L

Labor exchange (ogbo ), 48 , 146 , 154

Labor organization: contractual patterns, 154

and gender, prewar, 47 -48

See also Elite class; Labor exchange; Migrant workers; Social stratification; Wage labor

Land dispossession, 205

"Land pirates," 198

Land speculation, 191 -192

Land tenure: American imposition, 56 -57

and class, prewar, 57 -58

conflicts over, 195 -196, 198 -200

indigenous forms, 55 -56, 255

and Philippine courts, 198

titles, 165 , 196 -197, 200

Landscape of Buguias: human transformation, 1 -2, 22 , 32 , 38 -41

and religion, 63 -64

Landslides, 137 -138, 182

See also Erosion

La Union, 91

Law, indigenous. See Jural system

"Legal entrepreneurship," 197

Lettuce, 133 , 136 , 138

Lo-o, 15 , 85 , 91 , 109 , 122 , 138 , 141 -142, 155 , 177 , 179 , 185 , 188 , 205

Luck: beliefs regarding ancestral control, 67 , 75 -76, 138

and omens, 214

See also Sangbo