1. Steinberg, "McCarran Lone Wolf," 90.

2. Pittman, "Senator Patrick A. McCarran," 47-50, 79. I am much indebted to Von Pittman for his account of McCarran's anticommunism.

3. Ibid., 85-88.

2. Pittman, "Senator Patrick A. McCarran," 47-50, 79. I am much indebted to Von Pittman for his account of McCarran's anticommunism.

3. Ibid., 85-88.

4. Notes of Conversation with Senator John Foster Dulles, August 18, 1949, Wellington Koo Papers, Box, 130, Columbia University Library; "$1,500,000,000 Help to Nanking Urged," New York Times , January 29, 1949.

5. Norman H. Biltz Oral History, Western Studies Center, University of Nevada, Reno, 177.

6. "The Senate," ADA World , September 1950, 4A.

7. Congressional Record , March 29, 1950, 82d Cong., 1st sess., A2762-63; Fried, "Electoral Politics," 198-99.

8. Notes of conversations with Don Surine, Reeves Papers, Wisconsin State Historical Society.

9. FBI/OL, 1886; J. Edgar Hoover to Sidney W. Souers, February 20, 1950, President's Secretary's File, Box, 168, HSTL.

10. Anderson and May, McCarthy , 344.

11. "Senators Predict Sensation in Files," New York Times , February 11, 1951.

12. "Full Inquiry Pledged on Pacific Institute," New York Times , February 12, 1951; FBI/OL, 1886.

13. Morris, "Counsel for the Minority," 80.

14. FBI/OL, 3078, 3176.

15. FBI/OL, 3170. For an expanded account of these and other documents released by the Chinese Nationalists, see Newman, "Clandestine."

16. FBI/OL, 3170.

17. FBI/OL, 5842.

18. FBI/OL, no serial number. This is a cable from APO 500 to G-2 in Washington, July 7, 1951.

19. FBI/OL, 3298.

20. FBI/OL, 5842, 3174, 3252.

21. FBI/OL, 3174.

22. "Ban on Lattimore Asked," New York Times , March 6, 1951; "Lattimore Speaks," New York Times , March 8, 1951.

23. Congressional Record , April 19, 1951, 82d Cong., 2d sess, 4129.

24. The Government Printing Office issue of these hearings, published in 1951, is censored. A declassified version later became available in microfilm from University Publications of America.

25. Senate, Foreign Relations and Armed Services Committee, Military Situation in the Far East , 25-29.

26. Ibid., 37.

25. Senate, Foreign Relations and Armed Services Committee, Military Situation in the Far East , 25-29.

26. Ibid., 37.

27. FBI/OL, 3105.

28. Lipper, Elf Jahre .

29. Lipper, Eleven Years . Henry Regnery does not mention his addition to Lipper's book; see his Memoirs of a Dissident Publisher , 104-6. In the 1970s Lattimore lived in Paris, where he got to know Ruth Fischer, a former Communist of stature and an early anti-Stalinist. Lattimore told me about a conversation with Fischer: "One day we were talking about the different kinds of ex-Communists—the reasonable ones, the sectarian ones, the pathological ones, and I mentioned Lipper [meaning her attack on him in the American edition of her book]. 'That's strange,' said Ruth, 'I know Lipper and I'll find out for you. She's an honest woman.' In due course she told me—but did not show me the letter—that Lipper had written her that this derogatory passage had been inserted by the American publishers, without consulting her."

30. FBI/OL, 3227.

31. Tydings, 523.

32. SISS/IPR, 2795-2823, 2871-76.

33. "Communist Threat inside U.S.," U.S. News and World Report , November 16, 1951, 30

34. FBI Headquarters File 100-221869, Joseph Zack Kornfeder, Serial 26.

35. Ibid., Serial 12; FBI/OL, 3006.

34. FBI Headquarters File 100-221869, Joseph Zack Kornfeder, Serial 26.

35. Ibid., Serial 12; FBI/OL, 3006.

36. SISS Executive Session Records, Hearing of June 8, 1951, RG 46, NA; FBI Headquarters File 100-221869, Kornfeder, Serial 12.

37. SISS/IPR, 886; Caute, Great Fear , 126; May, China Scapegoat , 345.

38. SISS Executive Session Records, July 3, 1951, 12-13, RG 46, NA.

39. "Field Summoned to Senate Inquiry," New York Times , July 11, 1951.

40. "Senators Examine Field for Two Hours," New York Times , July 13, 1951.

41. "Lattimore Quiz Based on New Material," Baltimore Evening Sun , July 13, 1951.

42. SISS Executive Session Records, July 13, 1951, RG 46, NA; SISS/IPR, 3261.

43. Lattimore to Edgar McInnis, July 30, 1951, Lattimore Papers, Subseries 2, Correspondence, 1946-51, Hamburger Archives.

44. Undated memo headed "Lattimore, Owen," in SISS Files, IPR Investigation, RG 46, NA; FBI/OL, 3204.

45. FBI/OL, 3187.

46. "G.O.P. Loses Fight for Open MacArthur Inquiry," New York Times , May 5, 1951.

47. "Richardson and Nimitz," New York Times , May 28, 1951.

48. SISS/IPR, 2-5.

49. Thomas, Institute of Pacific Relations , 81; SISS/IPR, 10.

50. SISS/IPR, 18.

51. Ibid., 40.

52. Ibid., 2991.

50. SISS/IPR, 18.

51. Ibid., 40.

52. Ibid., 2991.

50. SISS/IPR, 18.

51. Ibid., 40.

52. Ibid., 2991.

53. "Field Says He Was Invited to Seek Air Intelligence Post," New York Times , July 27, 1951.

54. "Senators to Hear Ex-Wife of Eisler," New York Times , July 28, 1951.

55. FBI/OL, 3114.

56. SISS/IPR, 222.

57. Ibid., 208-9; Krivitsky, In Stalin's Secret Service ; FBI/OL, 3294.

56. SISS/IPR, 222.

57. Ibid., 208-9; Krivitsky, In Stalin's Secret Service ; FBI/OL, 3294.

58. FBI/OL, 3294.

59. "Lattimore and Barnes Linked to Soviet Spies but Deny It," New York Times , August 1, 1951.

60. SISS/IPR, Report , 25, 195.

61. Barmine, One Who Survived and Memoirs ; "Ex-Russian Agent Heard by Senators," Baltimore Sun , August 1, 1951; Who Was Who in the USSR (Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1972), 67.

62. Krivitsky, In Stalin's Secret Service , 37-38; Deakin and Storry, Case of Richard Sorge , 60; SISS/IPR, 3107.

63. See the analysis of the questioning of Barmine in "Draft Memorandum for Mr. Crossman," August 31, 1951, Philip Jessup Papers, Box 26, Library of Congress.

64. SISS/IPR, 211.

65. Chicago Tribune , August 1, 1951.

66. "Foundations Face Inquiry by House," New York Times , August 2, 1951.

67. SISS/IPR, 223-71.

68. FBI/OL, 4769.

69. Fairbank, Chinabound , 339.

70. SISS/IPR, 314, 316.

71. Ibid., 288, 289-90, 303, 327, 334; Ulmen, Science of Society , 189, 199, 203-4, 263-80, 283-99, 569-71.

70. SISS/IPR, 314, 316.

71. Ibid., 288, 289-90, 303, 327, 334; Ulmen, Science of Society , 189, 199, 203-4, 263-80, 283-99, 569-71.

72. FBI/OL, 3985; Packer, Ex-Communist Witnesses , 216.

73. SISS/IPR, 342-49.

74. Ibid., 353-401, 439.

75. Ibid., 437.

73. SISS/IPR, 342-49.

74. Ibid., 353-401, 439.

75. Ibid., 437.

73. SISS/IPR, 342-49.

74. Ibid., 353-401, 439.

75. Ibid., 437.

76. Barth, ''McCarran's Monopoly," 25, 26.

77. SISS/IPR, 517.

78. Ibid., 515. During the South Bend interrogations with agent Pat Coyne, Budenz himself agreed that because he had never been to a Soviet school for Communist leaders he knew less than did other Politburo members; this admission was quite forgotten during the SISS hearings. See also chapter 18.

77. SISS/IPR, 517.

78. Ibid., 515. During the South Bend interrogations with agent Pat Coyne, Budenz himself agreed that because he had never been to a Soviet school for Communist leaders he knew less than did other Politburo members; this admission was quite forgotten during the SISS hearings. See also chapter 18.

79. SISS/IPR, 521, 529.

80. Ibid., 552, 555, 556.

81. Ibid., 685-86.

79. SISS/IPR, 521, 529.

80. Ibid., 552, 555, 556.

81. Ibid., 685-86.

79. SISS/IPR, 521, 529.

80. Ibid., 552, 555, 556.

81. Ibid., 685-86.

82. "Sorge's Spy Ring Held Copied in U.S.," New York Times , August 23, 1951; FBI/LB, 431.

83. Ibid.

82. "Sorge's Spy Ring Held Copied in U.S.," New York Times , August 23, 1951; FBI/LB, 431.

83. Ibid.

84. FBINY, Budenz, File 62-8988, Serial 402.

85. FBI/OL, 3203.

86. Ibid.

85. FBI/OL, 3203.

86. Ibid.

87. SISS/IPR, 704-5, 714.

88. Ibid., 718, 719; Edwards, "Calls Acheson a Tool in 1945 of Lattimore," Chicago Tribune , September 1, 1951. For more on Dooman, see chapter 9. The intensity of Dooman's vindictiveness toward those who disagreed with him about Japan does not come through in his SISS testimony. To gauge it fully, see Emmerson, Japanese Thread , 314-26, and Schonberger, Aftermath of War .

87. SISS/IPR, 704-5, 714.

88. Ibid., 718, 719; Edwards, "Calls Acheson a Tool in 1945 of Lattimore," Chicago Tribune , September 1, 1951. For more on Dooman, see chapter 9. The intensity of Dooman's vindictiveness toward those who disagreed with him about Japan does not come through in his SISS testimony. To gauge it fully, see Emmerson, Japanese Thread , 314-26, and Schonberger, Aftermath of War .

89. Joseph Alsop, "Is It Accurate?" New York Herald Tribune , September 12, 1951.

90. William S. White, "Democrats Blaze at Acheson Critics," New York Times , September 15, 1951; "Lehman Presses Security Inquiry," New York Times , September 25, 1951.

91. SISS/IPR, 864-95.

92. Ibid., 905, 912, 915, 922; FBI/OL, 955.

91. SISS/IPR, 864-95.

92. Ibid., 905, 912, 915, 922; FBI/OL, 955.

93. SISS/IPR, 948.

94. Ibid., 975-80, 959.

95. Ibid.,1009.

96. Ibid., 1011, 1019.

97. Ibid., 3614.

93. SISS/IPR, 948.

94. Ibid., 975-80, 959.

95. Ibid.,1009.

96. Ibid., 1011, 1019.

97. Ibid., 3614.

93. SISS/IPR, 948.

94. Ibid., 975-80, 959.

95. Ibid.,1009.

96. Ibid., 1011, 1019.

97. Ibid., 3614.

93. SISS/IPR, 948.

94. Ibid., 975-80, 959.

95. Ibid.,1009.

96. Ibid., 1011, 1019.

97. Ibid., 3614.

93. SISS/IPR, 948.

94. Ibid., 975-80, 959.

95. Ibid.,1009.

96. Ibid., 1011, 1019.

97. Ibid., 3614.

98. Author interview with Philip Jessup, June 8, 1978. Stassen's appearances are recorded in SISS/IPR, 1035-74, 1111-38, 1252-77.

99. White, "Parley of Experts Urged Recognition of Red China in '49," New York Times , October 12, 1951; SISS/IPR, 1252-77; "Lattimore and Douglas Cited on Asia," October 3, 1951. The CIA Lattimore file has an interesting Soviet comment on Lattimore made while Stassen was trying to make Lattimore out to be a Soviet agent. The Soviet Information Bureau broadcast a castigation of Lattimore as "one of the leading propagandists of American imperialism [who is] late in 'discovering' the new Asia." The Soviet attack was prompted by an article Lattimore wrote for the Nation commenting on the Korean War. This item did not find its way to McCarran.

100. SISS/IPR, 1077-1110.

101. Crosby, God, Church and Flag , 59.

102. SISS/IPR, 1195.

103. Ibid., 1234.

102. SISS/IPR, 1195.

103. Ibid., 1234.

104. Alsop m Hibbs, October 10, 1951, Alsop Papers, Box 80, Library of Congress.

105. SISS/IPR, 1303-5.

106. Ibid., 1322.

107. Ibid., 1329-30.

108. Ibid., 1330.

109. Ibid. 1351.

110. Ibid., 1342.

111. Ibid., 1368.

112. Ibid., 1405.

113. Ibid., 1405-6.

114. Ibid., 1485-86.

105. SISS/IPR, 1303-5.

106. Ibid., 1322.

107. Ibid., 1329-30.

108. Ibid., 1330.

109. Ibid. 1351.

110. Ibid., 1342.

111. Ibid., 1368.

112. Ibid., 1405.

113. Ibid., 1405-6.

114. Ibid., 1485-86.

105. SISS/IPR, 1303-5.

106. Ibid., 1322.

107. Ibid., 1329-30.

108. Ibid., 1330.

109. Ibid. 1351.

110. Ibid., 1342.

111. Ibid., 1368.

112. Ibid., 1405.

113. Ibid., 1405-6.

114. Ibid., 1485-86.

105. SISS/IPR, 1303-5.

106. Ibid., 1322.

107. Ibid., 1329-30.

108. Ibid., 1330.

109. Ibid. 1351.

110. Ibid., 1342.

111. Ibid., 1368.

112. Ibid., 1405.

113. Ibid., 1405-6.

114. Ibid., 1485-86.

105. SISS/IPR, 1303-5.

106. Ibid., 1322.

107. Ibid., 1329-30.

108. Ibid., 1330.

109. Ibid. 1351.

110. Ibid., 1342.

111. Ibid., 1368.

112. Ibid., 1405.

113. Ibid., 1405-6.

114. Ibid., 1485-86.

105. SISS/IPR, 1303-5.

106. Ibid., 1322.

107. Ibid., 1329-30.

108. Ibid., 1330.

109. Ibid. 1351.

110. Ibid., 1342.

111. Ibid., 1368.

112. Ibid., 1405.

113. Ibid., 1405-6.

114. Ibid., 1485-86.

105. SISS/IPR, 1303-5.

106. Ibid., 1322.

107. Ibid., 1329-30.

108. Ibid., 1330.

109. Ibid. 1351.

110. Ibid., 1342.

111. Ibid., 1368.

112. Ibid., 1405.

113. Ibid., 1405-6.

114. Ibid., 1485-86.

105. SISS/IPR, 1303-5.

106. Ibid., 1322.

107. Ibid., 1329-30.

108. Ibid., 1330.

109. Ibid. 1351.

110. Ibid., 1342.

111. Ibid., 1368.

112. Ibid., 1405.

113. Ibid., 1405-6.

114. Ibid., 1485-86.

105. SISS/IPR, 1303-5.

106. Ibid., 1322.

107. Ibid., 1329-30.

108. Ibid., 1330.

109. Ibid. 1351.

110. Ibid., 1342.

111. Ibid., 1368.

112. Ibid., 1405.

113. Ibid., 1405-6.

114. Ibid., 1485-86.

105. SISS/IPR, 1303-5.

106. Ibid., 1322.

107. Ibid., 1329-30.

108. Ibid., 1330.

109. Ibid. 1351.

110. Ibid., 1342.

111. Ibid., 1368.

112. Ibid., 1405.

113. Ibid., 1405-6.

114. Ibid., 1485-86.

115. Alsop to Smith, October 19, 1951, Alsop Papers; Alsop to Smith, October 23, 1951, Alsop Papers.

116. Alsop to Smith, November 1, 1951, Alsop Papers.

117. Alsop to author, July 28, 1981.

118. Robert B. Ekvall to Lattimore, July 24, 1951, LP; hereafter cited as Ekvall letter. For the story of the Tibetan takeover, see Weissman, "Last Tangle in Tibet."

119. Eleanor Lattimore to Barretts, December 10, 1951, Lattimore Papers. The Takster Lama's family name was Thubten Jigme Norbu. For his account of his trip to the United States, see Norbu, Tibet Is My Country , 239-46; and Grunfeld, Making of Modern Tibet , 106-7.

120. Lattimore to Ekvall, July 23, 1951, LP. Ekvall's somewhat different interpretation of events is in Ekvall letter.

121. Lattimore to Ekvall, July 23, 1951, LP.

122. Eleanor Lattimore to Barretts, December 10, 1951, LP.

123. Fortas to Dewey Anderson, December 28, 1950, LP.

124. Eleanor Lattimore to Barretts, December 10, 1951, LP.

125. Shipley to Nicholson, December 6, 1951, Lattimore Passport File, State Department.

126. FBI/OL, 5536, 3264.

127. Eleanor Lattimore to Barretts, December 10, 1951, LP.

128. See Newman, "Clandestine," 221-22; "M'Carthy Attacks Truman on an Aide," New York Times , January 16, 1952; White, "1952 Campaign Issues Begin to Take Shape,'' New York Times , December 23, 1951.

129. FBI/OL, 3305.