1. Peter Henry Emerson, with T. F. Goodall, Life and Landscape on the Norfolk Broads (London, 1886), preface. Subsequent citations are given parenthetically in the text. [BACK]

2. See, for example, Nancy Newhall, P. H. Emerson: The Fight for Photography as a Fine Art (New York: Aperture, 1975), 141. [BACK]

3. Peter Henry Emerson, Naturalistic Photography for Students of the Art (London, 1889; 2nd edition, 1890; reprint, New York: Arno, 1973), 210. [BACK]

4. Peter Henry Emerson, "Science and Art," a paper read to the third annual Camera Club conference, 26 March 1889; published in the American Journal of Photography (May 1889): 170-75; reprinted in the British Journal of Photography, 12 August 1889, 252-55, and 19 August 1889, 269-70; and in Naturalistic Photography, 2nd edition (1890). [BACK]

5. Peter Henry Emerson, Naturalistic Photography for Students of the Art, 3rd edition, revised (London, 1899). [BACK]

6. Photographic News, 19 August 1887, 514. [BACK]

7. Newhall, 5. Subsequent citations are given parenthetically in the text. [BACK]

8. Carol Fabricant, Swift's Landscape (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982), 1. [BACK]

9. John Barrell, The Idea of Landscape and the Sense of Place, 1730-1840: An Approach to the Poetry of John Clare (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972), 1. [BACK]

10. "Figures in Landscapes," British Journal of Photography, 13 May 1887, 291. [BACK]

11. Andrew Pringle, "Selection in Landscape," British Journal of Photography, 17 September 1886, 585. [BACK]

12. Henry Peach Robinson, The Elements of a Pictorial Photograph (London, 1896; reprint, New York: Arno, 1973), 104. Subsequent citations are given parenthetically in the text. [BACK]

13. John Barrell, The Dark Side of the Landscape: The Rural Poor in English Painting, 1750-1840 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980), 92. Subsequent citations are given parenthetically in the text. [BACK]

14. As Ellen Handy observes, Emerson's photographs at times resemble Constable's works as Barrell describes them, with laborers represented indistinctly, as only a part of the landscape; the artist, writes Barrell, hides "the poor in the middle ground, where we can see their labour but not their expressions" ( The Dark Side of the Landscape, 21; Ellen Handy, "Art and Science in P. H. Emerson's Naturalistic Vision," in British Photography in the Nineteenth Century: The Fine Art Tradition, ed. Mike Weaver [Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989], 190). [BACK]

15. Life and Landscape: P. H. Emerson: Art and Photography in East Anglia, 1885-1900, exhibition catalogue, ed. Neil McWilliam and Veronica Sekules (Sainsbury Center for Visual Arts, University of East Anglia, 1986), 28. [BACK]

16. Thomas Hardy, Tess of the D'Urbervilles [1891] (New York: Penguin, 1978), 151. [BACK]

17. See Handy for a more elaborate and helpful reading of this photograph, 185-87. Subsequent citations are given parenthetically in the text. [BACK]

18. Elizabeth Eastlake, "Photography," Quarterly Review 101 (London; April 1857): 466. Subsequent citations are given parenthetically in the text. [BACK]

19. Wolfgang Kemp, "Images of Decay: Photography in the Picturesque Tradition," October 54 (1990): 104. [BACK]

20. Kemp, 105, quoting Walter John Hipple, The Beautiful, the Sublime and the Picturesque in Eighteenth-Century British Aesthetic Theory (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1957), 210. [BACK]

21. Kemp, 105, quoting John Constable, Memoirs of the Life of John Constable, ed. Charles Robert Leslie and Andrew Shirley (London: Medici Society, 1937), 118. [BACK]

22. Peter Henry Emerson, Pictures of East Anglian Life (London, 1888), 119. [BACK]

23. Kemp, 107, quoting John Ruskin, Modern Painters (London: J. M. Dent, 1906), 9-10. [BACK]

24. Photographic News, 19 August 1887, 515. [BACK]

25. Amateur Photographer, 25 March 1887, 145. [BACK]

26. Photographic News, 19 August 1887, 514. [BACK]

27. Henry Peach Robinson, Letters on Landscape Photography (London, 1888; reprint, New York: Arno, 193), 12. [BACK]

28. Journal of the Photographic Society, 3 March 1853, 6. [BACK]

29. O. E. Rejlander, "Desultory Reflections on Photography and Art," Year-Book of Photography, and Photographic New's Almanac (London, 1866), 46. [BACK]

30. Journal of the Photographic Society, 21 April 1853, 44. [BACK]

31. "Our Illustration," American Journal of Photography (February 1887): 30. [BACK]

32. "Science and Art," American Journal of Photography (May 1889): 172. [BACK]

33. John Bartlett, "The Short-comings of Photography in Relation to Art," American Journal of Photography (December 1887): 208-9. [BACK]

34. Emerson, Naturalistic Photography (1890), introduction. [BACK]