1. Alfred Kohlberg sarcastically claimed that he was the China lobby, but common usage of the phrase included many others. Politicians, journalists, businessmen, retired generals and admirals, a handful of professors, and employees of the Nationalist government all worked for the same ends: continued recognition of and aid to Chiang Kai-shek and opposition to admission of the People's Republic of China to the United Nations. See Ascoli, "China Lobby"; Bachrack, Committee of One Million ; and Koen, China Lobby .

2. Klehr and Radosh, "Anatomy of a Fix," 20.

3. Latham, Communist Controversy in Washington , 213.

4. Ibid., 214. Many commentators on Amerasia fail to realize how illegal entries by the OSS and the FBI vitiated the government case. A comprehensive description of the legal issues involved appears in Heald and Tyler, "Legal Principle."

3. Latham, Communist Controversy in Washington , 213.

4. Ibid., 214. Many commentators on Amerasia fail to realize how illegal entries by the OSS and the FBI vitiated the government case. A comprehensive description of the legal issues involved appears in Heald and Tyler, "Legal Principle."

5. The text of Sokolsky's broadcast was recorded by Chinese Nationalist officials; a transcript is in the Wellington Koo Papers, Columbia University. For an analysis of Sokolsky's character and ideological track record, see Cohen, Chinese Connection .

6. Kohlberg, "Owen Lattimore."

7. Lattimore, "Reply to Kohlberg," 15.

8. Shanahan, "False Solution," 22.

9. FBI/OL, 5768.

10. FBI/OL, 5518.

11. A chronology of the mission is in Report on Japanese Reparations to the President of the United States , Box 21, Records of the U.S. Mission on Reparations, RG 59, NA (hereafter cited as Pauley Mission Records).

12. Lattimore to Maxwell, November 6, 1945, Pauley Mission Records.

13. Ibid.

12. Lattimore to Maxwell, November 6, 1945, Pauley Mission Records.

13. Ibid.

14. See the account of the Pauley mission in Schaller, American Occupation of Japan , 33-38.

15. Presentation of Interim Program and Policy to FEC Committee Jan. 12, 1946 , Pauley Mission Records.

16. FBI/OL, 5768.

17. Ibid. We do not know whether Coons answered Lattimore. When the FBI interviewed Coons in 1950, he stated that "when he was first requested m serve on the mission he refused to do so because he learned that he would have to work under OWEN LATTIMORE ." Coons had met Lattimore at the Hot Springs IPR conference and found him a "domineering character"; FBI/OL, 835. By 1950 he thought Lattimore pro-Communist.

16. FBI/OL, 5768.

17. Ibid. We do not know whether Coons answered Lattimore. When the FBI interviewed Coons in 1950, he stated that "when he was first requested m serve on the mission he refused to do so because he learned that he would have to work under OWEN LATTIMORE ." Coons had met Lattimore at the Hot Springs IPR conference and found him a "domineering character"; FBI/OL, 835. By 1950 he thought Lattimore pro-Communist.

18. FBI/OL, 835.

19. Lattimore to Pauley, November 28, 1945. Pauley Mission Records.

20. FBI/OL, 5768. This memorandum should also be in the Pauley Mission Records, but I did not find it when I searched those records.

21. FBI/OL serial numbers 227, 236, 246, 253, 295, 322, 402, 412, 432, 462, 744, 829, 835, 886, 912, 944, 963, 978, 1098, 1132, 1292, 1592, 1631, 1925, 2625, 2740, 2985, and 6074 report interviews about Lattimore with members of the Pauley mission.

22. See note 11 above.

23. Schaller, American Occupation of Japan , chap. 2, gives a good description of the attempt of the occupation to destroy the cartels.

24. Tydings, 558-68.

25. FBI/OL, 2619.

26. See Willoughby to Bonner Fellers, November 23, 1949, de Toledano Papers, Box 5, Hoover Institution. Willoughby hoped to achieve fame as author of the first book on the Sorge spy ring; when this work brought him small reward, he went to Spain to work for Francisco Franco. On Willoughby's attempt to smear John K. Emmerson, see Emmerson's Japanese Thread , 312-13, 324-25. For an extended analysis of Willoughby's activities, see Bowen, Innocence Is Not Enough , esp. chap. 6.

27. FBI/OL, 7.

28. James R. Young to P. Stewart Macaulay, December 1, 1945, RG 03.001, Records of the Office of the Provost, Series 1, File 116, Page School of International Relations, 1945-54, Ferdinand Hamburger, Jr., Archives, Johns Hopkins University.

29. P. Stewart Macaulay to James R. Young, December 5, 1945, Hamburger Archives.

30. See Buhite, Patrick J. Hurley , chap. 11.