1. FBI/OL, 3204.

2. This and other unattributed quotations derive from the author's conversations with Lattimore.

3. Lattimore, Desert Road to Turkestan , 232.

4. O'Mahoney MS, 23.

5. Lattimore, Studies in Frontier History , 14.

6. Lattimore, Desert Road to Turkestan 107, 40, 253.

7. Ibid., 149.

8. Ibid., 83.

9. Ibid., 86.

10. Ibid., 245.

6. Lattimore, Desert Road to Turkestan 107, 40, 253.

7. Ibid., 149.

8. Ibid., 83.

9. Ibid., 86.

10. Ibid., 245.

6. Lattimore, Desert Road to Turkestan 107, 40, 253.

7. Ibid., 149.

8. Ibid., 83.

9. Ibid., 86.

10. Ibid., 245.

6. Lattimore, Desert Road to Turkestan 107, 40, 253.

7. Ibid., 149.

8. Ibid., 83.

9. Ibid., 86.

10. Ibid., 245.

6. Lattimore, Desert Road to Turkestan 107, 40, 253.

7. Ibid., 149.

8. Ibid., 83.

9. Ibid., 86.

10. Ibid., 245.

11. Lattimore, High Tartary , 85.

12. O'Mahoney MS, 5.

13. Lattimore and Isono, Diluv Khutagt , 2.

14. Ibid., 3.

13. Lattimore and Isono, Diluv Khutagt , 2.

14. Ibid., 3.

15. Lattimore, High Tartary , 227.

16. The phrase "Slavic Manchukuo" implies that the Soviet Union had control over North China similar m that of Japan when it established the puppet state of Manchukuo.

17. Lattimore, High Tartary , 264. To the Mongols, the greatest threat was Chinese overpopulation and the expansion of Chinese farmers onto their grazing lands. The Russian population presented no such threat. For a full exposition of Lattimore's analysis of the extent to which Russian expansion under both czars and Communists incorporated Asian minorities rather than subjecting them, see Studies in Frontier History , 165-79.

18. The name of the Chinese capital, "Peking," was changed m "Peiping" in 1928, when the capital was moved south; in 1949 the Communist government restored "Peking," the name used throughout this book for convenience' sake.

19. O'Mahoney MS, 7-8.

20. Lattimore and Isono, Diluv Khutagt , 10.

21. Ibid., 10-11.

20. Lattimore and Isono, Diluv Khutagt , 10.

21. Ibid., 10-11.

22. Lattimore, Studies in Frontier History , 438.

23. Cotton, "Owen Lattimore and China," 255.

24. O'Mahoney MS, 11.