1. Edwards, Pat McCarran , chap. 9; "Alien Law Bars 269 of Liberte's Crew," New York Times , December 24, 1952.

2. FBI/OL, no serial number (this is a memo from Nichols to Tolson, February 5, 1953, located behind serial 4143); FBI/OL, 3927.

3. FBI/OL, 3927.

4. U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Herbert Brownell, It., Attorney General-Designate , January 19, 1953, 4.

5. "Issue Raised on Lattimore," Baltimore Sun , January 20, 1953.

6. Cronin to McCarran, January 21, 1953, Lattimore File, Department of Justice.

7. Payne to McCarran, January 28, 1953, Lattimore File, Department of Justice.

8. FBI/OL, 4127.

9. FBI/OL, 4143.

10. McCarran to Hummer, February 16, 1953, SISS Records, RG 46, Box 140, NA.

11. Hummer to McCarran, February 25, 1953, McCarran Papers, Eva Adams Files, University of Nevada, Reno.

12. "Issue Raised on Lattimore," Baltimore Sun , January 20, 1953.

13. Olney Oral History, 359-60.

14. FBI/OL, 4330.

15. FBI/OL, 4481.

16. Author interview with Fortas, March 18, 1981.

17. Lattimore, Ordeal by Slander , 111.

18. Gressley, Voltaire and the Cowboy , 86, 99.

19. Ibid., 86.

18. Gressley, Voltaire and the Cowboy , 86, 99.

19. Ibid., 86.

20. Author interview with Frank, May 15, 1986.

21. On Emerson and Countryman, see Schrecker, No Ivory Tower , 251-53.

22. Thomas I. Emerson Oral History, Columbia University, 2294.

23. Arnold, Fair Fights , 204.

24. Author interview with Fortas, March 18, 1981.

25. Author interview with Rogers, September 18, 1987.

26. FBI/OL, 4077, 4153, 4322.

27. FBI/OL, 4131.

28. "Lattimore Trial Date Set, May Be Changed," Baltimore Evening Sun , February 6, 1953.

29. "Far East Expert Claims Effort m Entrap Him," Baltimore Sun , February 17, 1953. All quotations from the defense brief are from the Sun story. For the full brief, see U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, Criminal No. 1879 - 52, U.S. v. Owen Lattimore, Motion by Defendant to Dismiss the Indictment and Memorandum in Support of Motion, filed February 16, 1953.

30. Ibid.

31. Ibid.

29. "Far East Expert Claims Effort m Entrap Him," Baltimore Sun , February 17, 1953. All quotations from the defense brief are from the Sun story. For the full brief, see U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, Criminal No. 1879 - 52, U.S. v. Owen Lattimore, Motion by Defendant to Dismiss the Indictment and Memorandum in Support of Motion, filed February 16, 1953.

30. Ibid.

31. Ibid.

29. "Far East Expert Claims Effort m Entrap Him," Baltimore Sun , February 17, 1953. All quotations from the defense brief are from the Sun story. For the full brief, see U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, Criminal No. 1879 - 52, U.S. v. Owen Lattimore, Motion by Defendant to Dismiss the Indictment and Memorandum in Support of Motion, filed February 16, 1953.

30. Ibid.

31. Ibid.

32. FBI/OL, 4258, 4620.

33. FBI/OL, 4279, 916, 4418.

34. "M'Carran Opposes Bohlen as Envoy; Wiley Seeks 'Facts,'" New York Times , March 16, 1953.

35. "U.S. Calls Lying Only Lattimore Trial Issue," Baltimore Evening Sun , March 17, 1953.

36. FBI/OL, 4457.

37. "Dashiell Hammett Silent at Inquiry," New York Times , March 27, 1953. For an account of the Cohn-Schine trip to Europe, see Reeves, Joe McCarthy , 488-91.

38. See Esbjornson, Luther W. Youngdahl ; "Luther Youngdahl," Washington Post , June 24, 1978; "Judge Luther Youngdahl," Washington Post , June 22, 1978.

39. "Lattimore's Trial Put Off till October," Baltimore Sun , April 1, 1953.

40. Eleanor Lattimore to Barretts, April 2, 1953, LP.

41. "OL's Notes on Hearings, March 31 and April 1, 1953," LP.

42. Ibid.

43. Ibid.

44. Ibid.

41. "OL's Notes on Hearings, March 31 and April 1, 1953," LP.

42. Ibid.

43. Ibid.

44. Ibid.

41. "OL's Notes on Hearings, March 31 and April 1, 1953," LP.

42. Ibid.

43. Ibid.

44. Ibid.

41. "OL's Notes on Hearings, March 31 and April 1, 1953," LP.

42. Ibid.

43. Ibid.

44. Ibid.

45. See note 39.

46. FBI/OL, 4536, 4632, 4781.

47. "McCarthy Critics Challenged by Twenty-eight," New York Times , April 6, 1953.

48. FBI/OL, 4713.

49. "Judge Throws Out Four Perjury Charges against Lattimore," New York Times , May 3, 1953. For the full text, see U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, Criminal No. 1879-52, U.S. v. Owen Lattimore, Memorandum, May 2, 1953.

50. "Judge Also Sees 'Doubt' on Three Counts," Baltimore Sun , May 3, 1953; author interview with Rogers, September 18, 1987.

51. "Judge Throws Out," New York Times , May 3, 1953. Judge Youngdahl gave me the mail he received on his Lattimore rulings. Surprisingly, the congratulatory letters (350) outnumbered the hate letters (123). Only three members of Congress wrote, all approvingly; Senators Hubert Humphrey and J. William Fulbright and Congresswoman Coya Knutson. Many of the favorable letters were from other judges and lawyers. The hate mail was vicious, some of it addressed m "Comrade Youngdahl." Much of it was anonymous, very little of it from professionals. Mrs. Charles Clifton Moses of Bluffton, South Carolina, was consumed by the Lattimore case and Youngdahl's rulings. She wrote four letters to Youngdahl and at least two to Brownell (with copies to Youngdahl) expressing her horror at the "Washington-New York Egghead Axis'' that was delivering America to the Communists. One of these letters included a seventeen-page, single-spaced analysis of the IPR and its minions on which she had spent three months of research.