ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I have often had occasion to think that I was fortunate to have attended graduate school in geography at Berkeley when I did. The 1980s saw the traditional concerns of the department, human-environmental relations culturally and historically framed, coexisting—however uneasily—with a vigorous movement toward social theory. Had I enrolled any earlier or later, I doubt that I would have received an education sufficiently broad to have allowed me to write this work.

My debts at Berkeley are numerous. James Parsons's utter delight in landscape will ever be an inspiration, as will Bernard Nietschmann's intellectual courage and iconoclastic visions. To Michael Watts I owe a grounding in political economy; to Robert Reed and to anthropologist James Anderson, many thanks for introducing me to things Philippine. Fellow graduate students from Berkeley played a formative role as well; great appreciation goes to Paul Starrs, Karl Zimmerer, and especially, Karen Wigen.

The geography department at George Washington University has offered an ideal environment in which to prepare the manuscript. Don Vermeer consistently provided support and encouragement, while Deborah Hart furnished intellectual companionship. Monica Jordan was ever helpful. I would also like to thank Joel Kuipers of the G.W. anthropology department for many stimulating observations.

Numerous Cordilleran scholars have substantially contributed to this work. My most perceptive critic has been William Henry Scott, whose scholarship on the Philippine highlands has set the standard of the field. Harold Conklin enthusiastically pushed my inquiries forward in several important directions; to him I owe my deepest appreciation. Special thanks also go to Gerard Finin and Patricia Afable for generously sharing their works in progress. In Benguet, Bridget Hamada-Pawid offered suggestions and advice

that proved essential for the completion of fieldwork. All of the scholars associated with the Cordilleran Studies Center of the University of the Philippines, Baguio, provided great assistance for which I am most grateful. My debt to the Cordillera's local intellectuals—those perceptive observers of their own societies unschooled within academia—is too vast to be recorded here. (Their contributions are discussed in the introductory chapter.)

Financial support for fieldwork was generously provided by a Fulbright Fellowship. Archival work in the United States was funded by a University of California Graduate Humanities Research Grant. A Junior Faculty Incentive Grant from George Washington University allowed me to complete the manuscript. Many thanks to Ellen White for the cartographic work. And finally, this book would not have been possible without the continued support of Kathryn and James Lodato, and of Nell and Wayne Lewis. To the latter I am indebted beyond reckoning.

M. W. L.