1. On the establishment and objectives of IPR, see Thomas, Institute of Pacific Relations , chap. 1. Information about Fred Field and Joseph Barnes comes from Thomas and from Betty Barnes to author, January 14, 1989.

2. Lattimore to Joseph Barnes, October 14, 1934.

3. Lattimore, "My Audience with Chingghis Khan."

4. O'Mahoney MS, 13.

5. Lattimore was well-informed about Japanese plans for China. Just before he left for the United States in 1937, he managed to get a series of interviews with knowledgeable Japanese both in Peking and in Tokyo during a stopover there. Those he talked to were Matsukata, Shimanouchi, Kuga, Sakatana, Mori, Sogo, Kishi, Saionji, Ushiba, and members of the Tokyo branch of the IPR. Several of those with whom he talked were close to Prince Konoye. Lattimore made extensive notes of these conversations, which survive in his personal files.

6. O'Mahoney MS, 6.

7. Thomas, Institute of Pacific Relations , 12.

8. FBI/OL, 4183.

9. SISS/IPR, 5122.

10. Thomas, Institute of Pacific Relations , 13.

11. O'Mahoney MS, 18.

12. FBI/OL, 2722.

13. SISS/IPR, 3319.

14. FBI/OL, 2722.

15. Ibid.

14. FBI/OL, 2722.

15. Ibid.

16. A good summary of Borodin's career is in Spence, China Helpers , chap. 7.

17. FBI/OL, 2722.

18. Ibid.

17. FBI/OL, 2722.

18. Ibid.

19.W. L. Holland and Kate Mitchell, eds., Problems of the Pacific, 1936 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1936), is an extensive record of the conference.

20. Ibid., 91.

21. Ibid., 92.

19.W. L. Holland and Kate Mitchell, eds., Problems of the Pacific, 1936 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1936), is an extensive record of the conference.

20. Ibid., 91.

21. Ibid., 92.

19.W. L. Holland and Kate Mitchell, eds., Problems of the Pacific, 1936 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1936), is an extensive record of the conference.

20. Ibid., 91.

21. Ibid., 92.

22. For a brief account of the Sian Incident, see Clubb, Twentieth Century China , 202-9.

23. SISS/IPR, 3289.

24. Lattimore, foreword to Bisson, Yenan in June 1937, 8 .

25. Ibid., 16.

24. Lattimore, foreword to Bisson, Yenan in June 1937, 8 .

25. Ibid., 16.

26. For the 1950s controversy over this trip, see, inter alia, FBI/OL, 5341.

27. O'Mahoney MS, 30.

28. Lattimore, foreword to Bisson, Yenan in June 1937, 9 .

29. Lattimore, "Unpublished Report from Yenan." Also found as attachment to Frank P. Lockhart to Secretary of State, August 2, 1937, 893.00/14179, RG 59, NA.

30. Lattimore's batting average as a prophet was also enhanced by an article he wrote at the same time for the Saturday Evening Post , in which he predicted that the Chinese would rally effectively and ultimately frustrate Japanese advances. The conventional wisdom of the time was that the Japanese would cut through Chinese forces "like a knife through butter" when they attacked seriously. Lattimore's article had actually been set in print by the Saturday Evening Post before the Marco Polo Bridge incident; when the editors got word that Japan had launched a full-scale offensive, they pulled out the Lattimore article, thinking they were saving his reputation.

31. O'Mahoney MS, 9.

32. Ibid., 35.

31. O'Mahoney MS, 9.

32. Ibid., 35.

33. Lattimore, "On the Wickedness." For a perceptive analysis of the development of Lattimore's beliefs about the North China frontiers, see Cotton, "Owen Lattimore and China."

34. W. W. Wheeler II, letter to the editor, Pacific Affairs 11 (March 1938): 101-4.

35. Pacific Affairs 11 (March 1938): 106.

36. See discussion of this incident in SISS/IPR, 3433-46.

37. SISS/IPR, 1225.