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
![]() | 1 INTRODUCTION |
• | Abatan, Buguias, April 15, 1986 |
• | The Transformation of Buguias Livelihood |
![]() | Commercialization and Local Change |
• | Commercial Agriculture and Environmental Degradation |
• | Commercialization and Redistributive Feasts |
• | Theoretical Underpinnings |
• | Field Methods |
• | Identifying Buguias in the Ethnographic Landscape |
• | Overview |
![]() | PART I PREWAR BUGUIAS |
![]() | 2 Food, Fuel, and Fiber: Human Environmental Relations in Prewar Buguias |
• | Introduction |
![]() | Agricultural Fields |
• | Dry Fields: Uma and Puwal |
• | Door-Yard Gardens |
• | Pond Fields: Taro and Rice |
![]() | Animal Husbandry |
• | Houselot Animals: Hogs and Chickens |
• | Pasture Animals: Cattle, Water Buffalo, and Horses |
• | Pasture Management |
![]() | The Harvest of Uncultivated Lands |
• | Hunting, Fishing, and Insect Gathering |
• | Wild Plant Foods |
• | Non-Food Products |
![]() | Vegetational Change and Agricultural Intensification |
• | Vegetational Change: the Kowal Thesis |
• | Vegetational Change in Buguias |
• | Agricultural Intensification |
![]() | 3 Social Relations: Power and Labor |
• | Introduction |
![]() | The Commoners |
• | Animal Sharing |
• | Labor Organization and Gender |
![]() | The Elite and their Servants |
• | The Baknangs |
• | Slaves, Servants, Itinerants, and Clients |
![]() | Social Mobility |
• | Class and Family |
• | Inheritance and Downward Mobility |
• | Upward Movement |
![]() | Land Tenure |
• | Indigenous Tenure |
• | The American Intervention |
• | Land Tenure and Class |
![]() | 4 Religion: The Role of the Ancestors |
• | Introduction |
![]() | Gods and Spirits |
• | The Buguias Pantheon |
• | Spirits: Dangerous, Neutral, and Helpful |
• | Spiritual Curing, Prevention of Harm, and Blessings |
• | Religion and the Landscape |
![]() | Prestige Feasts in Prewar Buguias |
• | The Wedding Ceremony |
• | Graded Prestige Feasts: The Pedit |
• | The Buguias Funeral |
• | Other Rites |
![]() | Status Display |
• | Blanket Rank |
• | Ritual Experts |
![]() | The Ideology of Ritual Performance |
• | The Luck of the Ancestors |
• | Ritual and Power in Human Society |
• | The Tong Tongan Jural System |
• | Grounds for Belief |
• | The Economics of Ritual Expenditure |
• | Social Stratification and Religious Expense |
• | Power and Religion Reconsidered |
![]() | 5 Commercial and Political Relations |
• | Introduction |
![]() | Trade Relations |
• | Historical Background |
• | Buguias Trade in the American Period |
![]() | The Organization of Trade |
• | Financial and Social Structures |
• | Geographical Patterns |
![]() | Local Specialization of Production |
• | Ironwork |
• | Copper |
• | Other Local Specialties |
![]() | The Prewar Vegetable Industry |
• | Vegetables in Benguet |
• | American Encouragement |
• | Vegetables in Buguias |
![]() | Imperial Power |
• | The Spaniards |
• | The American Regime |
• | Education, Religion, and Economics |
• | The Geography of Imperial Rule |
![]() | Colonial Visions |
• | The Future |
![]() | Interregnum: The War |
• | The Japanese Occupation |
• | Hostilities |
• | Social Consequences |
![]() | PART II VITALITY AND VULNERABILITY: FLUCTUATIONS IN THE POSTWAR ECONOMY, 1946–1986 |
• | Introduction |
![]() | 6 The Establishment of Commercial Vegetable Agriculture |
• | Introduction |
![]() | Postwar Adjustments |
• | The Aftermath of War |
• | The Rise of a New Economic System |
• | The Mountain Trail Vegetable Hearth |
![]() | The Ecology of Early Vegetable Production in Buguias |
• | New Techniques |
• | Vegetables in the Uma |
• | Terraced Gardens |
• | Farming and Ranching in Conflict |
![]() | Continuing Agricultural Development |
• | Recession and Revival |
• | The Agricultural Cooperatives |
![]() | Crops and Field Types |
• | Seasonal Patterns |
• | Soils and Topography |
• | Vegetables |
• | The Survival of Subsistence Cropping |
• | The Agroecological Transition |
![]() | Strategies in Vegetable Farming |
• | Crop Variability |
• | Environmental (Mis)fortune |
• | Insurance Strategies |
![]() | The Spatial Reorganization of Exchange |
• | The Displacement of Buguias Central |
• | The Rise of the North |
• | The Market in Buguias Central |
• | Connections with the Global Economy |
![]() | 7 The Sociology and Economics of Vegetable Production, 1946–1972 |
• | Introduction |
![]() | Restructured Social Relations |
• | Class Stratification |
• | Living Standards |
• | Gender Relations |
![]() | Capital and Labor |
• | Sources of Capital |
• | Sharecropping |
• | Wage and Cooperative Labor |
• | Labor and Credit Elsewhere in Buguias Municipality |
![]() | The Vegetable Trade |
• | The Early Vegetable Traders |
• | Bisna and Stafin Olsim |
• | The Practice of Vegetable Trading |
• | Agribusiness Reconsidered |
![]() | 8 Economic and Ecological Crisis |
• | Introduction |
![]() | Boom, Bust, and Readjustment |
• | Boom |
• | Bust |
• | Readjustments |
• | Transformation of the Vegetable Trade |
• | The Precarious State of the Vegetable Industry |
![]() | Demography |
• | Population Trends |
• | Local Attitudes and Population Growth |
![]() | Deforestation |
• | Pine and Oak Forests: 1930–1980 |
• | Recent Forestry Practices in Buguias |
• | Development Plans: Social and Agroforestry |
![]() | Water Shortages, Erosion, and Biocides |
• | Water Shortages |
• | Erosion |
• | Biocides, Human Health, and Faunal Destruction |
![]() | The Vegetable Frontier |
• | Geographical Patterns of Expansion |
• | Continuing Road Development |
• | Land Speculation |
![]() | 9 Social Conflict and Political Struggle |
• | Introduction |
![]() | Land Conflicts |
• | Community and Private Lands |
• | Land Conflicts in Buguias Central |
• | Tax declarations and Conflict Settlement |
• | The Rise of Youth Culture |
![]() | Contemporary Politics |
• | Benguet and the Philippine Government |
• | Local Politics |
• | Martial Law and Revolution |
• | The CPA |
• | The 1986 Election and Beyond |
![]() | 10 Religion in Modern Buguias |
• | Introduction |
![]() | The "Buguias Paganism System" |
• | Omens and Rites |
• | Feasting and Social Stratification |
![]() | Christian Challenge and Pagan Response |
• | The Spread of Christianity |
• | Religious Rivalry: the Christian Position |
• | Pagan Responses |
![]() | The Geography of Religion |
• | The Eastern Frontier |
• | Buguias as a Center of Modern Paganism |
![]() | Religious Plurality in Present-Day Buguias |
• | Religious Conflict |
• | Recent Change and Compromise |
• | Trends |
![]() | 11 Conclusion: Understanding Buguias's Aberrant Development |
• | The Commercial History of Buguias |
• | Geographical Patterns |
![]() | The Ideology of Pagan Economics |
• | Contention, Rhetoric, and Power |
• | Max Weber and the Spirit of Capitalism |
![]() | Ritual Economics and the Social Order |
• | Prestige Feasts and Social Differentiation |
• | Analyzing the Social Formation of Buguias |
• | Materialism and Idealism |
![]() | Ritual Survival, Ecological Devastation |
• | Environmental Threats |
• | Prospects |
![]() | Notes |
• | 1 INTRODUCTION |
• | 2 Food, Fuel, and Fiber: Human Environmental Relations in Prewar Buguias |
• | 3 Social Relations: Power and Labor |
• | 4 Religion: The Role of the Ancestors |
• | 5 Commercial and Political Relations |
• | 6 The Establishment of Commercial Vegetable Agriculture |
• | 8 Economic and Ecological Crisis |
• | 9 Social Conflict and Political Struggle |
• | 10 Religion in Modern Buguias |
• | 11 Conclusion: Understanding Buguias's Aberrant Development |
GLOSSARY |
![]() | BIBLIOGRAPHY |
• | Archival Sources |
• | Newspapers |
![]() | INDEX |
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• | E |
• | F |
• | G |
• | H |
• | I |
• | J |
• | K |
• | L |
• | M |
• | N |
• | O |
• | P |
• | R |
• | S |
• | T |
• | U |
• | V |
• | W |
• | Y |