Z

Zaibatsu, 145 , 148 , 179 , 327 , 338

Zlatkin, 525

1. FBI/OL, 3204.

2. This and other unattributed quotations derive from the author's conversations with Lattimore.

3. Lattimore, Desert Road to Turkestan , 232.

4. O'Mahoney MS, 23.

5. Lattimore, Studies in Frontier History , 14.

6. Lattimore, Desert Road to Turkestan 107, 40, 253.

7. Ibid., 149.

8. Ibid., 83.

9. Ibid., 86.

10. Ibid., 245.

6. Lattimore, Desert Road to Turkestan 107, 40, 253.

7. Ibid., 149.

8. Ibid., 83.

9. Ibid., 86.

10. Ibid., 245.

6. Lattimore, Desert Road to Turkestan 107, 40, 253.

7. Ibid., 149.

8. Ibid., 83.

9. Ibid., 86.

10. Ibid., 245.

6. Lattimore, Desert Road to Turkestan 107, 40, 253.

7. Ibid., 149.

8. Ibid., 83.

9. Ibid., 86.

10. Ibid., 245.

6. Lattimore, Desert Road to Turkestan 107, 40, 253.

7. Ibid., 149.

8. Ibid., 83.

9. Ibid., 86.

10. Ibid., 245.

11. Lattimore, High Tartary , 85.

12. O'Mahoney MS, 5.

13. Lattimore and Isono, Diluv Khutagt , 2.

14. Ibid., 3.

13. Lattimore and Isono, Diluv Khutagt , 2.

14. Ibid., 3.

15. Lattimore, High Tartary , 227.

16. The phrase "Slavic Manchukuo" implies that the Soviet Union had control over North China similar m that of Japan when it established the puppet state of Manchukuo.

17. Lattimore, High Tartary , 264. To the Mongols, the greatest threat was Chinese overpopulation and the expansion of Chinese farmers onto their grazing lands. The Russian population presented no such threat. For a full exposition of Lattimore's analysis of the extent to which Russian expansion under both czars and Communists incorporated Asian minorities rather than subjecting them, see Studies in Frontier History , 165-79.

18. The name of the Chinese capital, "Peking," was changed m "Peiping" in 1928, when the capital was moved south; in 1949 the Communist government restored "Peking," the name used throughout this book for convenience' sake.

19. O'Mahoney MS, 7-8.

20. Lattimore and Isono, Diluv Khutagt , 10.

21. Ibid., 10-11.

20. Lattimore and Isono, Diluv Khutagt , 10.

21. Ibid., 10-11.

22. Lattimore, Studies in Frontier History , 438.

23. Cotton, "Owen Lattimore and China," 255.

24. O'Mahoney MS, 11.

1. On the establishment and objectives of IPR, see Thomas, Institute of Pacific Relations , chap. 1. Information about Fred Field and Joseph Barnes comes from Thomas and from Betty Barnes to author, January 14, 1989.

2. Lattimore to Joseph Barnes, October 14, 1934.

3. Lattimore, "My Audience with Chingghis Khan."

4. O'Mahoney MS, 13.

5. Lattimore was well-informed about Japanese plans for China. Just before he left for the United States in 1937, he managed to get a series of interviews with knowledgeable Japanese both in Peking and in Tokyo during a stopover there. Those he talked to were Matsukata, Shimanouchi, Kuga, Sakatana, Mori, Sogo, Kishi, Saionji, Ushiba, and members of the Tokyo branch of the IPR. Several of those with whom he talked were close to Prince Konoye. Lattimore made extensive notes of these conversations, which survive in his personal files.

6. O'Mahoney MS, 6.

7. Thomas, Institute of Pacific Relations , 12.

8. FBI/OL, 4183.

9. SISS/IPR, 5122.

10. Thomas, Institute of Pacific Relations , 13.

11. O'Mahoney MS, 18.

12. FBI/OL, 2722.

13. SISS/IPR, 3319.

14. FBI/OL, 2722.

15. Ibid.

14. FBI/OL, 2722.

15. Ibid.

16. A good summary of Borodin's career is in Spence, China Helpers , chap. 7.

17. FBI/OL, 2722.

18. Ibid.

17. FBI/OL, 2722.

18. Ibid.

19.W. L. Holland and Kate Mitchell, eds., Problems of the Pacific, 1936 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1936), is an extensive record of the conference.

20. Ibid., 91.

21. Ibid., 92.

19.W. L. Holland and Kate Mitchell, eds., Problems of the Pacific, 1936 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1936), is an extensive record of the conference.

20. Ibid., 91.

21. Ibid., 92.

19.W. L. Holland and Kate Mitchell, eds., Problems of the Pacific, 1936 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1936), is an extensive record of the conference.

20. Ibid., 91.

21. Ibid., 92.

22. For a brief account of the Sian Incident, see Clubb, Twentieth Century China , 202-9.

23. SISS/IPR, 3289.

24. Lattimore, foreword to Bisson, Yenan in June 1937, 8 .

25. Ibid., 16.

24. Lattimore, foreword to Bisson, Yenan in June 1937, 8 .

25. Ibid., 16.

26. For the 1950s controversy over this trip, see, inter alia, FBI/OL, 5341.

27. O'Mahoney MS, 30.

28. Lattimore, foreword to Bisson, Yenan in June 1937, 9 .

29. Lattimore, "Unpublished Report from Yenan." Also found as attachment to Frank P. Lockhart to Secretary of State, August 2, 1937, 893.00/14179, RG 59, NA.

30. Lattimore's batting average as a prophet was also enhanced by an article he wrote at the same time for the Saturday Evening Post , in which he predicted that the Chinese would rally effectively and ultimately frustrate Japanese advances. The conventional wisdom of the time was that the Japanese would cut through Chinese forces "like a knife through butter" when they attacked seriously. Lattimore's article had actually been set in print by the Saturday Evening Post before the Marco Polo Bridge incident; when the editors got word that Japan had launched a full-scale offensive, they pulled out the Lattimore article, thinking they were saving his reputation.

31. O'Mahoney MS, 9.

32. Ibid., 35.

31. O'Mahoney MS, 9.

32. Ibid., 35.

33. Lattimore, "On the Wickedness." For a perceptive analysis of the development of Lattimore's beliefs about the North China frontiers, see Cotton, "Owen Lattimore and China."

34. W. W. Wheeler II, letter to the editor, Pacific Affairs 11 (March 1938): 101-4.

35. Pacific Affairs 11 (March 1938): 106.

36. See discussion of this incident in SISS/IPR, 3433-46.

37. SISS/IPR, 1225.

1. Evelyn Stefansson Nef, introduction to Owen and Eleanor Lattimore, Silks, Spices, and Empire, x .

2. O'Mahoney MS, 36-37.

3. Van Kleeck, "The Moscow Trials," Pacific Affairs 11 (June 1938): 233-37. Pacific Affairs coverage of the purge trials, and IPR attitudes toward them, are discussed in SISS/IPR, 5149-68.

4. Chamberlain, "The Moscow Trials," Pacific Affairs 11 (September 1938): 367-70.

5. Pacific Affairs 11 (September 1938): 370-72.

6. The full story of Stalin's China operatives did not come out until 1971 with the publication of Vera Vishnyakova-Akimova's Two Years in Revolutionary China, 1925-1927 . The chief agent of this enterprise was the legendary Borodin, but there were dozens of others, all of whom fled China in 1927 when Chiang Kai-shek turned on the Communists. Stalin "lost" China in 1927. Vishnyakova-Akimova's tale is mainly a necrology. She identifies 148 Russians who took part in Stalin's great effort to capture the Chinese revolution. By the time she wrote, 43 of them were known dead or in prison camps, another thirty probably dead. See Salisbury, "Amerasia Papers," for a good comparison between Stalin's and America's efforts to influence China.

7. The writer who castigated Lattimore most fiercely was Sidney Hook, in "Lattimore on the Moscow Trials." For more recent and contrasting views, see Conquest, Great Terror , and Getty, Origins of the Great Purges .

8. Lattimore, "Can the Soviet Union Be Isolated?" Pacific Affairs 11 (December 1938): 492-93.

9. SISS/IPR, 3226.

10. Churchill, Second World War , 393-94.

11. Pacific Affairs 12 (Sept. 1939): 245-62.

12. Problems of the Pacific, 1939 (New York: IPR and Oxford University Press, 1940), v.

13. Ibid., 24-25.

12. Problems of the Pacific, 1939 (New York: IPR and Oxford University Press, 1940), v.

13. Ibid., 24-25.

1. Lattimore, "American Responsibilities."

2. Ibid., 161-62.

3. Ibid., 174, 165.

4. Ibid., 162, 164, 168. Ironically, this article was quoted selectively in 1950 to show that Lattimore was pro-Communist. Ironically again, it figured in the FBI search for evidence that Lattimore had been paid off by the Soviets. When the bureau began to investigate Lattimore's finances in an attempt to show that his net worth was more than could be accounted for by legitimate sources of income, they checked out every cent he had received for his articles. They discovered after some difficulty that VQR had paid Lattimore their standard rate of five dollars per page; he earned seventy dollars for this article. FBI/OL, 2023.

1. Lattimore, "American Responsibilities."

2. Ibid., 161-62.

3. Ibid., 174, 165.

4. Ibid., 162, 164, 168. Ironically, this article was quoted selectively in 1950 to show that Lattimore was pro-Communist. Ironically again, it figured in the FBI search for evidence that Lattimore had been paid off by the Soviets. When the bureau began to investigate Lattimore's finances in an attempt to show that his net worth was more than could be accounted for by legitimate sources of income, they checked out every cent he had received for his articles. They discovered after some difficulty that VQR had paid Lattimore their standard rate of five dollars per page; he earned seventy dollars for this article. FBI/OL, 2023.

1. Lattimore, "American Responsibilities."

2. Ibid., 161-62.

3. Ibid., 174, 165.

4. Ibid., 162, 164, 168. Ironically, this article was quoted selectively in 1950 to show that Lattimore was pro-Communist. Ironically again, it figured in the FBI search for evidence that Lattimore had been paid off by the Soviets. When the bureau began to investigate Lattimore's finances in an attempt to show that his net worth was more than could be accounted for by legitimate sources of income, they checked out every cent he had received for his articles. They discovered after some difficulty that VQR had paid Lattimore their standard rate of five dollars per page; he earned seventy dollars for this article. FBI/OL, 2023.

1. Lattimore, "American Responsibilities."

2. Ibid., 161-62.

3. Ibid., 174, 165.

4. Ibid., 162, 164, 168. Ironically, this article was quoted selectively in 1950 to show that Lattimore was pro-Communist. Ironically again, it figured in the FBI search for evidence that Lattimore had been paid off by the Soviets. When the bureau began to investigate Lattimore's finances in an attempt to show that his net worth was more than could be accounted for by legitimate sources of income, they checked out every cent he had received for his articles. They discovered after some difficulty that VQR had paid Lattimore their standard rate of five dollars per page; he earned seventy dollars for this article. FBI/OL, 2023.

5. FBI/OL, no serial number, 3. The document was transmitted from Dennis A. Flinn of the Department of State to J. Edgar Hoover under a cover letter of April 27, 1955.

6. Ibid., 14.

5. FBI/OL, no serial number, 3. The document was transmitted from Dennis A. Flinn of the Department of State to J. Edgar Hoover under a cover letter of April 27, 1955.

6. Ibid., 14.

7. FBI/OL, 6.

8. Tydings, 739, 740.

9. "Comment and Correspondence," Pacific Affairs 13 (June 1940): 196-97.

10. "As China Goes, So Goes Asia," Amerasia 4 (August 1940): 256.

11. Ibid., 255, 257.

10. "As China Goes, So Goes Asia," Amerasia 4 (August 1940): 256.

11. Ibid., 255, 257.

12. Memorandum for Discussion, Territorial Group, CFR October 5, 1940, CFR Archives.

13. Schulzinger, Wise Men , 66.

14. "The Soviet View of the Far East," Pacific Affairs 13 (December 1940): 446-52.

15. FBI/OL, 647.

16. Memorandum, "Possible Effects of an Agreement between Russia and Japan," Territorial Group, CFR, April 3, 1941, CFR Archives.

17. Lattimore, "Stalemate in China," 621-22, 624.

18. Lattimore, "America Has No Time to Lose," 161-62.

19. Memorandum, "The Chinese Communists, the Comintern, and the Russo-Japanese Neutrality Agreement," Territorial Group, CFR, May 6, 1941, CFR Archives.

20. Wohl, "American 'Geopolitical Masterhand.'"

21. FBI/OL, 1.

22. FBI/OL, 3.

23. "After Four Years," Pacific Affairs 14 (June 1941): 143.

24. Kristol, "Ordeal by Mendacity," 316.

1. Johnson to Secretary of State, October 24, 1941, FR 4:429.

2. Schaller, U.S. Crusade , 43-44. For another account of McHush's politics, see Tuchman, Stilwell , 338-40.

3. See the account in Schaller, U.S. Crusade , 46-54.

4.Ibid., 47.

3. See the account in Schaller, U.S. Crusade , 46-54.

4.Ibid., 47.

5.Currie to President Roosevelt, March 15, 1941, FR 4:81-95; and FBI/OL, 1936.

6. Schaller, U.S. Crusade , 50.

7. FBI/OL, 1936; see also Currie to Messersmith, April 1, 1941, Currie Papers. Box 1, Hoover Institution.

8. Currie did not remember who first recommended Lattimore; Lattimore heard the story from Gaus, whom he met at a Washington dinner party in the late 1940s.

9. Currie, Memorandum for the President, April 29, 1941, FDRL.

10. Bowman to Currie, May 2, 1941, FDRL; Yarnell to Currie, May 2, 1941, FDRL.

11. Currie, Memorandum for the President, May 6, 1941, FR 5:644; Roosevelt, Memorandum for the Secretary of State, May 19, 1941, FDRL.

12. Hull, Memorandum for the President, May 21, 1941, FR 5:648.

13. Secretary of State to Ambassador in China, May 29, 1941, FR 5:651; Ambassador in China to Secretary of State, June 2, 1941, FR 5:657; Currie, Memorandum for the President, June 5,1941, FDRL; FBI/OL, 5864.

14. Currie, Memorandum for the President, June 20, 1941, FDRL.

15. New York Times , June 29, 1941; FBI/OL, 4117.

16. FBI/OL, 1201.

17. McHugh to Curry, July 22, 1941, McHugh Papers, Cornell University Libraries.

18. SISS/IPR, 5253.

19. "Washington Seeks Chinese-Red Peace," New York Times , July 22, 1941.

20. McHugh to Currie, July 22, 1941, McHugh Papers.

21. Richard Watts, Jr., "China Stirred by Assignment of Lattimore," Baltimore Sun , August 24, 1941.

22. FBI/OL, 5864.

23. Ibid.

22. FBI/OL, 5864.

23. Ibid.

24. Cable to Lauchlin Currie from Owen Lattimore, August 2, 1941, FR 4:362; Lauchlin Currie to Acting Secretary of State, August 3, 1941, FR 4:361.

25. McHugh to Currie, August 3, 1941, McHugh Papers.

26. For an extensive discussion of the perversion of Tai Li's files during the inquisition, see Newman, "Clandestine."

27. SISS/IPR, 5254.

28. McHugh to Currie, August 25, 1941, McHugh Papers.

29. Lattimore, Studies in Frontier History , 20.

30. Lloyd E. Eastman, "Who Lost China?" 660.

31. Currie, Memorandum for the President, summarized in Roosevelt, Memorandum for the Secretary of State, August 30, 1941, FDRL.

32. Currie to Lattimore, September 18, 1941, LP.

33. Lattimore to Madame Chiang Kai-shek, October 13, 1941, LP.

34. Memorandum of conversation with Lung Yun, October 30, 1941, LP.

35. Lattimore to Currie, November 2, 1941, FR 5:747; "Defenders Ready, Lattimore Says," New York Times , November 4, 1941.

36. Wohl, "American 'Geopolitical Masterhand.'"

37. Omita (Lattimore's code name) to Currie, October 11, 1941, FDRL. The date on the FDRL copy of the cable is probably wrong. Lattimore's correspondence with Madame Chiang shows a November 11 date.

38. Memorandum of conversation with Bishop Paul Yu-pin, October 13, 1941, LP.

39. Memorandum of conversation with Tsang (Chang) Han-fu, November 11, 1941, LP.

40. Memorandum of conversation with Chou En-fu, November 24, 1941, LP.

41. Mayling Soong Chiang to Lattimore, September 12, 1941, LP.

42. Conversation with Gimo (Chiang Kai-shek), November 16, 1941, LP; Omita to Currie, November 14, 1941, FDRL.

43. Lattimore to Madame Chiang Kai-shek, November 13, 1941, LP.

44. Dinner with Generalissimo, November 14, 1941, LP.

45. Conversation with Gimo (Chiang Kai-shek), November 16, 1941, LP.

46. Currie, Memorandum for the President, November 21, 1941, FDRL.

47. Madame Chiang to Currie, November 29, 1941, Currie Papers.

48. This discussion leans heavily on Feis, Road to Pearl Harbor , chaps. 37-42.

49. Final draft of proposed "Modus Vivendi" with Japan, FR 4 (1941): 661-64.

50. Lattimore to Currie, November 25, 1941, FR 4: 652.

51. Winant to Secretary of State, November 26, 1941, FR 4: 665.

52. Secretary of State to Roosevelt, November 26, 1941, FR 4: 665-66.

53. Tansill, Back Door to War , 648-49; Greaves, "Secretary Knox and Pearl Harbor," 1271.

54. Toland, Infamy , 267.

55. McCarthy to Hickenlooper, June 28, 1950, Hickenlooper Papers, Foreign Relations, "Amerasia-McCarthy," Box 2, Herbert Hoover Presidential Library.

1. Memorandum, Recent Conversations with Generalissimo, November 30, 1941, LP.

2. Ibid.

1. Memorandum, Recent Conversations with Generalissimo, November 30, 1941, LP.

2. Ibid.

3. Omita (Lattimore) to Currie, November 27, 1941, FDRL.

4. Memorandum, Recent Conversations with Generalissimo, November 30, 1941, LP.

5. Mayling Soong Chiang to Lattimore, December 3, 1941, LP.

6. Memorandum, Generalissimo: Northeast China, December 4, 1941, LP.

7. Memorandum, Generalissimo: Counteracting Propaganda of Chinese Communists in U.S., December 4, 1941.

8. Memorandum, Generalissimo: Fundamental Question of the Pacific Area, December 4, 1941, LP.

9. Memorandum, Generalissimo: Economics, December 4, 1941, LP.

10. Memorandum, Generalissimo: Military, December 5, 1941, LP.

11. Memorandum, Generalissimo: December 5, 1941, LP.

12. McHugh to Currie, December 3, 1941, McHugh Papers.

13. Lattimore to Currie, December 9, 1941, FR 4: 738-39.

14. Omita to Currie, December 11, 1941, FDRL.

15. Untitled three-page memorandum with note at end, "Submitted through Madame, December 14, 1941. No Chinese translation," LP.

16. Omita to Currie, December 21, 1941, FDRL; see also the discussion of this loan in Tuchman, Stilwell , 251-52.

17. Aide Memoire, Submitted through Madame, December 21, 1941, LP.

18. Ibid.

17. Aide Memoire, Submitted through Madame, December 21, 1941, LP.

18. Ibid.

19. Omita to Currie, December 28, 1941, FDRL.

20. Omita to Currie, January 1, 1941 (error: should read 1942), FDRL; Omita to Currie, January 4, 1942, FDRL.

21. Omita to Currie, January 7, 1942, FDRL.

22. Chiang Kai-shek to President Roosevelt, January 12, 1942, FDRL.

23. FBI/OL, 5864.

24. Hamilton Owens, "Back from China, Lattimore High in Praise of Chiang's War Leadership," Baltimore Sun , February 9, 1942.

25. "Roosevelt Signs Chinese Loan Bill," New York Times, February 14, 1942.

26. FBI/OL, 5864.

27. Lattimore to Madame Chiang, February 16, 1942, LP.

28. Creighton Hill to Currie, February 25, 1942, LP.

29. Lattimore to Chiang Kai-shek, March 4, 1942, LP.

30. Memorandum, "Studies of American Interests in the War and the Peace," Territorial Group, CFR, March 18, 1942, CFR Archives.

31. Lattimore to Hollington Tong, March 15, 1942, LP.

32. FBI/OL, 1752.

33. Canadian Club Meeting No. 1 (Season of 1942-43), Chauteau Laurier, Ottawa, May 7, 1942, LP.

34. Currie to Roosevelt, May 15, 1942, FR , China, 46.

35. FBI/OL, 5864.

36. Lattimore, "How to Win the War," 15.

37. Ibid., 111.

36. Lattimore, "How to Win the War," 15.

37. Ibid., 111.

38. Tuchman, Stilwell .

39. Schaller, U.S. Crusade , 111.

40. Ibid., 111-13.

41. Ibid, 113-14.

39. Schaller, U.S. Crusade , 111.

40. Ibid., 111-13.

41. Ibid, 113-14.

39. Schaller, U.S. Crusade , 111.

40. Ibid., 111-13.

41. Ibid, 113-14.

42. FBI/OL, 3693. The McCarthyite charge that Lattimore "had an office in the Department of State" was entirely false. Currie's was an Executive Department office, located in the Old State Department Building, but it had no connection with State at that time.

43. "Conference with Dr. Owen Lattimore," June 10, 1942, Preston Goodfel-

low Papers, Box 3, Hoover Institution. In 1978 even so careful a scholar as Christopher Thorne misinterpreted this document to suggest that Lattimore thought that the Chinese Communists were not genuine ideologues. This was not what he thought at all; he knew well that Chu Teh's "Democratic regime" was a temporary tactical expedient. See Thorne, Allies of a Kind , 183.

44. Lattimore, Asia in a New World Order , 150, 161. A decade later this even-handed discussion triggered a bitter attack on Lattimore by isolationist-turned-McCarthyite John T. Flynn. In While You Slept and The Lattimore Story , Flynn outrageously distorts Lattimore's position, grossly misrepresenting Asia in a New World Order to paint Lattimore as a Kremlin agent.

45. "Tribute Is Accorded Chinese Army Deeds; Adviser to Chiang Urges U.S. to Send More Planes Quickly," New York Times , July 27, 1942.

46. Mayling Soong Chiang to Lattimore, August 5, 1942, LP.

47. O'Mahoney MS, 42.

48. Draft telegram for Generalissimo, no date, LP.

49. Roosevelt to Generalissimo, September 16, 1942, FDRL.

50. Clipping from unidentified newspaper, LP.

51. "New Front in China Seen," New York Times , October 24, 1942.

52. O'Mahoney MS 44. The five thousand dollar gift figured prominently in McCarran's SISS hearings. McCarran could not accept it as a genuine indication of Chiang's satisfaction with Lattimore's services; it had to be seen as routine.

53. H. H. K'ung to Lattimore, November 15, 1942, LP.

54. Seagrave, Soong Dynasty , 380-81; Schleit, Shelton's Barefoot Airlines , 21-24. There were adventures on this trip. Jeanette Kung had no money and borrowed nineteen hundred dollars from Lattimore to buy watches in Brazil. She repaid it when she got access to her father's U.S. accounts. FBI/OL, 3005.

55. "Lattimore Stresses We Must Win in China," New York Times , December 8, 1942.

56. War and Peace in the Pacific (New York: Institute of Pacific Relations, 1943), vi. McCarran's SISS made much of the fact that William W. Lockwood, IPR secretary, had solicited from Alger Hiss suggestions as to who should be invited to Mont Tremblant. Hiss obliged, suggesting Dean Acheson, Adolf Berle, Adlai Stevenson, and Harvey Bundy, among others. None of them attended; they were nonetheless damned by this recommendation. Those who did attend were also damned. Among the twenty-six American delegates were Philip Jessup, Frank Coe, Lauchlin Currie, Len De Caux, Fred Field, and Owen Lattimore.

57. Memorandum, "Studies of American Interests in the War and the Peace," Territorial Group, CFR, December 15, 1942, CFR Archives.

58. Draft of letter from Lattimore to Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, no date, FR 1942, China 185-187.

59. Currie to Lattimore, December 28, 1942, LP.

60. Lattimore to Currie, January 1, 1943, LP.

1. Tape recording from Riznik, January 30, 1988.

2. FBI/OL, 6614.

3. American Mercury 46 (April 1939): 510.

4. FBI/OL, 6235.

5. FBI/OL, 6614.

6. FBI/OL, 6235, 6054.

7. FBI/OL, 6614; see the statements by Lattimore on Osborne, SISS/IPR, 3598.

8. FBI/OL, 6097, 6707.

9. FBI/OL, 908.

10. Tydings, 434.

11. Tong, Dateline: China , 213.

12. FBI/OL, 2943.

13. FBI/OL, 405, 1678.

14. FBI/OL, 3728.

15. FBI/OL, 2089.

16. Ibid. In this and subsequent FBI documents, copy censored by the FBI is indicated by a long dash.

15. FBI/OL, 2089.

16. Ibid. In this and subsequent FBI documents, copy censored by the FBI is indicated by a long dash.

17. Lattimore, "Yunnan, Pivot of Southeast Asia," 492; Memorandum, Mongolia and the Peace Settlement, Territorial Series, CFR, June 8, 1943, CFR Archives.

18. FBI/OL, 2732, 2948, 2984. In 1950, after McCarthy had fingered Lattimore as the "top Soviet spy," Upton Close, a right-wing radio commentator with experience in China started a campaign to prosecute Lattimore for scripts he allegedly wrote for "The Pacific Story" series. Close wrote Senators Tydings, Hickenlooper, and Lodge on May 3, 1950, urging them to subpoena scripts and call witnesses on this matter; Hickenlooper Papers. Close also contacted the FBI, who discovered that he was wrong about who wrote "Pacific Story" scripts.

19. Lattimore, America and Asia , 45.

20. "American Falsifiers on the Policy of the USA in Relation to the Chinese Revolution of 1925-1927," Voprosy Istorii (Moscow), April 1949; translation by FBI; FBI/OL, 1327.

21. Lattimore to Madame Chiang, March 30, 1943, LP.

22. Lattimore to Madame Chiang, April 20, 1943, LP.

23. One of the writers most concerned about the state of Kuomintang morale was T. A. Bisson, whose article "China's Part in a Coalition War" went much too far in labeling the Chinese Communists "democratic." Lattimore knew, and said, that they were genuine ideological Communists, however moderate their political program at any one time.

24. Lattimore to Currie, July 20, 1943, LP.

25. Studies of American Interests in the War and the Peace, Territorial Series, CFR, December 14, 1943, CFR Archives.

26. Colegrove's account: SISS/IPR, 912. Lattimore's account: SISS/IPR, 3577.

27. For Edwin O. Reischauer's response to Colegrove, see SISS/IPR, 4931. For Eugene Staley's response, see SISS/IPR, 5313-16. For Colegrove's operations as a "mind-guard" at Northwestern University, see Thompson, "Miller Center Discussions," 25-26; Cook, Nightmare Decade , 365, has a brief comment on Colegrove's support of McCarthy.

28. O'Mahoney MS, 45.

1. Sending "missionaries" or personal investigators was akin to Roosevelt's habit of having multiple intelligence sources; he could select from among a number of conflicting reports.

2. Hull, Memoirs , 1585-86; Wallace, Soviet Asia Mission , 17; Tuchman, Stilwell , 464.

3. Harriman, Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin , 331.

4. Wallace, Soviet Asia Mission , 17-18.

5. Madame Chiang to Lattimore, April 28, 1944, LP.

6. Secretary of State to Ambassador in China (Gauss), May 23, 1944, FR , China, 228.

7. Lattimore, "New Road to Asia."

8. O'Mahoney MS, 46.

9. Wallace, Soviet Asia Mission , 33-34.

10. Yuri A. Rastvorov, "Red Fraud and Intrigue in Far East," 180. Rastvorov's claim that all stockades along the Wallace route had been torn down does not square with John Hazard's memory. As Wallace's translator, Hazard was in the lead car in the convoy and hence not handicapped by the dust swirling around the following cars. During the McCarthy years Lattimore asked Hazard if there had been any prison stockades visible near Magadan. Hazard replied," 'Oh yes, there were plenty of those, and when I asked the Russians what they were, they replied perfectly frankly that they were the stockades of prison camps.' The point is that he never told me on the trip. He was an extremely discreet man." Lattimore to author, January 11, 1982. What Hazard saw so dearly Wallace should also have seen, but not Lattimore.

11. Harriman, Special Envoy , 331.

12. Wallace, Soviet Asia Mission , 128-29.

13. J. R. Hildebrand to Lattimore, August 30, 1944, National Geographic Society Archives. The most reprehensible attack on Lattimore's National Geographic article came years after it was published, in Paul Hollander's misleading Political Pilgrims (1981). Hollander set out to show how certain intellectuals, alienated from Western society and seeking utopias, visited the Soviet Union, China, and other Communist nations as pilgrims visiting a shrine. Lattimore's trip with Wallace in 1944 met none of the criteria Hollander established for his pilgrims. It was at the wrong time: Hollander's pilgrims traveled to Russia in the 1930s. It was to Siberia, the wrong place: what "political pilgrim" went there? Lattimore went for the wrong reasons: he was not estranged from the United States but was a well-adjusted, practicing, enthusiastic capitalist. He went under the wrong auspices: he was not on a utopia-seeking tour but on an official mission sent by the president of the United States. Hollander betrays his total ignorance of Lattimore's beliefs as displayed in his extensive writings; Hollander gives evidence of having read only Lattimore's National Geographic article and a letter to the editor of the New Statesman in 1968. There are eight references in Hollander to Lattimore; the best that can be said of this work is that Hollander knew nothing about Lattimore's trip. Robert Conquest, who also frequently attacked Lattimore's account, at least knew what Lattimore was doing in Kolyma.

14. This and all subsequent quotations from Lattimore's diary are from the copy in the Lattimore Papers, Library of Congress.

15. Department of State, United States Relations with China , 551-54.

16. Ibid., 554.

15. Department of State, United States Relations with China , 551-54.

16. Ibid., 554.

17. Seagrave, Soong Dynasty , 293.

18. May, China Scapegoat , 83.

19. On the Kunming events, see May, China Scapegoat , 105-7; Merrell to Secretary of State, June 28, 1944, FR , China, 235-37; SISS/IPR, 1403-89, 1809-16.

20. See the Alsop account in "Strange Case."

21. See Tuchman, Stilwell , 89.

1. Graebner, New Isolationism , 27.

2. Lattimore, Solution in Asia , 12, 82-85, 99-100, 104-7, 122.

3. Ibid., 121, 120.

4. Ibid., 140, 139, 152-53, 173.

5. Ibid., 158.

6. Ibid., 191, 196, 197. When Lattimore was indicted in 1954 for following the Communist party line in his writings, the displaced and embittered foreign service officer Joseph W. Ballantine "analyzed" Lattimore's writings. Solution , said Ballantine, "goes 100 percent along the line of the Communist solution in Asia"; Ballantine Oral History, Columbia University Libraries, 216. The official Justice Department-sponsored analysis of Lattimore's writings in which Ballantine was involved, was equally mendacious; Solution was cited as Communist-lining in seventy-one places, but none of Lattimore's extensive argument for free enterprise, and for outflanking the Russians, was acknowledged. See chap. 26.

2. Lattimore, Solution in Asia , 12, 82-85, 99-100, 104-7, 122.

3. Ibid., 121, 120.

4. Ibid., 140, 139, 152-53, 173.

5. Ibid., 158.

6. Ibid., 191, 196, 197. When Lattimore was indicted in 1954 for following the Communist party line in his writings, the displaced and embittered foreign service officer Joseph W. Ballantine "analyzed" Lattimore's writings. Solution , said Ballantine, "goes 100 percent along the line of the Communist solution in Asia"; Ballantine Oral History, Columbia University Libraries, 216. The official Justice Department-sponsored analysis of Lattimore's writings in which Ballantine was involved, was equally mendacious; Solution was cited as Communist-lining in seventy-one places, but none of Lattimore's extensive argument for free enterprise, and for outflanking the Russians, was acknowledged. See chap. 26.

2. Lattimore, Solution in Asia , 12, 82-85, 99-100, 104-7, 122.

3. Ibid., 121, 120.

4. Ibid., 140, 139, 152-53, 173.

5. Ibid., 158.

6. Ibid., 191, 196, 197. When Lattimore was indicted in 1954 for following the Communist party line in his writings, the displaced and embittered foreign service officer Joseph W. Ballantine "analyzed" Lattimore's writings. Solution , said Ballantine, "goes 100 percent along the line of the Communist solution in Asia"; Ballantine Oral History, Columbia University Libraries, 216. The official Justice Department-sponsored analysis of Lattimore's writings in which Ballantine was involved, was equally mendacious; Solution was cited as Communist-lining in seventy-one places, but none of Lattimore's extensive argument for free enterprise, and for outflanking the Russians, was acknowledged. See chap. 26.

2. Lattimore, Solution in Asia , 12, 82-85, 99-100, 104-7, 122.

3. Ibid., 121, 120.

4. Ibid., 140, 139, 152-53, 173.

5. Ibid., 158.

6. Ibid., 191, 196, 197. When Lattimore was indicted in 1954 for following the Communist party line in his writings, the displaced and embittered foreign service officer Joseph W. Ballantine "analyzed" Lattimore's writings. Solution , said Ballantine, "goes 100 percent along the line of the Communist solution in Asia"; Ballantine Oral History, Columbia University Libraries, 216. The official Justice Department-sponsored analysis of Lattimore's writings in which Ballantine was involved, was equally mendacious; Solution was cited as Communist-lining in seventy-one places, but none of Lattimore's extensive argument for free enterprise, and for outflanking the Russians, was acknowledged. See chap. 26.

2. Lattimore, Solution in Asia , 12, 82-85, 99-100, 104-7, 122.

3. Ibid., 121, 120.

4. Ibid., 140, 139, 152-53, 173.

5. Ibid., 158.

6. Ibid., 191, 196, 197. When Lattimore was indicted in 1954 for following the Communist party line in his writings, the displaced and embittered foreign service officer Joseph W. Ballantine "analyzed" Lattimore's writings. Solution , said Ballantine, "goes 100 percent along the line of the Communist solution in Asia"; Ballantine Oral History, Columbia University Libraries, 216. The official Justice Department-sponsored analysis of Lattimore's writings in which Ballantine was involved, was equally mendacious; Solution was cited as Communist-lining in seventy-one places, but none of Lattimore's extensive argument for free enterprise, and for outflanking the Russians, was acknowledged. See chap. 26.

7. Lattimore, Solution in Asia , AMS edition, i-vi.

8. Keeley, China Lobby Man, 67 .

9. Thomas, Institute of Pacific Relations , 41.

10. Keeley, China Lobby Man , 314.

11. Thomas, Institute of Pacific Relations , 41.

12. Security in the Pacific (New York: Institute of Pacific Relations, 1945).

13. SISS/IPR, 994.

14. SISS/IPR, 991-92.

15. Pacificus, "Dangerous Experts," Nation 160 (February 3, 1945): 128.

16. FBI/OL, 1683; SISS/IPR, 703-54.

17. I. F. Stone, "Pearl Harbor Diplomats," Nation 161 (July 14, 1945): 25-27. An accurate account of Grew's resignation is in Heinrichs, American Ambassador , 380.

18. FBI/OL, 5.

19. Lattimore, "International Chess Game," 732.

20. Ibid., 733.

19. Lattimore, "International Chess Game," 732.

20. Ibid., 733.

21. Keeley, China Lobby Man , 87. Eastman also sought material from Freda Utley. A copy of the Eastman-Powell Reader's Digest article ("The Fate of the World") in Utley's papers at the Hoover Institution has "written by Freda Utley" on the cover page, and attached is what appears to be Utley's manuscript as submitted to Eastman. Some of the Utley manuscript does appear in the Digest article, but it also contains material not in her draft. When Utley published The China Story in 1951, she mentioned the Eastman-Powell article but did not hint at her part in it; China Story , 148.

22. O'Neill, Last Romantic , xvii.

23. Eastman and Powell, "The Fate of the World."

24. O'Neill, Last Romantic , 227.

25. SISS/IPR, 3353.

26. This account is taken from Latham, Communist Controversy in Washington , 203-16; Service, Amerasia Papers ; Tydings, 431; Congressional Record , March 30, 1950, 81st Cong., 2d Sess., 4375-98.

27. Moos affidavit, April 5, 1950, LP; Tydings, 431. Innocent as Moos's participation in the Ruxton picnic was, his casual acquaintance with Lattimore, Service, and Roth may have cost him the presidency of the University of Maryland. An FBI memo of February 16, 1954, from Lee Pennington to D. M. Ladd, notes

that while Moos was being considered for the job, he was "tied up with Lattimore and the subversive group of professors at Johns Hopkins University"; FBI/OL, 5549. This handicap did not, however, prevent Moos from serving with distinction as one of President Eisenhower's speechwriters and later as president of the University of Minnesota.

28. FBI/OL, 1189, 544.

29. Author interview with Abel Wolman, February 13, 1984.

30. Well, Pretty Good Club , 216.

31. SISS/IPR, 3087.

32. SISS/IPR, 3387.

33. SISS/IPR, 3388.

34. Ibid.

33. SISS/IPR, 3388.

34. Ibid.

35. New York Times , August 6, 1945.

36. Ibid.; Ballantine Oral History, 218.

35. New York Times , August 6, 1945.

36. Ibid.; Ballantine Oral History, 218.

37. Byrnes, All in One Lifetime , 310.

1. Alfred Kohlberg sarcastically claimed that he was the China lobby, but common usage of the phrase included many others. Politicians, journalists, businessmen, retired generals and admirals, a handful of professors, and employees of the Nationalist government all worked for the same ends: continued recognition of and aid to Chiang Kai-shek and opposition to admission of the People's Republic of China to the United Nations. See Ascoli, "China Lobby"; Bachrack, Committee of One Million ; and Koen, China Lobby .

2. Klehr and Radosh, "Anatomy of a Fix," 20.

3. Latham, Communist Controversy in Washington , 213.

4. Ibid., 214. Many commentators on Amerasia fail to realize how illegal entries by the OSS and the FBI vitiated the government case. A comprehensive description of the legal issues involved appears in Heald and Tyler, "Legal Principle."

3. Latham, Communist Controversy in Washington , 213.

4. Ibid., 214. Many commentators on Amerasia fail to realize how illegal entries by the OSS and the FBI vitiated the government case. A comprehensive description of the legal issues involved appears in Heald and Tyler, "Legal Principle."

5. The text of Sokolsky's broadcast was recorded by Chinese Nationalist officials; a transcript is in the Wellington Koo Papers, Columbia University. For an analysis of Sokolsky's character and ideological track record, see Cohen, Chinese Connection .

6. Kohlberg, "Owen Lattimore."

7. Lattimore, "Reply to Kohlberg," 15.

8. Shanahan, "False Solution," 22.

9. FBI/OL, 5768.

10. FBI/OL, 5518.

11. A chronology of the mission is in Report on Japanese Reparations to the President of the United States , Box 21, Records of the U.S. Mission on Reparations, RG 59, NA (hereafter cited as Pauley Mission Records).

12. Lattimore to Maxwell, November 6, 1945, Pauley Mission Records.

13. Ibid.

12. Lattimore to Maxwell, November 6, 1945, Pauley Mission Records.

13. Ibid.

14. See the account of the Pauley mission in Schaller, American Occupation of Japan , 33-38.

15. Presentation of Interim Program and Policy to FEC Committee Jan. 12, 1946 , Pauley Mission Records.

16. FBI/OL, 5768.

17. Ibid. We do not know whether Coons answered Lattimore. When the FBI interviewed Coons in 1950, he stated that "when he was first requested m serve on the mission he refused to do so because he learned that he would have to work under OWEN LATTIMORE ." Coons had met Lattimore at the Hot Springs IPR conference and found him a "domineering character"; FBI/OL, 835. By 1950 he thought Lattimore pro-Communist.

16. FBI/OL, 5768.

17. Ibid. We do not know whether Coons answered Lattimore. When the FBI interviewed Coons in 1950, he stated that "when he was first requested m serve on the mission he refused to do so because he learned that he would have to work under OWEN LATTIMORE ." Coons had met Lattimore at the Hot Springs IPR conference and found him a "domineering character"; FBI/OL, 835. By 1950 he thought Lattimore pro-Communist.

18. FBI/OL, 835.

19. Lattimore to Pauley, November 28, 1945. Pauley Mission Records.

20. FBI/OL, 5768. This memorandum should also be in the Pauley Mission Records, but I did not find it when I searched those records.

21. FBI/OL serial numbers 227, 236, 246, 253, 295, 322, 402, 412, 432, 462, 744, 829, 835, 886, 912, 944, 963, 978, 1098, 1132, 1292, 1592, 1631, 1925, 2625, 2740, 2985, and 6074 report interviews about Lattimore with members of the Pauley mission.

22. See note 11 above.

23. Schaller, American Occupation of Japan , chap. 2, gives a good description of the attempt of the occupation to destroy the cartels.

24. Tydings, 558-68.

25. FBI/OL, 2619.

26. See Willoughby to Bonner Fellers, November 23, 1949, de Toledano Papers, Box 5, Hoover Institution. Willoughby hoped to achieve fame as author of the first book on the Sorge spy ring; when this work brought him small reward, he went to Spain to work for Francisco Franco. On Willoughby's attempt to smear John K. Emmerson, see Emmerson's Japanese Thread , 312-13, 324-25. For an extended analysis of Willoughby's activities, see Bowen, Innocence Is Not Enough , esp. chap. 6.

27. FBI/OL, 7.

28. James R. Young to P. Stewart Macaulay, December 1, 1945, RG 03.001, Records of the Office of the Provost, Series 1, File 116, Page School of International Relations, 1945-54, Ferdinand Hamburger, Jr., Archives, Johns Hopkins University.

29. P. Stewart Macaulay to James R. Young, December 5, 1945, Hamburger Archives.

30. See Buhite, Patrick J. Hurley , chap. 11.

1. Murray, Red Scare , is the definitive source for the early 1920s.

2. Wohl, "American 'Geopolitical Masterhand.'"

3. Levering, American Opinion , chap. 3. But see Sirgiovanni, "Undercurrent of Suspicion," for evidence that many Americans did not relax their hostility toward Russia during the war.

4. Irons, "Cold War Crusade," 76.

5. Ibid., 78-82.

4. Irons, "Cold War Crusade," 76.

5. Ibid., 78-82.

6. Jefferson, "Rhetorical Restrictions," chaps. 3-4.

7. Irons, "Cold War Crusade," 79-80.

8. Ibid., 79.

7. Irons, "Cold War Crusade," 79-80.

8. Ibid., 79.

9. "Two Thousand Reds Hold U.S. Jobs, Priest Asserts," Washington Post ,

March 11, 1946; "Rep Rees to Ask Congressional Probe of Communists in U.S. Agencies Here," Washington Post , March 12, 1946.

10. Irons, "Cold War Crusade," 80.

11. Ibid.

12. Ibid., 81-82, 82-83.

10. Irons, "Cold War Crusade," 80.

11. Ibid.

12. Ibid., 81-82, 82-83.

10. Irons, "Cold War Crusade," 80.

11. Ibid.

12. Ibid., 81-82, 82-83.

13. O'Reilly, Hoover and the Un-Americans , chaps. 3-4.

14. Lattimore's ONA articles all appeared in the York (Pennsylvania) Gazette and Daily . No other paper carried them all. All citations to these ONA articles are to that paper; dates are those of publication. The Justice Department report is analyzed in chapter 26.

15. For a lurid account of the Gouzenko case and the Soviet espionage apparatus of which he was a part, see Pincher, Too Secret, Too Long .

16. Ray Richards, "Prof. Owen Lattimore's Job under Probe by House sub-Committee," Baltimore News-Post , June 7, 1946.

17. FBI/OL, 173, 2418. The Chicago Journal of Commerce piece was traced back by the FBI to Today's World Publishing Company in St. Louis. Today's World had a brief existence from June 1946 to March 1947; it was founded by Virgil A. and Charles F. Kelly and supported by the Knights of Columbus. The FBI was not certain of this connection, however; Serial 2418 notes that the connection was only the "opinion" of Virgil Kelly.

18. Goodman, The Committee , 184.

19. Caute, Great Fear , 26.

20. Oshinsky, Conspiracy So Immense , 50-51.

21. Goodman, The Committee , 185.

22. Ibid., 186-87.

21. Goodman, The Committee , 185.

22. Ibid., 186-87.

1. ONA dispatch in York Gazette and Daily , January 17, 1947. Subsequent ONA dispatches identified in text by date only.

2. Eastman, "Who Lost China?" 658-60. For the most complete discussion of why Mao triumphed, see Pepper, Civil War In China .

3. Salisbury, "Amerasia Papers."

4. Discussion Meeting Report, Far Eastern Affairs, March 5, 1947, CFR Archives.

5. Ibid.

4. Discussion Meeting Report, Far Eastern Affairs, March 5, 1947, CFR Archives.

5. Ibid.

6. Lattimore to Choibalsan, February 11, 1947, LP; Lattimore to Novikov, February 11, 1947, LP.

7. Undated mimeographed paper titled "Owen Lattimore," J. B. Matthews Papers, Liberty University Library.

8. FBI/OL, 173.

9. FBI/OL, 454.

10. Thomas, Institute of Pacific Relations , 41-44.

11. FBI/OL, 1324.

12. Ibid.

13. Ibid.

14. Ibid.

11. FBI/OL, 1324.

12. Ibid.

13. Ibid.

14. Ibid.

11. FBI/OL, 1324.

12. Ibid.

13. Ibid.

14. Ibid.

11. FBI/OL, 1324.

12. Ibid.

13. Ibid.

14. Ibid.

15. For the story of Vincent's struggle, and Clare's contemptible role in it, see May, China Scapegoat . An equally chilling report on Clare's bias and incompetence is in Kimball, The File .

1. Graebner, New Isolationism , 27.

2. Bailey, Diplomatic History , 800.

3. "Town Meeting," January 6, 1948. Transcripts of town meetings were published by the Town Hall, Inc., of Columbus, Ohio. This transcript was volume 13, number 37. This broadcast was also monitored by the Soviets, who castigated Lattimore over Radio Moscow as an opponent of communism; FBI/OL, 647.

4. Blind transcript in CFR Archives, the first paragraph of which reads, "The discussion group on Japan held its third meeting at 6:00 p.m. on Tuesday, January 27, 1948, at the Harold Pratt House."

5. Ibid.

4. Blind transcript in CFR Archives, the first paragraph of which reads, "The discussion group on Japan held its third meeting at 6:00 p.m. on Tuesday, January 27, 1948, at the Harold Pratt House."

5. Ibid.

6. See discussion of the reversal of occupation policy in Schonberger, Aftermath of War ; Bowen, Innocence Is Not Enough , 152-58; and Schaller, American Occupation of Japan , chap. 2.

7. Keeley, China Lobby Man , 220.

8. Ibid., 202.

9. Ibid., 203.

7. Keeley, China Lobby Man , 220.

8. Ibid., 202.

9. Ibid., 203.

7. Keeley, China Lobby Man , 220.

8. Ibid., 202.

9. Ibid., 203.

10. Goodman, The Committee , 226.

11. See Acheson, Present at the Creation , chap. 34; Cochran, Harry Truman , chap. 15; Goldman, Crucial Decade , 83-90; and Rogin, Intellectuals and McCarthy , chap. 8.

1. FBI/OL, 13.

2. Barmine, "Russian View," 44.

3. SISS/IPR, 183.

4. Ibid., 221.

3. SISS/IPR, 183.

4. Ibid., 221.

5. Barmine, "New Communist Conspiracy," 28.

6. FBI/OL, 503.

7. FBI/OL, 1447, 420.

8. Barmine, "New Defender for Yenan."

9. FBI/OL, 503.

10. FBI/OL, 420.

11. Goodman, The Committee , chap. 8.

12. FBI/OL, 503.

13. SISS/IPR, 201.

14. FBI/OL, 226.

15. For a description of Berzin, see Deakin and Storry, Case of Richard Sorge , 61-63.

16. Barmine, Memoirs of a Soviet Diplomat , and One Who Survived , chap. 40.

17. SISS/IPR 211; FBI/OL, 3114.

18. FBI/OL, 13, 19, 20.

19. FBI/OL, 23.

20. Ibid.

19. FBI/OL, 23.

20. Ibid.

21. FBI/OL, 34.

22. FBI/OL, 45.

23. FBI/OL, 65.

24. FBI/OL 61.

25. Ibid.

24. FBI/OL 61.

25. Ibid.

26. FBI/OL, 103.

27. This letter was not released by the FBI. We know its date from the CIA response cited in note 28.

28. Robert A. Schow m Director, FBI, August 10, 1949, CIA Lattimore files. As with the rest of the documents released after a nine-year delay, the CIA had censored this letter so heavily as to make it all but useless.

29. This letter does not survive, but Lattimore quoted it in an ONA article of February 22, 1947.

30. FBI/OL, 1082.

31. Congressional Record , February 21, 1949, 81st Cong., 1st Sess., A993. Theodore White told me in 1977 that on the campaign plane in 1960 Kennedy regretted having attacked Lattimore and Fairbank and wanted to make it up to them. White said he did not put this incident in his Making of the President: 1960 because he did not want to stir up trouble for Lattimore and Fairbank, both friends of White. White did, however, recount this event in his In Search of History , 469-70.

32. Budenz, "Menace of Red China," 23.

33. Ibid., 48.

34. Ibid., 49.

32. Budenz, "Menace of Red China," 23.

33. Ibid., 48.

34. Ibid., 49.

32. Budenz, "Menace of Red China," 23.

33. Ibid., 48.

34. Ibid., 49.

35. Lattimore to Mrs. William Stanton, February 14, 1949, Lattimore Papers, Hamburger Archives.

36. Lattimore, Situation in Asia , 12, 202.

37. Ibid., 237.

38. Ibid., 233.

39. Ibid., 111.

36. Lattimore, Situation in Asia , 12, 202.

37. Ibid., 237.

38. Ibid., 233.

39. Ibid., 111.

36. Lattimore, Situation in Asia , 12, 202.

37. Ibid., 237.

38. Ibid., 233.

39. Ibid., 111.

36. Lattimore, Situation in Asia , 12, 202.

37. Ibid., 237.

38. Ibid., 233.

39. Ibid., 111.

40. "Owen Lattimore Is on Legion List," Baltimore Sun , May 6, 1949.

41. Lattimore to Lauterbach, May 26, 1949, Lattimore Papers, Hamburger Archives.

42. FBI/OL, 146.

43. FBI/OL, 48, 49.

44. Lattimore to Roche, July 12, 1949, Lattimore Papers, Hamburger Archives.

45. On the White Paper , see Newman, "Self-Inflicted Wound."

46. Mao, Selected Works , 4:425-59.

47. Kearney, "Disaster in China," 4.

48. FBI/OL, 149.

49. Ibid.

48. FBI/OL, 149.

49. Ibid.

50. Varg, Missionaries, Chinese, and Diplomats , 249.

51. Quoted in Varg, Missionaries, Chinese, and Diplomats , 3.

52. See Swanberg, Luce and His Empire .

53. Stuart, Fifty Years in China , 242.

54. Dimond, "U.S. and China," 22-23.

55. Madsen, "The New China," 72.

56. Garrett, "Why They Stayed," 309.

57. FBI/OL, 1577.

58. SISS/IPR, 1551-1682 contains the complete transcript.

59. Ibid., 1583-95; and author interview with Philip Jessup, June 8, 1978.

58. SISS/IPR, 1551-1682 contains the complete transcript.

59. Ibid., 1583-95; and author interview with Philip Jessup, June 8, 1978.

60. FBI/OL, 2497; Bull to Lattimore, November 14, 1949, Lattimore Papers, Hamburger Archives.

61. FBI/OL, 146.

62. Lattimore to Evans, January 19, 1950, Rockefeller Foundation 1.1, Serial 2003, Box 354, Folder 4210, Rockefeller Archive Center.

63. FBI/OL, 133.

1. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Harry S. Truman, 1950 (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1950), 11.

2. Department of State Bulletin , January 12, 1950, 111.

3. Lattimore expressed these views in an ONA article carried by the York Gazette and Daily , July 9, 1949.

4. Acheson, Present at the Creation , 469-70.

5. W. H. Lawrence, "G.O.P. Poses Issues for '50 as Liberty versus Socialism," New York Times , February 7, 1950.

6. Lattimore to Gardner, February 1, 1950, LP.

7. Lattimore to Evans, February 26, 1950, LP.

8. FBI/OL, 151.

9. Ibid.

10. Ibid.

8. FBI/OL, 151.

9. Ibid.

10. Ibid.

8. FBI/OL, 151.

9. Ibid.

10. Ibid.

11. FBI/OL, 164.

12. Author interview with Burkhardt, May 7, 1982.

13. FBI/OL, 228.

14. See the account in Reeves, Joe McCarthy , chaps. 8-9.

15. All sources mentioned in this paragraph are in the bibliography.

16. See Hofstadter, Paranoid Style , for a historical approach to conspiracy theory.

17. Goldman, Crucial Decade , 116.

18. Watkins, Enough Rope , ix.

19. Oshinsky, Conspiracy So Immense , 114.

20. Tydings. For narrative accounts of the Tydings hearings, see Reeves, Joe McCarthy , chaps. 12-13; Oshinsky, Conspiracy So Immense , chap. 8; Griffith, Politics of Fear , chap. 3.

21. Keeley, China Lobby Man , 98-99.

22. Oshinsky, Conspiracy So Immense , 121.

23. I heard this story from John F. Melby (interview, June 10, 1983), who in 1950 was a foreign service officer on the Philippine desk.

24. Anderson, Confessions of a Muckraker , 196-97.

25. FBI/OL, 192, 178.

26. FBI/OL, 178.

27. FBI/OL, 2462.

28. FBI/OL, 916.

29. Lattimore, Ordeal by Slander , 5.

30. Ibid., 8.

31. Ibid.

32. Ibid., 3.

33. Ibid., 4.

29. Lattimore, Ordeal by Slander , 5.

30. Ibid., 8.

31. Ibid.

32. Ibid., 3.

33. Ibid., 4.

29. Lattimore, Ordeal by Slander , 5.

30. Ibid., 8.

31. Ibid.

32. Ibid., 3.

33. Ibid., 4.

29. Lattimore, Ordeal by Slander , 5.

30. Ibid., 8.

31. Ibid.

32. Ibid., 3.

33. Ibid., 4.

29. Lattimore, Ordeal by Slander , 5.

30. Ibid., 8.

31. Ibid.

32. Ibid., 3.

33. Ibid., 4.

34. FBI/OL, 1699.

35. Ibid.

36. Ibid.

34. FBI/OL, 1699.

35. Ibid.

36. Ibid.

34. FBI/OL, 1699.

35. Ibid.

36. Ibid.

37. Anderson, Confessions of a Muckraker , 198.

38. Keeley, China Lobby Man , 3.

39. McCarthy to Utley, April 4, 1950, Utley Papers, Box 8, Hoover Institution; Reeves, Joe McCarthy , 267-68.

40. Anderson and May, McCarthy , 304. For a revealing account of Don Surine, see the extensive records of Tom Reeves's conversations with him in the Reeves Papers, Wisconsin State Historical Society.

41. Reeves, Joe McCarthy , 359, 366-69.

42. Ibid., 341-45, 363-64, 445.

41. Reeves, Joe McCarthy , 359, 366-69.

42. Ibid., 341-45, 363-64, 445.

43. Author interview with Burkhardt, May 7, 1982.

44. FBI/OL, 207.

45. FBI/OL, 226, 1221.

46. FBI/OL, 1447.

47. FBI/OL, 372, 1447.

48. Reeves, Joe McCarthy , 268.

49. FBI/OL, 243. The text of the McCarthy speech is also in Congressional Record , March 30, 1950, 81st Cong., 2d Sess., 4375-93.

50. Ibid., 4385; Oshinsky, Conspiracy So Immense , 145.

49. FBI/OL, 243. The text of the McCarthy speech is also in Congressional Record , March 30, 1950, 81st Cong., 2d Sess., 4375-93.

50. Ibid., 4385; Oshinsky, Conspiracy So Immense , 145.

51. George McT. Kahin, then a graduate student at Johns Hopkins, went to McCarthy's office to check out the sources of McCarthy's charges against Lattimore. He told me, "I found it surprisingly easy to look for things that I wanted. I said, 'This has to be in the public domain, he's been talking about this.' "Kahin found that McCarthy had taken statements out of context, doctored them, even conjured some of them up. Author interview with Kahin, August 10, 1979.

52. FBI/OL, 3114.

53. See discussion of the Amerasia case in chapter 9.

54. On the Hobbs committee report, see Congressional Record , May 22, 1950, 81st Cong., 2d sess., 7428-68.

55. Hofstadter, Paranoid Style , 36.

56. Congressional Record , March 30, 1950, 81st Cong., 2d sess., 4380.

57. Stewart Alsop, The Center , 8.

58. Time , April 17, 1950, 22.

59. Edwards, "Lattimore Raked by Sen. McCarthy," Chicago Daily Tribune , March 31, 1950; Edwards, "Senator Will Give Evidence to FBI," Washington Times-Herald , March 31, 1950.

60. FBI/OL, 3114.

61. Ibid.

60. FBI/OL, 3114.

61. Ibid.

62. FBI/OL, 3711.

63. FBI/OL, 2778. See also Theoharis and Cox, The Boss , 285-87.

1. Lattimore, Ordeal by Slander , 20-21.

2. FBI/OL, 200.

3. FBI/OL, 261.

4. FBI/OL, 219, 354.

5. FBI/OL, 1894. Tavenner was an informal agent for General Willoughby, who sent him various Sorge papers hoping that HUAC would take up the case and thus publicize Willoughby's forthcoming book on Sorge. See correspondence from Willoughby to Bonner Fellers, Ralph de Toledano Papers, Box 5, Hoover Institution.

6. FBI/OL, 1677.

7. FBI/OL, 2033.

8. FBI/OL, 1900.

9. FBI/OL, 2367.

10. Edwards, "M'Carthy Links Lattimore to Slain Red Spy," Chicago Tribune , August 2, 1950.

11. FBI/OL, 5116.

12. FBI/OL, 294.

13. Caldwell, Secret War ; see also Davies, Dragon by the Tail , 287-89; and Miles, A Different Kind of War .

14. Miles to Nimitz, March 21, 1946, Miles Papers, Box 9, Hoover Institution; Schaller, U.S. Crusade in China , 248-49.

15. FBI/OL, 606.

16. Ibid.

17. Ibid.

15. FBI/OL, 606.

16. Ibid.

17. Ibid.

15. FBI/OL, 606.

16. Ibid.

17. Ibid.

18. FBI/OL, 1474.

19. FBI/OL, 1684.

20. FBI/OL, 1684, 1850.

21. FBI/OL, 2321.

22. FBI/OL, 2172.

23. FBI/OL,2550.

24. FBI/OL, 2827.

25. FBI/OL, 2953.

26. FBI/OL, 3058, 3219.

27. FBI/OL, 944, 1318, 1806.

28. FBI/OL, 932.

29. Ibid.

28. FBI/OL, 932.

29. Ibid.

30. FBI/OL 942.

31. FBI/OL 1279.

32. FBI/OL 1769.

33. FBI/OL 962.

34. FBI/OL 1306.

35. FBI/OL 2389.

36. FBI/OL 2692.

37. FBI/OL 5536.

38. FBI/OL 2625.

39. FBI/OL. 2355.

40. Ibid.

39. FBI/OL. 2355.

40. Ibid.

41. FBI/OL, 2728.

42. Ibid.

41. FBI/OL, 2728.

42. Ibid.

43. FBI/OL, 2987.

44. FBI/OL, 1686.

45. FBI/OL, 1691.

46. Ibid.

45. FBI/OL, 1691.

46. Ibid.

47. FBI/OL, 2461.

48. FBI/OL, 1272.

49. FBI/OL, 1686.

50. FBI/OL, 1688, 1687, 1362.

51. FBI/OL, 1690.

52. FBI/OL, 1355.

53. FBI/OL, 1575, 1437.

54. FBI/OL, 1691.

55. FBI/OL. 2054.

56. FBI/OL 2461.

57. FBI/OL, 2330.

58. FBI/OL 2830.

59. FBI/OL 2330.

60. FBI/OL 2705.

61. FBI/OL 2600.

62. FBI/OL 2662.

63. FBI/OL 2759.

64. FBI/OL 2803.

65. FBI/OL 2830.

66. FBI/OL 3875, 4035.

67. FBI/OL 1932, 2381, 2382.

68. FBI/OL 3285, 3286, 3290.

69. FBI/OL 1831, 2014, 2233, 2265, 2358.

1. Lattimore, Ordeal by Slander , 18.

2. Ibid., 19.

3. Ibid., 23.

1. Lattimore, Ordeal by Slander , 18.

2. Ibid., 19.

3. Ibid., 23.

1. Lattimore, Ordeal by Slander , 18.

2. Ibid., 19.

3. Ibid., 23.

4. Reeves, Joe McCarthy , 265.

5. Lattimore, Ordeal by Slander , 23.

6. "Lattimore's Statement," Baltimore Sun , April 2, 1950.

7. Ibid.

6. "Lattimore's Statement," Baltimore Sun , April 2, 1950.

7. Ibid.

8. Lattimore, Ordeal by Slander , 27.

9. New York Times , April 4, 1950.

10. William S. White, "Lodge Asks Loyalty Inquiry Be Shifted to Private Board," New York Times , April 4, 1950.

11. FBI/OL, 345, 334.

12. FBI/OL, 1940.

13. Lattimore, Ordeal by Slander , 56-57.

14. In addition to the Tydings committee hearings, Lattimore's appearance was covered extensively in the New York Times, Baltimore Sun, Washington Post , and many other papers on April 7, 1950. See also Lattimore, Ordeal by Slander , 59-108.

15. Tydings, 417-18.

16. Ibid., 420.

17. Ibid., 425.

18. Ibid., 438-39.

19. Ibid., 439, 441.

20. Ibid., 484.

15. Tydings, 417-18.

16. Ibid., 420.

17. Ibid., 425.

18. Ibid., 438-39.

19. Ibid., 439, 441.

20. Ibid., 484.

15. Tydings, 417-18.

16. Ibid., 420.

17. Ibid., 425.

18. Ibid., 438-39.

19. Ibid., 439, 441.

20. Ibid., 484.

15. Tydings, 417-18.

16. Ibid., 420.

17. Ibid., 425.

18. Ibid., 438-39.

19. Ibid., 439, 441.

20. Ibid., 484.

15. Tydings, 417-18.

16. Ibid., 420.

17. Ibid., 425.

18. Ibid., 438-39.

19. Ibid., 439, 441.

20. Ibid., 484.

15. Tydings, 417-18.

16. Ibid., 420.

17. Ibid., 425.

18. Ibid., 438-39.

19. Ibid., 439, 441.

20. Ibid., 484.

21. Oshinsky, Conspiracy So Immense , 148.

22. William S. White, "Lattimore Denies He Was Ever a Red; Hits 'China Lobby,' "New York Times , April 7, 1950.

23. FBI/OL, 518, 519.

24. FBI/OL, 1604.

25. FBI/OL, 3050, 6110.

26. FBI/OL, 2195, 2290.

27. FBI/OL, 447, 566.

28. FBI/OL, 2722.

29. FBI/OL, 1940.

30. FBI/OL, 2409.

31. FBI/OL, 686.

32. FBI/OL, 594.

33. FBI/OL, 552 (my assignment of serial number; the FBI did not mark it). This serial covers the whole Kohlberg interview story through his painful session with Belmont April 13, 1950.

34. "Kohlberg Says His File Has More on Lattimore," New York Mirror , April 13, 1950.

35. FBI/OL, 552.

36. Ibid.

35. FBI/OL, 552.

36. Ibid.

1. FBI Headquarters File 100-63, Louis Francis Budenz, Internal Security—C, Serial 122; hereafter cited as FBI/LB, plus the serial number.

2. Budenz, This Is My Story , preface, chaps. 10-11.

3. FBI/LB, 138.

4. FBI/LB, 149.

5. FBI/LB, 160.

6. FBI/LB, 211.

7. Ibid.

6. FBI/LB, 211.

7. Ibid.

8. FBI/LB, 139.

9. FBI New York Office File 62-8988B, Serial 3. The New York office changed classifications on Budenz several times, and the different tiles were not kept clearly separate. Hereafter, New York files on Budenz will be cited as FBINY, Budenz, file number, and serial.

10. FBI/LB, 190.

11. In the period just before the Tydings hearings, and again in 1951 when Budenz was called before the McCarran committee, the changes in his recollections due to "refreshing his memory" were so numerous the FBI could hardly keep track of them. See FBI/OL, 728.

12. FBI/LB, 227.

13. FBI/OL, 2327, 1324.

14. The transcript of the Santo hearing is printed in Tydings, 1691-1725.

15. Anderson, Confessions of a Muckraker , 201.

16. FBI/LB, 257.

17. FBINY, Budenz, 62-8988B, Serial 11; Budenz, 66-6709B, Serial 203.

18. FBI/LB, 282.

19. FBI/LB, 288.

20. Budenz, "Menace of Red China," 23.

21. Margaret Budenz, Streets , 242.

22. FBI/OL, 515.

23. Ibid.

22. FBI/OL, 515.

23. Ibid.

24. FBI/OL, 3114.

25. FBI/OL, 182.

26. FBI/OL, 226.

27. FBI/OL, 531.

28. FBI/OL, 515, 444.

29. FBI/OL, 463, 514.

30. FBI/OL, 1821.

31. FBI/OL, 532.

32. FBI/OL, 501.

33. Ibid.

32. FBI/OL, 501.

33. Ibid.

34. FBI/OL, 561.

35. FBI/OL, 488.

36. Ibid.

37. Ibid.

35. FBI/OL, 488.

36. Ibid.

37. Ibid.

35. FBI/OL, 488.

36. Ibid.

37. Ibid.

38. FBI/OL, 724.

39. Ibid.

40. Ibid.

38. FBI/OL, 724.

39. Ibid.

40. Ibid.

38. FBI/OL, 724.

39. Ibid.

40. Ibid.

41. FBI/OL, 927.

42. FBI/OL, 1151.

43. FBI/OL, 1150.

44. FBI/OL, 1823.

45. FBI/OL, 1822.

46. FBI/OL, 702.

47. FBI/LB, 314.

48. FBI/OL, 1332; Reeves, Joe McCarthy , 716.

49. FBI/OL, 1032.

50. Lattimore, Ordeal by Slander , 111-12.

51. Field's testimony is in Tydings, 709-35; Dodd's testimony is in Tydings, 631-59; Thorpe's testimony is in Tydings, 5558-68. Charles Callas, who worked for SISS from February to June 1952, says Thorpe told him that contrary to statements made by Lattimore in Ordeal by Slander , Thorpe's expenses in Washington were paid by the Lattimore team; author interview with Callas, August 19, 1989. All the principals are now deceased, and it is impossible to find records settling the matter.

52. William G. Weart, "Lattimore Bids U.S. Sever Formosa Tie, "New York Times , April 16, 1950.

53. Tydings, 488.

54. Ibid., 489.

53. Tydings, 488.

54. Ibid., 489.

55. Budenz's "four hundred" list included many persons whom he never accused publicly. The FBI has released only a fraction of those he named. Some of the more prominent: Kay Boyle, John Carter Vincent, Albert Einstein, Rockwell Kent, Senator Elbert D. Thomas, Henry Steele Commager, Clifford Durr, John K. Fairbank, Carey McWilliams, Linus Pauling, Thomas L Emerson, Walter Gellhorn, Representative Adolph Sabath.

56. Tydings, 489; FBI/OL, 214, 1621.

57. FBI/OL, 344.

58. Tydings, 496.

59. Ibid., 534.

58. Tydings, 496.

59. Ibid., 534.

60. Tydings, 491-95. The fifth of these charges Budenz retracted in FBI interviews of May 4 and June 2, 1950; FBI/OL, 2434.

61. Bayley, Joe McCarthy and the Press, analyzes press failure to show McCarthy's mendacity.

62. Krock, "Capital Is Disturbed by Budenz Testimony," New York Times , April 23, 1950.

63. FBI/OL, 1065.

64. FBI/OL, 1231.

65. FBINY, Budenz, 62-8988, Serial 237; FBINY, Budenz, 66-6709, Serial 262.

66. FBI/LB, 324.

1. Lattimore, Ordeal by Slander , 125; New York Times , April 22, 1950.

2. FBI/OL, 1051.

3. FBI/OL, 1785.

4. Tydings, 631-59.

5. Ibid., 660-67.

4. Tydings, 631-59.

5. Ibid., 660-67.

6. FBI/OL, 1463. The Kerley charge reached the Times in watered-down form; see "Bella Dodd Terms Budenz 'Dishonest,'" New York Times , April 26, 1950. In this story Huber had only been "assaulted."

7. FBI/OL, 1282, 1463.

8. Ibid.

9. Ibid.

10. Ibid.

7. FBI/OL, 1282, 1463.

8. Ibid.

9. Ibid.

10. Ibid.

7. FBI/OL, 1282, 1463.

8. Ibid.

9. Ibid.

10. Ibid.

7. FBI/OL, 1282, 1463.

8. Ibid.

9. Ibid.

10. Ibid.

11. FBI/OL, 1504.

12. FBI/OL, 1484, 1907.

13. "Budenz Cautions of Plot in Pacific," New York Times , April 24, 1950.

14. Tydings, 669-707.

15. Ibid., 709-35; Field, From Right to Left , 218. Field's description of the Tydings hearings, and the mendacious Budenz, is inaccurate in some details but is overall a shrewd account of the inquisition. See especially chapter 20.

14. Tydings, 669-707.

15. Ibid., 709-35; Field, From Right to Left , 218. Field's description of the Tydings hearings, and the mendacious Budenz, is inaccurate in some details but is overall a shrewd account of the inquisition. See especially chapter 20.

16. Tydings, 768.

17. Ibid., 759. For an extensive discussion of Utley's political and ideological shifts, and of her belief that the Nazis in 1940 could be "humanized and democratized" and hence were preferable to the Communists, see Klotz, "Freda Utley," chaps. 7-8.

16. Tydings, 768.

17. Ibid., 759. For an extensive discussion of Utley's political and ideological shifts, and of her belief that the Nazis in 1940 could be "humanized and democratized" and hence were preferable to the Communists, see Klotz, "Freda Utley," chaps. 7-8.

18. Author interview with Utley, December 3, 1977.

19. "Freda Utley Calls Lattimore No Red Spy, But a 'Judas Cow,' "New York Times , May 2, 1950.

20. Lattimore, Ordeal by Slander , 146.

21. Tydings, 802.

22. Shewmaker, Americans and Chinese Communists , 245.

23. Tydings, 807.

24. Ibid., 809.

25. Ibid., 809, 813.

23. Tydings, 807.

24. Ibid., 809.

25. Ibid., 809, 813.

23. Tydings, 807.

24. Ibid., 809.

25. Ibid., 809, 813.

26. New York Times , May 3, 1950.

27. Jansen, "Owen Lattimore and the China Policy," Christian Science Monitor , May 12, 1950.

28. Congressional Record , Senate, May 12, 1950, 81st Cong., 2d sess., 6969.

29. Ibid., 6970.

30. Ibid.

31. Ibid., 6971.

32. Ibid., 6972, 6971.

33. Ibid., 6973-74.

28. Congressional Record , Senate, May 12, 1950, 81st Cong., 2d sess., 6969.

29. Ibid., 6970.

30. Ibid.

31. Ibid., 6971.

32. Ibid., 6972, 6971.

33. Ibid., 6973-74.

28. Congressional Record , Senate, May 12, 1950, 81st Cong., 2d sess., 6969.

29. Ibid., 6970.

30. Ibid.

31. Ibid., 6971.

32. Ibid., 6972, 6971.

33. Ibid., 6973-74.

28. Congressional Record , Senate, May 12, 1950, 81st Cong., 2d sess., 6969.

29. Ibid., 6970.

30. Ibid.

31. Ibid., 6971.

32. Ibid., 6972, 6971.

33. Ibid., 6973-74.

28. Congressional Record , Senate, May 12, 1950, 81st Cong., 2d sess., 6969.

29. Ibid., 6970.

30. Ibid.

31. Ibid., 6971.

32. Ibid., 6972, 6971.

33. Ibid., 6973-74.

28. Congressional Record , Senate, May 12, 1950, 81st Cong., 2d sess., 6969.

29. Ibid., 6970.

30. Ibid.

31. Ibid., 6971.

32. Ibid., 6972, 6971.

33. Ibid., 6973-74.

34. "Budenz Uses Catholic Church as a 'Shield,' Chavez Charges," New York Times , May 13, 1950; "Head of Fordham Champions Budenz," New York Times , May 14, 1950; "McCarthy Says Red Wrote Chavez Talk," New York Compass , May 26, 1950.

35. Mimeographed copy of speech in LP; "Seven G.O.P. Senators Decry 'Smear' Tactics of McCarthy," New York Times , June 2, 1950.

36. Stueck, Road to Confrontation , 217.

37. Buhite, Soviet-American Relations , 169. On the outbreak of the Korean War, see also Cumings, Origins of the Korean War ; and Simmons, Strained Alliance .

38. Oshinsky, Conspiracy So Immense , 167.

39. Congressional Record , Senate, July 6, 1950, 81st Cong., 2d sess., 9715; "McCarthy Charges Files Destruction," New York Times , July 13, 1950.

40. Chicago Daily Tribune , July 10, 1950.

41. Mimeographed copy of speech, LP.

42. Baltimore Evening Sun , July 7, 1950.

43. Tydings Report , 167. For a critique of the Tydings Report and its reception, see Reeves, Life and Times , 304-14.

44. "Red Charges by McCarthy Ruled False," New York Times , June 18, 1950.

45. Lattimore, Ordeal by Slander , 216, 9.

46. Ibid., 222.

45. Lattimore, Ordeal by Slander , 216, 9.

46. Ibid., 222.

47. Friendly, "Lattimore Answers McCarthy," Washington Post , July 30, 1950. Koen's book was actually printed in 1960 by Macmillan and review copies sent out, but the book was then withdrawn. Lawyers for the Chinese Nationalist government threatened Macmillan with a lawsuit because of charges in Koen's preface of illegal smuggling of narcotics into the United States by Nationalist Chinese. The book was finally published by Harper and Row in 1974.

48. Stefansson to Lattimores, October 6, 1949, LP.

49. Evelyn Stefansson to Eleanor Lattimore, May 18, 1950, LP. For Stefansson's account of this event, see his Discovery , chap. 45.

50. Stefansson to Lattimores, June 12, 1950, LP.

51. Stefansson to Lattimores, June 17, 1950, LP.

52. Stefansson to Lattimores, July 25, 1950, LP; FBI/OL, 2523.

53. "M'Carthy Hits Sale of Lattimore House," New York Times , July 28, 1950.

54. "New McCarthy vs. Lattimore Dispute On," Baltimore Sun , July 28, 1950.

1. Edwards, "M'Carthy Links Lattimore to Slain Red Spy," Chicago Tribune , August 3, 1950.

2. "AP Suppressed Charge on Reds, Says M'Carthy," Chicago Tribune , August 8, 1950.

3. "Resort Hotel Bans Lattimore Talk as Poll of Guests Shows Protest," New York Times , August 28, 1950.

4. Ibid.

3. "Resort Hotel Bans Lattimore Talk as Poll of Guests Shows Protest," New York Times , August 28, 1950.

4. Ibid.

5. "M'Carthy Attacks Cheered by V.F.W.," New York Times , August 31, 1950.

6. FBI/OL, 2887.

7. Ibid.

6. FBI/OL, 2887.

7. Ibid.

8. FBI/OL, 2873.

9. FBI/OL, 2887.

10. FBI/OL, 2854.

11. FBI/OL, 2895.

12. Cooney, American Pope , 285, 324.

13. FBI/LB, 353; Edwards, "Budenz Names 380 Top Reds for Probers," Washington Times-Herald , September 1, 1950.

14. FBI/OL, 377.

15. Lattimore to Colegrove, September 5, 1950, Lattimore Papers, Hamburger Archives.

16. Evelyn Stefansson to Eleanor Lattimore, August 21, 1950, LP; Stefansson to Lattimores, August 21, 1950, LP; Evelyn Stefansson to Eleanor Lattimore, September 11, 1950, LP.

17. Ibid.

16. Evelyn Stefansson to Eleanor Lattimore, August 21, 1950, LP; Stefansson to Lattimores, August 21, 1950, LP; Evelyn Stefansson to Eleanor Lattimore, September 11, 1950, LP.

17. Ibid.

18. Tanner and Griffith, "Legislative Politics and 'McCarthyism,'" 168-88.

19. "Wellesley Permits Lattimore to Speak," New York Times , September 26, 1950; Bert Wissman, "Wellesley Trustees May Ban Invitation to Prof. Lattimore," Washington Times-Herald , October 2, 1950.

20. FBI/OL, 2858.

21. Fried, "Electoral Politics and McCarthyism," 205.

22. For an excellent account of the Maryland campaign, see Reeves, Joe McCarthy , 331-46.

23. "Owen Lattimore Lauds Tydings Regarding Whitewash Charge," Baltimore Sun , November 15, 1950.

24. Lattimore to Eisenhart, October 31, 1950, LP; Lattimore to Pandit Kunzru, December 11, 1950, Lattimore Papers, Hamburger Archives.

25. "U.S. Accuses Red China of 'Open Aggression'; 'New War,' Says M'Arthur; Truman Sees Aides: 200,000 of Foe Advance up to Twenty-three Miles in Korea," New York Times , November 29, 1950; "Skiers in Northwest Unite as Defense 'Guerrillas,' " New York Times , December 19, 1950; "Priest Justifies Use of Bomb for Defense," New York Times , December 25, 1950. For the complete story of the defeat of the Eighth Army, see Marshall, The River and the Gauntlet .

26. On the concept of virile self-image, see Ralph White, Nobody Wanted War , chap. 7.

27. FBI/OL, 2925.

28. FBI/OL, 5070.

29. SISS/IPR, 3430.

30. FBI/OL, 2944.

31. FBI/OL, 3017.

32. FBI/OL, 4769.

33. FBI/OL, 3017.

1. Steinberg, "McCarran Lone Wolf," 90.

2. Pittman, "Senator Patrick A. McCarran," 47-50, 79. I am much indebted to Von Pittman for his account of McCarran's anticommunism.

3. Ibid., 85-88.

2. Pittman, "Senator Patrick A. McCarran," 47-50, 79. I am much indebted to Von Pittman for his account of McCarran's anticommunism.

3. Ibid., 85-88.

4. Notes of Conversation with Senator John Foster Dulles, August 18, 1949, Wellington Koo Papers, Box, 130, Columbia University Library; "$1,500,000,000 Help to Nanking Urged," New York Times , January 29, 1949.

5. Norman H. Biltz Oral History, Western Studies Center, University of Nevada, Reno, 177.

6. "The Senate," ADA World , September 1950, 4A.

7. Congressional Record , March 29, 1950, 82d Cong., 1st sess., A2762-63; Fried, "Electoral Politics," 198-99.

8. Notes of conversations with Don Surine, Reeves Papers, Wisconsin State Historical Society.

9. FBI/OL, 1886; J. Edgar Hoover to Sidney W. Souers, February 20, 1950, President's Secretary's File, Box, 168, HSTL.

10. Anderson and May, McCarthy , 344.

11. "Senators Predict Sensation in Files," New York Times , February 11, 1951.

12. "Full Inquiry Pledged on Pacific Institute," New York Times , February 12, 1951; FBI/OL, 1886.

13. Morris, "Counsel for the Minority," 80.

14. FBI/OL, 3078, 3176.

15. FBI/OL, 3170. For an expanded account of these and other documents released by the Chinese Nationalists, see Newman, "Clandestine."

16. FBI/OL, 3170.

17. FBI/OL, 5842.

18. FBI/OL, no serial number. This is a cable from APO 500 to G-2 in Washington, July 7, 1951.

19. FBI/OL, 3298.

20. FBI/OL, 5842, 3174, 3252.

21. FBI/OL, 3174.

22. "Ban on Lattimore Asked," New York Times , March 6, 1951; "Lattimore Speaks," New York Times , March 8, 1951.

23. Congressional Record , April 19, 1951, 82d Cong., 2d sess, 4129.

24. The Government Printing Office issue of these hearings, published in 1951, is censored. A declassified version later became available in microfilm from University Publications of America.

25. Senate, Foreign Relations and Armed Services Committee, Military Situation in the Far East , 25-29.

26. Ibid., 37.

25. Senate, Foreign Relations and Armed Services Committee, Military Situation in the Far East , 25-29.

26. Ibid., 37.

27. FBI/OL, 3105.

28. Lipper, Elf Jahre .

29. Lipper, Eleven Years . Henry Regnery does not mention his addition to Lipper's book; see his Memoirs of a Dissident Publisher , 104-6. In the 1970s Lattimore lived in Paris, where he got to know Ruth Fischer, a former Communist of stature and an early anti-Stalinist. Lattimore told me about a conversation with Fischer: "One day we were talking about the different kinds of ex-Communists—the reasonable ones, the sectarian ones, the pathological ones, and I mentioned Lipper [meaning her attack on him in the American edition of her book]. 'That's strange,' said Ruth, 'I know Lipper and I'll find out for you. She's an honest woman.' In due course she told me—but did not show me the letter—that Lipper had written her that this derogatory passage had been inserted by the American publishers, without consulting her."

30. FBI/OL, 3227.

31. Tydings, 523.

32. SISS/IPR, 2795-2823, 2871-76.

33. "Communist Threat inside U.S.," U.S. News and World Report , November 16, 1951, 30

34. FBI Headquarters File 100-221869, Joseph Zack Kornfeder, Serial 26.

35. Ibid., Serial 12; FBI/OL, 3006.

34. FBI Headquarters File 100-221869, Joseph Zack Kornfeder, Serial 26.

35. Ibid., Serial 12; FBI/OL, 3006.

36. SISS Executive Session Records, Hearing of June 8, 1951, RG 46, NA; FBI Headquarters File 100-221869, Kornfeder, Serial 12.

37. SISS/IPR, 886; Caute, Great Fear , 126; May, China Scapegoat , 345.

38. SISS Executive Session Records, July 3, 1951, 12-13, RG 46, NA.

39. "Field Summoned to Senate Inquiry," New York Times , July 11, 1951.

40. "Senators Examine Field for Two Hours," New York Times , July 13, 1951.

41. "Lattimore Quiz Based on New Material," Baltimore Evening Sun , July 13, 1951.

42. SISS Executive Session Records, July 13, 1951, RG 46, NA; SISS/IPR, 3261.

43. Lattimore to Edgar McInnis, July 30, 1951, Lattimore Papers, Subseries 2, Correspondence, 1946-51, Hamburger Archives.

44. Undated memo headed "Lattimore, Owen," in SISS Files, IPR Investigation, RG 46, NA; FBI/OL, 3204.

45. FBI/OL, 3187.

46. "G.O.P. Loses Fight for Open MacArthur Inquiry," New York Times , May 5, 1951.

47. "Richardson and Nimitz," New York Times , May 28, 1951.

48. SISS/IPR, 2-5.

49. Thomas, Institute of Pacific Relations , 81; SISS/IPR, 10.

50. SISS/IPR, 18.

51. Ibid., 40.

52. Ibid., 2991.

50. SISS/IPR, 18.

51. Ibid., 40.

52. Ibid., 2991.

50. SISS/IPR, 18.

51. Ibid., 40.

52. Ibid., 2991.

53. "Field Says He Was Invited to Seek Air Intelligence Post," New York Times , July 27, 1951.

54. "Senators to Hear Ex-Wife of Eisler," New York Times , July 28, 1951.

55. FBI/OL, 3114.

56. SISS/IPR, 222.

57. Ibid., 208-9; Krivitsky, In Stalin's Secret Service ; FBI/OL, 3294.

56. SISS/IPR, 222.

57. Ibid., 208-9; Krivitsky, In Stalin's Secret Service ; FBI/OL, 3294.

58. FBI/OL, 3294.

59. "Lattimore and Barnes Linked to Soviet Spies but Deny It," New York Times , August 1, 1951.

60. SISS/IPR, Report , 25, 195.

61. Barmine, One Who Survived and Memoirs ; "Ex-Russian Agent Heard by Senators," Baltimore Sun , August 1, 1951; Who Was Who in the USSR (Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1972), 67.

62. Krivitsky, In Stalin's Secret Service , 37-38; Deakin and Storry, Case of Richard Sorge , 60; SISS/IPR, 3107.

63. See the analysis of the questioning of Barmine in "Draft Memorandum for Mr. Crossman," August 31, 1951, Philip Jessup Papers, Box 26, Library of Congress.

64. SISS/IPR, 211.

65. Chicago Tribune , August 1, 1951.

66. "Foundations Face Inquiry by House," New York Times , August 2, 1951.

67. SISS/IPR, 223-71.

68. FBI/OL, 4769.

69. Fairbank, Chinabound , 339.

70. SISS/IPR, 314, 316.

71. Ibid., 288, 289-90, 303, 327, 334; Ulmen, Science of Society , 189, 199, 203-4, 263-80, 283-99, 569-71.

70. SISS/IPR, 314, 316.

71. Ibid., 288, 289-90, 303, 327, 334; Ulmen, Science of Society , 189, 199, 203-4, 263-80, 283-99, 569-71.

72. FBI/OL, 3985; Packer, Ex-Communist Witnesses , 216.

73. SISS/IPR, 342-49.

74. Ibid., 353-401, 439.

75. Ibid., 437.

73. SISS/IPR, 342-49.

74. Ibid., 353-401, 439.

75. Ibid., 437.

73. SISS/IPR, 342-49.

74. Ibid., 353-401, 439.

75. Ibid., 437.

76. Barth, "McCarran's Monopoly," 25, 26.

77. SISS/IPR, 517.

78. Ibid., 515. During the South Bend interrogations with agent Pat Coyne, Budenz himself agreed that because he had never been to a Soviet school for Communist leaders he knew less than did other Politburo members; this admission was quite forgotten during the SISS hearings. See also chapter 18.

77. SISS/IPR, 517.

78. Ibid., 515. During the South Bend interrogations with agent Pat Coyne, Budenz himself agreed that because he had never been to a Soviet school for Communist leaders he knew less than did other Politburo members; this admission was quite forgotten during the SISS hearings. See also chapter 18.

79. SISS/IPR, 521, 529.

80. Ibid., 552, 555, 556.

81. Ibid., 685-86.

79. SISS/IPR, 521, 529.

80. Ibid., 552, 555, 556.

81. Ibid., 685-86.

79. SISS/IPR, 521, 529.

80. Ibid., 552, 555, 556.

81. Ibid., 685-86.

82. "Sorge's Spy Ring Held Copied in U.S.," New York Times , August 23, 1951; FBI/LB, 431.

83. Ibid.

82. "Sorge's Spy Ring Held Copied in U.S.," New York Times , August 23, 1951; FBI/LB, 431.

83. Ibid.

84. FBINY, Budenz, File 62-8988, Serial 402.

85. FBI/OL, 3203.

86. Ibid.

85. FBI/OL, 3203.

86. Ibid.

87. SISS/IPR, 704-5, 714.

88. Ibid., 718, 719; Edwards, "Calls Acheson a Tool in 1945 of Lattimore," Chicago Tribune , September 1, 1951. For more on Dooman, see chapter 9. The intensity of Dooman's vindictiveness toward those who disagreed with him about Japan does not come through in his SISS testimony. To gauge it fully, see Emmerson, Japanese Thread , 314-26, and Schonberger, Aftermath of War .

87. SISS/IPR, 704-5, 714.

88. Ibid., 718, 719; Edwards, "Calls Acheson a Tool in 1945 of Lattimore," Chicago Tribune , September 1, 1951. For more on Dooman, see chapter 9. The intensity of Dooman's vindictiveness toward those who disagreed with him about Japan does not come through in his SISS testimony. To gauge it fully, see Emmerson, Japanese Thread , 314-26, and Schonberger, Aftermath of War .

89. Joseph Alsop, "Is It Accurate?" New York Herald Tribune , September 12, 1951.

90. William S. White, "Democrats Blaze at Acheson Critics," New York Times , September 15, 1951; "Lehman Presses Security Inquiry," New York Times , September 25, 1951.

91. SISS/IPR, 864-95.

92. Ibid., 905, 912, 915, 922; FBI/OL, 955.

91. SISS/IPR, 864-95.

92. Ibid., 905, 912, 915, 922; FBI/OL, 955.

93. SISS/IPR, 948.

94. Ibid., 975-80, 959.

95. Ibid.,1009.

96. Ibid., 1011, 1019.

97. Ibid., 3614.

93. SISS/IPR, 948.

94. Ibid., 975-80, 959.

95. Ibid.,1009.

96. Ibid., 1011, 1019.

97. Ibid., 3614.

93. SISS/IPR, 948.

94. Ibid., 975-80, 959.

95. Ibid.,1009.

96. Ibid., 1011, 1019.

97. Ibid., 3614.

93. SISS/IPR, 948.

94. Ibid., 975-80, 959.

95. Ibid.,1009.

96. Ibid., 1011, 1019.

97. Ibid., 3614.

93. SISS/IPR, 948.

94. Ibid., 975-80, 959.

95. Ibid.,1009.

96. Ibid., 1011, 1019.

97. Ibid., 3614.

98. Author interview with Philip Jessup, June 8, 1978. Stassen's appearances are recorded in SISS/IPR, 1035-74, 1111-38, 1252-77.

99. White, "Parley of Experts Urged Recognition of Red China in '49," New York Times , October 12, 1951; SISS/IPR, 1252-77; "Lattimore and Douglas Cited on Asia," October 3, 1951. The CIA Lattimore file has an interesting Soviet comment on Lattimore made while Stassen was trying to make Lattimore out to be a Soviet agent. The Soviet Information Bureau broadcast a castigation of Lattimore as "one of the leading propagandists of American imperialism [who is] late in 'discovering' the new Asia." The Soviet attack was prompted by an article Lattimore wrote for the Nation commenting on the Korean War. This item did not find its way to McCarran.

100. SISS/IPR, 1077-1110.

101. Crosby, God, Church and Flag , 59.

102. SISS/IPR, 1195.

103. Ibid., 1234.

102. SISS/IPR, 1195.

103. Ibid., 1234.

104. Alsop m Hibbs, October 10, 1951, Alsop Papers, Box 80, Library of Congress.

105. SISS/IPR, 1303-5.

106. Ibid., 1322.

107. Ibid., 1329-30.

108. Ibid., 1330.

109. Ibid. 1351.

110. Ibid., 1342.

111. Ibid., 1368.

112. Ibid., 1405.

113. Ibid., 1405-6.

114. Ibid., 1485-86.

105. SISS/IPR, 1303-5.

106. Ibid., 1322.

107. Ibid., 1329-30.

108. Ibid., 1330.

109. Ibid. 1351.

110. Ibid., 1342.

111. Ibid., 1368.

112. Ibid., 1405.

113. Ibid., 1405-6.

114. Ibid., 1485-86.

105. SISS/IPR, 1303-5.

106. Ibid., 1322.

107. Ibid., 1329-30.

108. Ibid., 1330.

109. Ibid. 1351.

110. Ibid., 1342.

111. Ibid., 1368.

112. Ibid., 1405.

113. Ibid., 1405-6.

114. Ibid., 1485-86.

105. SISS/IPR, 1303-5.

106. Ibid., 1322.

107. Ibid., 1329-30.

108. Ibid., 1330.

109. Ibid. 1351.

110. Ibid., 1342.

111. Ibid., 1368.

112. Ibid., 1405.

113. Ibid., 1405-6.

114. Ibid., 1485-86.

105. SISS/IPR, 1303-5.

106. Ibid., 1322.

107. Ibid., 1329-30.

108. Ibid., 1330.

109. Ibid. 1351.

110. Ibid., 1342.

111. Ibid., 1368.

112. Ibid., 1405.

113. Ibid., 1405-6.

114. Ibid., 1485-86.

105. SISS/IPR, 1303-5.

106. Ibid., 1322.

107. Ibid., 1329-30.

108. Ibid., 1330.

109. Ibid. 1351.

110. Ibid., 1342.

111. Ibid., 1368.

112. Ibid., 1405.

113. Ibid., 1405-6.

114. Ibid., 1485-86.

105. SISS/IPR, 1303-5.

106. Ibid., 1322.

107. Ibid., 1329-30.

108. Ibid., 1330.

109. Ibid. 1351.

110. Ibid., 1342.

111. Ibid., 1368.

112. Ibid., 1405.

113. Ibid., 1405-6.

114. Ibid., 1485-86.

105. SISS/IPR, 1303-5.

106. Ibid., 1322.

107. Ibid., 1329-30.

108. Ibid., 1330.

109. Ibid. 1351.

110. Ibid., 1342.

111. Ibid., 1368.

112. Ibid., 1405.

113. Ibid., 1405-6.

114. Ibid., 1485-86.

105. SISS/IPR, 1303-5.

106. Ibid., 1322.

107. Ibid., 1329-30.

108. Ibid., 1330.

109. Ibid. 1351.

110. Ibid., 1342.

111. Ibid., 1368.

112. Ibid., 1405.

113. Ibid., 1405-6.

114. Ibid., 1485-86.

105. SISS/IPR, 1303-5.

106. Ibid., 1322.

107. Ibid., 1329-30.

108. Ibid., 1330.

109. Ibid. 1351.

110. Ibid., 1342.

111. Ibid., 1368.

112. Ibid., 1405.

113. Ibid., 1405-6.

114. Ibid., 1485-86.

115. Alsop to Smith, October 19, 1951, Alsop Papers; Alsop to Smith, October 23, 1951, Alsop Papers.

116. Alsop to Smith, November 1, 1951, Alsop Papers.

117. Alsop to author, July 28, 1981.

118. Robert B. Ekvall to Lattimore, July 24, 1951, LP; hereafter cited as Ekvall letter. For the story of the Tibetan takeover, see Weissman, "Last Tangle in Tibet."

119. Eleanor Lattimore to Barretts, December 10, 1951, Lattimore Papers. The Takster Lama's family name was Thubten Jigme Norbu. For his account of his trip to the United States, see Norbu, Tibet Is My Country , 239-46; and Grunfeld, Making of Modern Tibet , 106-7.

120. Lattimore to Ekvall, July 23, 1951, LP. Ekvall's somewhat different interpretation of events is in Ekvall letter.

121. Lattimore to Ekvall, July 23, 1951, LP.

122. Eleanor Lattimore to Barretts, December 10, 1951, LP.

123. Fortas to Dewey Anderson, December 28, 1950, LP.

124. Eleanor Lattimore to Barretts, December 10, 1951, LP.

125. Shipley to Nicholson, December 6, 1951, Lattimore Passport File, State Department.

126. FBI/OL, 5536, 3264.

127. Eleanor Lattimore to Barretts, December 10, 1951, LP.

128. See Newman, "Clandestine," 221-22; "M'Carthy Attacks Truman on an Aide," New York Times , January 16, 1952; White, "1952 Campaign Issues Begin to Take Shape," New York Times , December 23, 1951.

129. FBI/OL, 3305.

1. "A Senate Inquiry," New York Times , October 13, 1951.

2. "Death of Nimitz Board Frees M'Carran's Hand," New York Times , November 4, 1951.

3. See Thurman Arnold to Herbert M. Levy, in Gressley, Voltaire and the Cowboy , 410-11. Arnold objected to ACLU's "quibbling" about technicalities while ignoring fundamental "legal and constitutional issues."

4. "Observing Fair Procedure," New York Times , November 16, 1951.

5. "Lattimore Rebukes US Policy Makers," New Haven Evening Register , October 21, 1951.

6. SISS/IPR, 2900.

7. FBI/OL, 3248.

8. FBI/OL, 3242.

9. FBI/OL, 3242, 3248, 3259.

10. FBI/OL, 3297.

11. FBI/OL, 3283, 3297.

12. "Communist Threat inside U.S.," U.S. News and World Report , November 16, 1951, 27-28.

13. SISS/IPR, 2175.

14. May, China Scapegoat , 348.

15 . SISS/IPR, 2021-22.

16. Ibid., 2281.

15 . SISS/IPR, 2021-22.

16. Ibid., 2281.

17. FBI/OL, no serial number. This is a memo from Branigan to Belmont, April 1, 1952.

18. Some of Poppe's background is given in SISS/IPR, 2691-2731. For much of what Poppe did not tell the Senate, see Simpson, Blowback , 118-23. See also Poppe, Reminiscences , 208-16.

19. Weiner, "Nazi Sympathizers."

20. Poppe to Robert Morris, October 24, 1952, Box 139, RG 46, NA.

21. SISS/IPR, 2724-26.

22. SISS/IPR, 2726.

23. Poppe, Reminiscences , 216.

24. Westerfield, Foreign Policy and Party Politics , 246; Rorty and Decter, McCarthy and the Communists , 14; Navasky, Naming Names , chap. 10.

25. SISS/IPR, 2947.

26. Ibid., 2926.

27. Ibid., 2933-35.

28. Ibid., 3022-33. During the Iran-Contra hearings in Washington in July 1987, the frequency, force, and length of objections by Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North's counsel to questions asked by congressmen contrasted sharply with the muzzle put on counsel before SISS thirty-five years earlier.

25. SISS/IPR, 2947.

26. Ibid., 2926.

27. Ibid., 2933-35.

28. Ibid., 3022-33. During the Iran-Contra hearings in Washington in July 1987, the frequency, force, and length of objections by Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North's counsel to questions asked by congressmen contrasted sharply with the muzzle put on counsel before SISS thirty-five years earlier.

25. SISS/IPR, 2947.

26. Ibid., 2926.

27. Ibid., 2933-35.

28. Ibid., 3022-33. During the Iran-Contra hearings in Washington in July 1987, the frequency, force, and length of objections by Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North's counsel to questions asked by congressmen contrasted sharply with the muzzle put on counsel before SISS thirty-five years earlier.

25. SISS/IPR, 2947.

26. Ibid., 2926.

27. Ibid., 2933-35.

28. Ibid., 3022-33. During the Iran-Contra hearings in Washington in July 1987, the frequency, force, and length of objections by Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North's counsel to questions asked by congressmen contrasted sharply with the muzzle put on counsel before SISS thirty-five years earlier.

29. SISS/IPR, 2899.

30. Ibid., 3038, 3041.

31. Ibid., 3041-42.

32. Ibid., 3084.

33. Ibid., 3095-96.

34. Ibid., 3123-25.

35. Ibid., 3426. The McCarran demand that Lattimore answer without thinking appears on page 3527.

36. Ibid., 3426.

29. SISS/IPR, 2899.

30. Ibid., 3038, 3041.

31. Ibid., 3041-42.

32. Ibid., 3084.

33. Ibid., 3095-96.

34. Ibid., 3123-25.

35. Ibid., 3426. The McCarran demand that Lattimore answer without thinking appears on page 3527.

36. Ibid., 3426.

29. SISS/IPR, 2899.

30. Ibid., 3038, 3041.

31. Ibid., 3041-42.

32. Ibid., 3084.

33. Ibid., 3095-96.

34. Ibid., 3123-25.

35. Ibid., 3426. The McCarran demand that Lattimore answer without thinking appears on page 3527.

36. Ibid., 3426.

29. SISS/IPR, 2899.

30. Ibid., 3038, 3041.

31. Ibid., 3041-42.

32. Ibid., 3084.

33. Ibid., 3095-96.

34. Ibid., 3123-25.

35. Ibid., 3426. The McCarran demand that Lattimore answer without thinking appears on page 3527.

36. Ibid., 3426.

29. SISS/IPR, 2899.

30. Ibid., 3038, 3041.

31. Ibid., 3041-42.

32. Ibid., 3084.

33. Ibid., 3095-96.

34. Ibid., 3123-25.

35. Ibid., 3426. The McCarran demand that Lattimore answer without thinking appears on page 3527.

36. Ibid., 3426.

29. SISS/IPR, 2899.

30. Ibid., 3038, 3041.

31. Ibid., 3041-42.

32. Ibid., 3084.

33. Ibid., 3095-96.

34. Ibid., 3123-25.

35. Ibid., 3426. The McCarran demand that Lattimore answer without thinking appears on page 3527.

36. Ibid., 3426.

29. SISS/IPR, 2899.

30. Ibid., 3038, 3041.

31. Ibid., 3041-42.

32. Ibid., 3084.

33. Ibid., 3095-96.

34. Ibid., 3123-25.

35. Ibid., 3426. The McCarran demand that Lattimore answer without thinking appears on page 3527.

36. Ibid., 3426.

29. SISS/IPR, 2899.

30. Ibid., 3038, 3041.

31. Ibid., 3041-42.

32. Ibid., 3084.

33. Ibid., 3095-96.

34. Ibid., 3123-25.

35. Ibid., 3426. The McCarran demand that Lattimore answer without thinking appears on page 3527.

36. Ibid., 3426.

37. Arnold, Fair Fights and Foul , 216.

38. Olney Oral History, Bancroft Library, University of California, 358, 362.

39. SISS/IPR, 3262.

40. "Lattimore Lashes Out at Committee," Washington Post , February 27, 1952; "Lattimore the Witness," New York Times , March 2, 1952.

41. SISS/IPR, 2919, 2924.

42. Ibid., 2988.

43. Ibid., 3006.

44. Ibid., 3078.

45. Ibid., 3085.

41. SISS/IPR, 2919, 2924.

42. Ibid., 2988.

43. Ibid., 3006.

44. Ibid., 3078.

45. Ibid., 3085.

41. SISS/IPR, 2919, 2924.

42. Ibid., 2988.

43. Ibid., 3006.

44. Ibid., 3078.

45. Ibid., 3085.

41. SISS/IPR, 2919, 2924.

42. Ibid., 2988.

43. Ibid., 3006.

44. Ibid., 3078.

45. Ibid., 3085.

41. SISS/IPR, 2919, 2924.

42. Ibid., 2988.

43. Ibid., 3006.

44. Ibid., 3078.

45. Ibid., 3085.

46. Fairbank, Chinabound , 347; SISS/IPR, 3721, 3718; Fairbank, Chinabound , 345.

47. SISS/IPR, 3720.

48. See note 17.

49. SISS/IPR, 3199, 3125, 3130, 3126, 3290.

50. Ibid., 3674-76.

51. Ibid., 3677, 3679.

49. SISS/IPR, 3199, 3125, 3130, 3126, 3290.

50. Ibid., 3674-76.

51. Ibid., 3677, 3679.

49. SISS/IPR, 3199, 3125, 3130, 3126, 3290.

50. Ibid., 3674-76.

51. Ibid., 3677, 3679.

52. "Senators Accuse Lattimore of Untruths in Testimony," New York Times , March 22,1952; Baltimore Sun , March 23, 1952; Owens, "The Committee versus the Professor," Baltimore Sun , March 24, 1952.

53. Lattimore to Vincent, May 7, 1952, LP.

54. Tuchman to Lattimore, February 27, 1952, LP.

55. Vincent to Lattimore, March 28, 1952, LP.

56. "No Action on Lattimore Planned," New York Times , March 29, 1952.

1. For Matusow's career, see Caute, Great Fear , 133-38, O'Reilly, Hoover and the Un-Americans , 236-40; and Albert Kahn, Matusow Affair .

2. Matusow, False Witness , 102-6.

3. SISS/IPR, 3823-47; Olney Oral History, 364.

4. SISS/IPR, 4523.

5. Ibid., 3634.

6. Ibid., 3973-76.

7. Ibid., 3993.

8. Ibid., 3997.

9. Ibid., 3984.

4. SISS/IPR, 4523.

5. Ibid., 3634.

6. Ibid., 3973-76.

7. Ibid., 3993.

8. Ibid., 3997.

9. Ibid., 3984.

4. SISS/IPR, 4523.

5. Ibid., 3634.

6. Ibid., 3973-76.

7. Ibid., 3993.

8. Ibid., 3997.

9. Ibid., 3984.

4. SISS/IPR, 4523.

5. Ibid., 3634.

6. Ibid., 3973-76.

7. Ibid., 3993.

8. Ibid., 3997.

9. Ibid., 3984.

4. SISS/IPR, 4523.

5. Ibid., 3634.

6. Ibid., 3973-76.

7. Ibid., 3993.

8. Ibid., 3997.

9. Ibid., 3984.

4. SISS/IPR, 4523.

5. Ibid., 3634.

6. Ibid., 3973-76.

7. Ibid., 3993.

8. Ibid., 3997.

9. Ibid., 3984.

10. FBI/OL, 3494.

11. SISS/IPR, 4033-71, 4159-4288, 4358-91, 4455-78.

12. Ibid., 4478-88.

13. Ibid., 4487.

11. SISS/IPR, 4033-71, 4159-4288, 4358-91, 4455-78.

12. Ibid., 4478-88.

13. Ibid., 4487.

11. SISS/IPR, 4033-71, 4159-4288, 4358-91, 4455-78.

12. Ibid., 4478-88.

13. Ibid., 4487.

14. FBI/OL, 3171. For more about Nyman, see Simpson, Blowback , 241-43.

15. FBI/OL, 3519.

16. FBI/OL, 3171.

17. SISS/IPR, 3519.

18. SISS/IPR, 4517-18.

19. Ibid., 4518-19.

20. Ibid., 4496.

21. Ibid., 4511-12.

18. SISS/IPR, 4517-18.

19. Ibid., 4518-19.

20. Ibid., 4496.

21. Ibid., 4511-12.

18. SISS/IPR, 4517-18.

19. Ibid., 4518-19.

20. Ibid., 4496.

21. Ibid., 4511-12.

18. SISS/IPR, 4517-18.

19. Ibid., 4518-19.

20. Ibid., 4496.

21. Ibid., 4511-12.

22. De Silva, Sub Rosa , 17.

23. "Cold War in Russia on Soviet Is Noted," New York Times , December 7, 1952; "Hiss' Red Tie Held Known to Dulles," New York Times , December 18, 1952.

24. FBI/OL, 3617, 3618.

25. FBI/OL, 3604. For a full account of the Jarvinen affair and its legal outcome, see Newman, "Red Scare in Seattle, 1952."

26. FBI/OL, 3608.

27. FBI/OL, 3606, 3585.

28. FBI/OL, 3601, 3666.

29. Ward, "U.S. Lays Lattimore Travel Ban to 'Official' Word He Planned Trip behind Iron Curtain," Baltimore Sun , June 21, 1952.

30. Ibid.

29. Ward, "U.S. Lays Lattimore Travel Ban to 'Official' Word He Planned Trip behind Iron Curtain," Baltimore Sun , June 21, 1952.

30. Ibid.

31. FBI/OL, 3617.

32. Sentner, "Lattimore Tip from Seattle," Seattle Post-Intelligencer , June 22, 1952.

33. FBI/OL, 3627.

34. Guthman, "False Tip on Lattimore Given by Employee of Travel Agency Here," Seattle Daily Times , June 26, 1952.

35. New York Times , June 27, 1952.

36. Sperber, Murrow , 387.

37. "Two U.S. Agents in Contempt of Court in Jarvinen Case," Seattle Daily Times , September 23, 1952.

38. FBI/OL, 3652.

39. SISS/IPR, 4763-4808.

40. Buckley, "Owen Lattimore and the 'Cold War,'" 54; Minutes, Senate Judiciary Committee, July 1, 1952, 82d Cong., RG 46, NA.

41. Congressional Record , July 2, 1952, 82d Cong., 2d sess., 8860, 8863.

42. SISS/IPR Report , 223-25.

43. "Senate Unit Calls Lattimore Agent of Red Conspiracy," New York Times , July 3, 1952; "Senate Report Calls Lattimore Soviet Conspiracy Instrument, Recommends Perjury Proceeding," Baltimore Evening Sun , July 2, 1952. See also the discussion of press coverage in Thomas, Institute of Pacific Relations , 97-99.

44. SISS/IPR Report , 21, 190-91.

45. SISS/IPR, 3891.

46. FBI/OL, 3552.

47. Truman to Attorney General, July 5, 1952, White House Central Files, Box 39, HSTL.

48. Westerfield, Foreign Policy and Party Politics , 250, 253.

49. Ibid., 246.

48. Westerfield, Foreign Policy and Party Politics , 250, 253.

49. Ibid., 246.

50. Harper, Politics of Loyalty , 217-19.

51. Kristol, "Ordeal by Menclarity."

52. Rorty and Decter, McCarthy and the Communists , 5 and throughout.

53. De Borchgrave and Moss, The Spike , 158, 208, 415.

1. See chapter 17.

2. FBI/OL, 3017, 3203.

3. FBI/OL, 3538.

4. FBI/OL, 3578.

5. FBINY, Budenz, File 66-6709, Serial 101; FBI/LB, 458.

6. FBI/OL, 3580.

7. Cronin to author, April 17, 1981; FBI/OL, 4769.

8. FBI/OL, 4769.

9. Ibid.

8. FBI/OL, 4769.

9. Ibid.

10. FBI/OL, 3727.

11. The best biography of Cohn is yon Hoffman, Citizen Cobh .

12. U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, Special Subcommittee to Investigate the Department of Justice, 82d Cong., 2d sess., Hearings on House Resolution 95, part 2, 1782-1812.

13. SISS/IPR, 4627-4737; FBI/OL, 3531.

14. FBI/OL, 3560.

15. FBI/OL, 3562.

16. U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Hearings on the Nomination of James P. McGranery , 25.

17. Reeves, Joe McCarthy , 425.

18. Matusow, False Witness , 107; von Hoffman, Citizen Cohn , 134.

19. Ross L. Malone to Myles J. Lane, September 10, 1952, James P. McGranery Papers, Box 70, Library of Congress.

20. Author interview with Cohn, December 28, 1979; FBI/OL, 3713.

21. Gilbert (Roger Kennedy), "New Light," 11.

22. Author interview with Cohn, December 28, 1979.

23. FBI/OL, 3725.

24. FBI/OL, 3726.

25. FBI/OL, 3730.

26. FBI/OL, 3742.

27. FBI/OL, 3729.

28. FBI/OL, 3749.

29. "M'Granery Pressed on Lattimore Case," New York Times , October 4, 1952.

30. FBI/OL, 3916.

31. FBI/OL, 3758.

32. FBI/OL, 3911.

33. Ibid.

32. FBI/OL, 3911.

33. Ibid.

34. Anastos to Foley, December 1, 1952, Lattimore File, Department of Justice.

35. "Lattimore Faces a Perjury Inquiry," New York Times , December 3, 1952.

36. "Clearing of Spies for U.N. Laid to State Department by Defiant U.S. Jury Here," New York Times , December 3, 1952.

37. FBI/OL, 3919.

38. Menon to Lattimore, May 15, 1952, Lattimore Papers, Hamburger Archives.

39. Lattimore to Beloff, May 19, 1952, Lattimore Papers, Hamburger Archives.

40. Lattimore, Inner Asian Frontiers of China , xxxvi.

41. Lattimore, "Inner Asia," 513-14.

42. FBI/OL, 3927.

43. "Lattimore Indicted on Perjury Counts: He Issues a Denial," New York Times , December 17, 1952. My petition to the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia to unseal the 1952 Lattimore grand jury minutes was filed in June 1987 by attorney Patti A. Goldman of the Public Citizen Litigation Group. She had been successful in obtaining the grand jury minutes in the William W. Remington case from the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York for the use of historian Gary May. The D.C. court, however, denied my petition with no hearing and giving no reasons. The court of appeals for the D.C. circuit refused to hear an appeal. Since there are many conflicting district court opinions on release of grand jury minutes, Goldman petitioned the Supreme Court of the United States for a writ of certiorari. See Robert P. Newman v. United States of America, October Term, 1988, No. 88-548. Charles Fried, U.S. solicitor general, filed a brief in opposition, arguing that "this case, and cases like this one, are not exceptional cases, and they do not present a compelling claim for disclosure. . . . Even if dressed up as a significant project of historical scholarship, requests of the type made by petitioner could not easily be distinguished from journalistic in-

quiries . . . or requests based simply on individual or public curiosity." On January 9, 1989, the Court rejected my petition.

44. FBI/OL, 3996.

45. FBI/OL, 3998.

46. Kidd to McGranery, December 16, 1952, McGranery Papers.

47. Farley to Eleanor Lattimore, December 18, 1952, LP.

48. Toynbee to Lattimore, December 19, 1952, LP.

49. Wright to Hill, February 9, 1953, LP.

50. "U.S. Quashes Case M'Carthy Caused," New York Times , May 26, 1954; Shalett, "How to Be a Crime Buster," 502. See also Lamont, Freedom Is as Freedom Does, 156.

1. Edwards, Pat McCarran , chap. 9; "Alien Law Bars 269 of Liberte's Crew," New York Times , December 24, 1952.

2. FBI/OL, no serial number (this is a memo from Nichols to Tolson, February 5, 1953, located behind serial 4143); FBI/OL, 3927.

3. FBI/OL, 3927.

4. U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Herbert Brownell, It., Attorney General-Designate , January 19, 1953, 4.

5. "Issue Raised on Lattimore," Baltimore Sun , January 20, 1953.

6. Cronin to McCarran, January 21, 1953, Lattimore File, Department of Justice.

7. Payne to McCarran, January 28, 1953, Lattimore File, Department of Justice.

8. FBI/OL, 4127.

9. FBI/OL, 4143.

10. McCarran to Hummer, February 16, 1953, SISS Records, RG 46, Box 140, NA.

11. Hummer to McCarran, February 25, 1953, McCarran Papers, Eva Adams Files, University of Nevada, Reno.

12. "Issue Raised on Lattimore," Baltimore Sun , January 20, 1953.

13. Olney Oral History, 359-60.

14. FBI/OL, 4330.

15. FBI/OL, 4481.

16. Author interview with Fortas, March 18, 1981.

17. Lattimore, Ordeal by Slander , 111.

18. Gressley, Voltaire and the Cowboy , 86, 99.

19. Ibid., 86.

18. Gressley, Voltaire and the Cowboy , 86, 99.

19. Ibid., 86.

20. Author interview with Frank, May 15, 1986.

21. On Emerson and Countryman, see Schrecker, No Ivory Tower , 251-53.

22. Thomas I. Emerson Oral History, Columbia University, 2294.

23. Arnold, Fair Fights , 204.

24. Author interview with Fortas, March 18, 1981.

25. Author interview with Rogers, September 18, 1987.

26. FBI/OL, 4077, 4153, 4322.

27. FBI/OL, 4131.

28. "Lattimore Trial Date Set, May Be Changed," Baltimore Evening Sun , February 6, 1953.

29. "Far East Expert Claims Effort m Entrap Him," Baltimore Sun , February 17, 1953. All quotations from the defense brief are from the Sun story. For the full brief, see U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, Criminal No. 1879- 52, U.S. v. Owen Lattimore, Motion by Defendant to Dismiss the Indictment and Memorandum in Support of Motion, filed February 16, 1953.

30. Ibid.

31. Ibid.

29. "Far East Expert Claims Effort m Entrap Him," Baltimore Sun , February 17, 1953. All quotations from the defense brief are from the Sun story. For the full brief, see U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, Criminal No. 1879- 52, U.S. v. Owen Lattimore, Motion by Defendant to Dismiss the Indictment and Memorandum in Support of Motion, filed February 16, 1953.

30. Ibid.

31. Ibid.

29. "Far East Expert Claims Effort m Entrap Him," Baltimore Sun , February 17, 1953. All quotations from the defense brief are from the Sun story. For the full brief, see U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, Criminal No. 1879- 52, U.S. v. Owen Lattimore, Motion by Defendant to Dismiss the Indictment and Memorandum in Support of Motion, filed February 16, 1953.

30. Ibid.

31. Ibid.

32. FBI/OL, 4258, 4620.

33. FBI/OL, 4279, 916, 4418.

34. "M'Carran Opposes Bohlen as Envoy; Wiley Seeks 'Facts,'" New York Times , March 16, 1953.

35. "U.S. Calls Lying Only Lattimore Trial Issue," Baltimore Evening Sun , March 17, 1953.

36. FBI/OL, 4457.

37. "Dashiell Hammett Silent at Inquiry," New York Times , March 27, 1953. For an account of the Cohn-Schine trip to Europe, see Reeves, Joe McCarthy , 488-91.

38. See Esbjornson, Luther W. Youngdahl ; "Luther Youngdahl," Washington Post , June 24, 1978; "Judge Luther Youngdahl," Washington Post , June 22, 1978.

39. "Lattimore's Trial Put Off till October," Baltimore Sun , April 1, 1953.

40. Eleanor Lattimore to Barretts, April 2, 1953, LP.

41. "OL's Notes on Hearings, March 31 and April 1, 1953," LP.

42. Ibid.

43. Ibid.

44. Ibid.

41. "OL's Notes on Hearings, March 31 and April 1, 1953," LP.

42. Ibid.

43. Ibid.

44. Ibid.

41. "OL's Notes on Hearings, March 31 and April 1, 1953," LP.

42. Ibid.

43. Ibid.

44. Ibid.

41. "OL's Notes on Hearings, March 31 and April 1, 1953," LP.

42. Ibid.

43. Ibid.

44. Ibid.

45. See note 39.

46. FBI/OL, 4536, 4632, 4781.

47. "McCarthy Critics Challenged by Twenty-eight," New York Times , April 6, 1953.

48. FBI/OL, 4713.

49. "Judge Throws Out Four Perjury Charges against Lattimore," New York Times , May 3, 1953. For the full text, see U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, Criminal No. 1879-52, U.S. v. Owen Lattimore, Memorandum, May 2, 1953.

50. "Judge Also Sees 'Doubt' on Three Counts," Baltimore Sun , May 3, 1953; author interview with Rogers, September 18, 1987.

51. "Judge Throws Out," New York Times , May 3, 1953. Judge Youngdahl gave me the mail he received on his Lattimore rulings. Surprisingly, the congratulatory letters (350) outnumbered the hate letters (123). Only three members of Congress wrote, all approvingly; Senators Hubert Humphrey and J. William Fulbright and Congresswoman Coya Knutson. Many of the favorable letters were from other judges and lawyers. The hate mail was vicious, some of it addressed m "Comrade Youngdahl." Much of it was anonymous, very little of it from professionals. Mrs. Charles Clifton Moses of Bluffton, South Carolina, was consumed by the Lattimore case and Youngdahl's rulings. She wrote four letters to Youngdahl and at least two to Brownell (with copies to Youngdahl) expressing her horror at the "Washington-New York Egghead Axis" that was delivering America to the Communists. One of these letters included a seventeen-page, single-spaced analysis of the IPR and its minions on which she had spent three months of research.

1. Harvey, "Owen Lattimore," 9; author interview with David Spring, October 26, 1982.

2. "The Page School Is Being Closed," New York Times , April 17, 1953.

3. FBI/OL, 4769.

4. Author interview with Smith, June 25, 1984; with Harvey, October 24, 1982; with Shaffer, May 6, 1982.

5. FBI/OL, 4274. Lattimore the Scholar was privately published in Baltimore; copies are located in Arnold and Porter files and LP.

6. "Lattimore Defense Funds Sought," Baltimore Evening Sun , January 10, 1953; Esbjornson, Luther W. Youngdahl , 268.

7. Author interview with Owens, May 6, 1982.

8. FBI/OL, 5052.

9. FBI Headquarters File 100-400471. Owen Lattimore Defense Fund, Serial 6.

10. Ibid., Serials 18, 20.

9. FBI Headquarters File 100-400471. Owen Lattimore Defense Fund, Serial 6.

10. Ibid., Serials 18, 20.

11. Author interview with DeFrancis, November 30, 1977.

12. This is as Lattimore remembered it in 1981.

13. Author interview with Kahin, August 10, 1979.

14. Schrecker, No Ivory Tower , 89.

15. Lazarsfeld and Thielens, Academic Mind , 93; Schrecker, No Ivory Tower , 340.

16. FBI/OL, 4795, 4764.

17. FBI/OL, 4796.

18. "U.S. Files an Appeal in Lattimore's Case," New York Times , May 15, 1953.

19. "Some Questions for AF&P," May 1953, LP.

20. See the description of Flynn in Radosh, Prophets on the Right , chaps. 7-8.

21. "Lattimore Case for the Supreme Court," New York Times , May 17, 1953.

22. FBI/OL, 4872, 3599.

23. FBI/OL, 5135.

24. FBI/OL, 4031.

25. FBI/OL, 5003, 5076.

26. FBI/OL, 5115.

27. FBI/OL, 5169. FBI clearance practices are capricious. Hundreds of documents are denied in toto to protect individuals named in them who may have done something illegal. Yet the incriminating document that shows Rover and Hummer attempting to blackmail a witness to get him to cooperate was released with only the name of the person blackmailed denied.

28. "U.S. Says Quashings in Lattimore Case Violate Basic Law," New York Times , August 25, 1953. For the full text, see U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, U.S. v. Owen Lattimore, No. 11849, Brief for Appellant, filed August 24, 1953.

29. FBI/OL, 5263.

30. FBI/OL, 5259, 5292.

31. FBI/OL, 5304.

32. FBI/OL, 5304, 5370, 5504.

33. Major stories appeared in the New York Times , the Washington Post , and the Baltimore Sun on October 2, 1953. For the full record, see U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, U.S. v. Owen Lattimore, No. 11849, Brief for Appellee, filed October 2, 1953.

34. FBI/OL, 5289.

35. FBI/OL, 5188.

36. FBI/OL, 5322.

37. Ibid.

36. FBI/OL, 5322.

37. Ibid.

38. Memorandum for the Attorney General, November 4, 1953, Ann Whitman Diary Series, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, Abilene, Kansas.

39. Ibid.

38. Memorandum for the Attorney General, November 4, 1953, Ann Whitman Diary Series, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, Abilene, Kansas.

39. Ibid.

40. FBINY, Budenz, 66-6709-B-119.

41. Herbert Brownell Oral History, Columbia University Library, New York, 297-98.

42. Olney Oral History, 364.

43. FBI/OL, 5600.

44. "U.S. Again Urges Lattimore Action," Baltimore Sun , November 13, 1953; FBI/OL, 5336.

45. "Second Book Banned in Town," New York Times , November 14, 1953.

46. FBI/OL, 5365.

47. SISS/IPR, 3131.

48. SISS/IPR, 3132.

49. FBI/OL, 1380, 5718.

50. FBI/OL, 5059, 5855.

51. FBI/OL, 2288; MacKinnon and MacKinnon, Agnes Smedley , 228; and Steve MacKinnon to author, September 1, 1988.

52. FBI/OL, 5263.

53. FBI/OL, 5455.

54. FBI/OL, 5546.

55. FBI/OL, 5547.

56. FBI/OL, 5752.

57. FBI/OL, 5842.

58. FBI/OL, 5921, 5946.

59. FBI/OL, 6347.

60. FBI/OL, 6348.

61. FBI/OL, 6347.

62. The FBI files have five major reports on the Holabird investigation: Serials 5455, 5460, 5505, 5519, 5551.

63. "Court Weighs Plea in Lattimore Case," Baltimore Evening Sun , January 26, 1954.

64. "U.S. Fights Ruling in Lattimore Case," New York Times , January 26, 1954.

65. Eleanor Lattimore to Barretts, January 29, 1954, LP.

66. See Adams, Without Precedent . This is the best and most accurate account of the Army-McCarthy fracas.

67. Eleanor Lattimore m Stefanssons, March 10, 1954, LP.

68. "M'Carran Warns on Reds," New York Times , May 2, 1954.

69. FBI/OL, 5874; "Lattimore Upheld on Battle to Kill Key Count in Case," New York Times , July 9, 1954.

70. U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia, No. 11849, U.S. v. Owen Lattimore, decided July 8, 1954, 2-4.

71. Ibid., 10-13.

72. Ibid., 14, 29-30.

73. Ibid., 31-33, 37.

74. Ibid., 40-43.

75. Ibid., 2-4.

70. U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia, No. 11849, U.S. v. Owen Lattimore, decided July 8, 1954, 2-4.

71. Ibid., 10-13.

72. Ibid., 14, 29-30.

73. Ibid., 31-33, 37.

74. Ibid., 40-43.

75. Ibid., 2-4.

70. U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia, No. 11849, U.S. v. Owen Lattimore, decided July 8, 1954, 2-4.

71. Ibid., 10-13.

72. Ibid., 14, 29-30.

73. Ibid., 31-33, 37.

74. Ibid., 40-43.

75. Ibid., 2-4.

70. U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia, No. 11849, U.S. v. Owen Lattimore, decided July 8, 1954, 2-4.

71. Ibid., 10-13.

72. Ibid., 14, 29-30.

73. Ibid., 31-33, 37.

74. Ibid., 40-43.

75. Ibid., 2-4.

70. U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia, No. 11849, U.S. v. Owen Lattimore, decided July 8, 1954, 2-4.

71. Ibid., 10-13.

72. Ibid., 14, 29-30.

73. Ibid., 31-33, 37.

74. Ibid., 40-43.

75. Ibid., 2-4.

70. U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia, No. 11849, U.S. v. Owen Lattimore, decided July 8, 1954, 2-4.

71. Ibid., 10-13.

72. Ibid., 14, 29-30.

73. Ibid., 31-33, 37.

74. Ibid., 40-43.

75. Ibid., 2-4.

76. New York Times , July 9, 1954.

77. "Dismissal of Key Lattimore Perjury Charge Upheld," Baltimore Evening Sun , July 8, 1954; "Court on Lattimore," New York Times , July 11, 1954.

78. FBI/OL, 5959.

79. FBI/OL, 5972.

80. FBI/OL, 5985.

81. FBI/OL, 5992.

82. FBI/OL, 5993.

83. FBI/OL, 6045.

84. FBI/OL, 6054.

85. FBI/OL, 6057; "Lattimore Facing a New Indictment," New York Times , August 20, 1954.

86. Fortas to Lattimore, August 25, 1954, LP.

87. Lattimore to Barbara Holgate, September 19, 1954, LP.

88. FBI/OL, 6065.

89. FBI/OL, 6069.

90. FBI/OL, 5536; Records of the SISS, Memo from Ben Mandel to Jay Sourwine, June 20, 1952, RG 46, Box 139, HA.

91. Charles B. Murray to Hoover, January 30, 1953, Lattimore File, Justice Department.

92. FBI/OL, 4271.

93. FBI/OL, 4680, 4974.

94. FBI/OL, 5040.

95. George to author, February 9, 1985.

96. FBI/OL, 5040.

97. FBI/OL, 5134, 5154.

98. FBI/OL, 5426, 5362, 5426.

99. FBI/OL, 5512.

100. Ballantine Oral History, 215, 216.

101. Dallin, Soviet Russia , 220, 229, 330; Dallin, "Writings of Owen Lattimore," 11; Dallin, "Henry Wallace and Chinese Communism," 14; Wallace to Daniel James, October 23, 1951, Alsop Papers; Alsop to Arthur G. McDowell, October 25, 1951, Alsop Papers.

102. Poppe, Reminiscences , 214.

103. See the listing in Who Was Who in America , vol. 3, 1951-60 (Chicago: Marquis, 1961), 841.

104. Emerson, review of War and Peace , by Taracouzio, 569; T. A. Taracouzio, War and Peace , 259, 273.

105. FBI/OL, 6089.

106. FBI/OL, 6163.

107. Joseph W. Ballantine Papers, Box 2, Hoover Institution, Stanford University. This document is not paginated.

108. Lattimore, Solution in Asia , 158-59, 170, 173, 191, 198, 205.

109. FBI/OL, 6069.

1. FBI/OL, 5986.

2. "M'Carthy Accepts Cohn Resignation, Transfers Surine," New York Times , July 21, 1954. "Resignation" is a euphemism; the committee members forced Cohn out.

3. Gibney, "After the Ball."

4. Speech of Alfred Kohlberg at dinner honoring Roy M. Cohn, July 28, 1954, William Knowland Papers, Far East Files Carton 2, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

5. Rover to McCarran, August 24, 1954, Eva Adams Papers.

6. FBI/OL, 6108.

7. Field, From Right to Left , 266.

8. FBI/OL, 6171.

9. FBI/OL, 6172.

10. "Senator McCarran Is Dead in Nevada," New York Times , September 29, 1954.

11. U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, Grand Jury Impaneled July 2, 1954, U.S. v. Owen Lattimore, True Bill, returned October 7, 1954, 3-4.

12. U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, No. 12,609, U.S. v. Owen Lattimore, Brief of Appellee, filed November 18, 1954, 8.

13. "Owen Lattimore Is Indicted Again in Perjury Case," New York Times , October 8, 1954. All major papers headlined the indictment.

14. FBI/OL, 6177.

15. "U.S. Attorney Asks Judge to Step Out of Lattimore Case," New York Times , October 14, 1954.

16. U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, Criminal No. 1879-52, U.S. v. Owen Lattimore, Motion to Strike Affidavit of Bias and Prejudice, October 14, 1954.

17. "Brownell Backs Attack on Judge," New York Times , October 15, 1954.

18. "Lattimore Move Attacked by U.S.," New York Times , October 21, 1954.

19. U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, Criminal Nos. 1016-54 and 1879-52, Motions, Official Transcript, October 22, 1954, 16; "Lattimore Judge Scored in Hearing," New York Times , October 23, 1954.

20. See case information cited in note 19.

21. Anderson, Confessions of a Muckraker , 194; see also Reeves, Joe McCarthy , chap. 10.

22. FBI/OL, 6200: "Judge Calls Bias Charge Scandalous," Baltimore Sun , October 24, 1954.

23. FBI/OL, 6209; U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, No. 12,609, U.S. v. Owen Lattimore, Brief of Appellee, November 18, 1954, 7.

24. "British Interest in Case High," New York Times , October 29, 1954.

25. "O'Mahoney Holds Lead in Wyoming," New York Times , October 24, 1954.

26. "Inquiry Asked on Judge Attack," New York Times , October 30, 1954; "Lattimore Trial Inquiry Set," New York Times , November 21, 1954; FBI/OL, 6270.

27. "Rayburn Cites Inquiry Fields," New York Times , November 5, 1954.

28. White, "G.O.P. Future Involved in the M'Carthy Case," New York Times , November 7, 1954.

29. "Dulles Dismisses Davies as a Risk; Loyalty Not Issue," New York Times ,

November 6, 1954; see also John W. Finney, "The Long Trial of John Paton Davies," New York Times Magazine , August 31, 1969. Author interview with Davies, April 26, 1981.

30. FBI/OL, 6256, 6251. Hummer is probably wrong; Solicitor General Simon Sobeloff probably made this decision. See "Youngdahl Fight Is Dropped by U.S.," New York Times , November 18, 1954.

31. "Youngdahl Bids U.S. Admit Error," New York Times , November 19, 1954; "Lattimore Counsel Ask Youngdahl Test," New York Times , November 20, 1954.

32. FBI/OL, 6284.

33. FBI/OL, 6278.

34. "Final Vote Condemns M'Carthy," New York Times , December 3, 1954.

35. "Lattimore Urges Quashing of Case," New York Times , December 14, 1954.

36. FBI/OL, 6365, 6379.

37. Straight, After Long Silence , 281.

38. Ibid., 282.

37. Straight, After Long Silence , 281.

38. Ibid., 282.

39. Stein, "Communication," 22.

40. Harrington, "The Committee for Cultural Freedom," 119-20; see also McAuliffe, Crisis on the Left , 126-27; FBI/OL, 6406; "U.S. Files Evidence in Lattimore Case," New York Times , January 8, 1955; FBI/OL, 6457.

41. U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, Criminal No. 1016-54, U.S. v. Owen Lattimore, Memorandum Opinion, filed January 18, 1955; see also "Judge Youngdahl Drops Second Charge in Lattimore Case," New York Times , January 19, 1954.

42. "New Lattimore Count Dismissed, Called Too Obscure," Baltimore Evening Sun , January 18, 1955.

43. FBI/OL, 6462.

44. FBI/OL, 6475; informant downgradings appear in serials 6595, 6598, 6603, 6611, 6616, 6620, 6621, 6631, 6632, 6635, 6642, 6643, 6644, 6648, 6649. One informant downgrading report has no serial number.

45. "U.S. Plans Appeal in Lattimore Case," New York Times , February 5, 1955; FBI/OL, 6506, 6509.

46. "Lattimore Talks Slated in Europe," Baltimore Sun , April 23, 1955.

47. FBI/OL, 6556, 6567, 6571.

48. FBI/OL, 6580, 6592.

49. Telephone call from Governor Adams, May 17, 1955, Eisenhower Telephone Calls Series, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library.

50. Memorandum of Telephone Conversation with the Attorney General, May 18, 1955, John Foster Dulles General Correspondence and Memoranda Series, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library.

51. Memorandum of Telephone Conversation with Mr. Sherman Adams, May 18, 1955, John Foster Dulles General Correspondence and Memoranda Series, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library.

52. Telephone Call to the President, May 18, 1955, John Foster Dulles Telephone Calls Series, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library.

53. "Passport Ban Hit by Einstein Aide," New York Times , May 21, 1955.

54. Tompkins to Hoover, March 28, 1955, Lattimore File, Department of Justice; FBI/OL, 6565; FBI/OL, 6646.

55. "Lattimore Case Again Appealed," New York Times , April 12, 1955; FBI/OL, 6589.

56. "Complex Points in Lattimore Case Argued before Full Appeals Bench,"

Washington Post , June 2,1955; William D. Rogers to John P. Frank, June 9, 1955, Lattimore Files, Arnold and Porter.

57. FBI/OL, 6654.

58. FBI/OL, 6654, 6704.

59. FBI/OL, 6662.

60. FBI/OL, 6692.

61. "Court of Appeals Upholds Dismissal of Two Key Lattimore Perjury Charges," Washington Post , June 15, 1955; "Lattimore Wins New Court Test," New York Times , June 15, 1955.

62. Author interview with Rogers, September 18, 1987.

63. "Writer's Conviction Set Aside Because Red Query Was 'Vague,'" New York Times , December 21, 1956.

64. FBI/OL, 6671.

65. "Lattimore Perjury Case Dropped by Government," New York Times , June 29, 1955.

66. FBI/OL, 6673.

67. Author interview with Youngdahl, December 3, 1977.

68. FBI/OL, 6689.

69. Sullivan, Bureau , 45-46.

70. Author interview with Cohn, December 28, 1979.

71. Olney Oral History, 360-61.

72. Gilbert, "Judge Youngdahl Wins," 6.

73. Lattimore to O'Mahoney, July 13, 1955, O'Mahoney Papers, Box 184, Coe Library, University of Wyoming.

1. Francis White to John Nelson, September 19, 1955, Special Collections, White Papers, Eisenhower Library, Johns Hopkins University.

2. John Nelson to Francis White, September 14, 1955, White Papers.

3. Author interview with David Spring, October 26, 1982.

4. "Lattimore Talk Shifted," New York Times , December 7, 1955.

5. "Lattimore, in Hartford, Says He Has Stock in Company That Denied Him Auditorium," New York Times , December 17, 1955.

6. A text of this speech, including "revisions made as delivered at a dinner sponsored by the Citizens Committee to Preserve Academic Freedoms, Saturday, March 24, 1956, at Hollywood Athletic Club," is in the J. B. Matthews Papers. All quotations are from this text.

7. Author interview with David Lattimore, August 31, 1987.

8. Lattimore to Bernhard, October 26, 1955, LP.

9. Bernhard to Lattimore, April 6, 1956, LP.

10. Lattimore to Bernhard, March 1, 1956, LP.

11. Lattimore to Bernhard, August 29, 1956, LP.

12. Lattimore to Bernhard, December 29, 1956, LP.

13. Lattimore to Bernhard, June 25, 1957, LP. For a full analysis of Lattimore's beliefs about Point Four (development) aid, see Cotton, Asian Frontier Nationalism , 108-10.

14. Lattimore to Barretts, December 26, 1956, LP.

15. Ibid.

14. Lattimore to Barretts, December 26, 1956, LP.

15. Ibid.

16. Milton Eisenhower to Lattimore, January 22, 1957, Eisenhower Papers, Special Collections, Eisenhower Library, Johns Hopkins University.

17. Eleanor Lattimore to Barretts, March 17, 1957, LP.

18. Lattimore, review of To Lhasa and Beyond , by Giusseppe Tucci, Pacific Affairs 31 (December 1958): 418.

19. "McCarthy Target Finally Cleared," Washington Post , May 8, 1960.

20. William D. Rogers to Lattimore, October 22, 1959, LP.

21. Institute of Pacific Relations v. U.S., 5 AFTR 2d 1333.

22. Lattimore to Tikhvinskii, September 15, 1959, Lattimore File, CIA.

23. Lattimore, Nomads and Commissars , xviii. Despite the invitation and a warm reception when Lattimore got there, Mongol officials were still very divided in their opinions about him. According to Harrison Salisbury, who was in Ulan Bator in December 1961, Lattimore's picture "still hung in the State Revolutionary Museum, along with that of Roy Chapman Andrews, as an enemy of the Mongol people"; "Lattimore of the C.I.A.," New York Times , August 27, 1989.

24. "Lattimore to Visit Outer Mongolia," New York Times , March 20, 1961.

25. Lattimore, Nomads and Commissars , xix.

26. Owen Lattimore to David Lattimore (father), July 2, 1961, Lattimore File, CIA.

27. Ibid.

26. Owen Lattimore to David Lattimore (father), July 2, 1961, Lattimore File, CIA.

27. Ibid.

28. Owen Lattimore to David Lattimore (son), July 17, 1961, Lattimore File, CIA.

29. Lattimore to William O. Douglas, Aug. 4, 1961, Douglas Papers, Box 350, Library of Congress.

30. Owen and Eleanor Lattimore, Silks, Spices, and Empire , 1.

31. Douglas, Go East, Young Man , 382.

32. Eleanor Lattimore to Mercedes Douglas, September 1, 1961, Douglas Papers.

33. "Outer Mongolia's Status," New York Times , May 2, 1961; Bachrack, Committee of One Million , 202-3; see Hilsman's account, To Move a Nation , 305-7.

34. "Mongolia Celebration United Old and New," Washington Post , July 12, 1961; "Finds Softening in Red Stand," Washington Star , July 13, 1961.

35. "Sokolsky Scores Double Trickery," Brooklyn Tablet , July 29, 1961.

36. Rowe to Eastland, August 9, 1961, Records of the SISS, Box 140, RG 46, NA; Eastland to Rowe, August 17, 1961, Records of the SISS.

37. "U.S. Cancels Plan for Mongolia Tie," New York Times , August 12, 1961.

38. "Dodd Urges Senate to Investigate Owen Lattimore's Visit to Mongolia," Washington Post , August 23, 1961; "Lattimore Trip Hit," New York Times , August 23, 1961.

39. "Mongolia Tie Urged by Justice Douglas," New York Times , August 30, 1961.

40. Lattimore, Nomads and Commissars , chaps. 6-7. For a critical view of this book, see Cotton, Asian Frontier Nationalism , chap. 7.

41. See Lattimore's tribute to Stefansson, Polar Notes , November 1962, 47-48.

42. "Lattimore to Teach at Leeds U.," New York Times , November 13, 1962.

43. Lattimore to Pankratov, February 18, 1963, Lattimore File, CIA.

44. Graves to Lattimore, February 23, 1963, LP.

45. Author interview with David Spring, October 26, 1982.

46. Author interview with Wickwire, May 6, 1982; Harvey, "Owen Lattimore," 10.

47. Author interview with Heinrichs, August 3, 1978.

1. Eleanor Lattimore to Betty Barnes, August 13, 1963, Barnes private papers.

2. Eleanor Lattimore to Evelyn Stefansson, June 25, 1963, Nef private papers.

3. "Buddhist Leader Is Ill of Cancer in New Haven," New York Times , August 13, 1963.

4. Lattimore, From China Looking Outward , 24-25.

5. The text of his address is attached to Lattimore to Joseph Needham, December 1, 1963, LP.

6. Lattimore to Bernhard, December 15, 1963, LP.

7. Farnsworth, "Lattimore Holds Chair in Britain," New York Times , March 1, 1964.

8. Lattimore to Bernhard, June 30, 1964, LP.

9. "No Grudges, Lattimore Says," Washington Star , May 20, 1964.

10. Lattimore to Graves, March 6, 1964, LP.

11. Lattimore to Graves, October 7, 1964, LP.

12. Lattimore and Isono, Diluv Khutagt , 15-16.

13. Ibid., 15.

12. Lattimore and Isono, Diluv Khutagt , 15-16.

13. Ibid., 15.

14. Typed note headed "New York Times, April 9, 1965," Lattimore File, CIA.

15. "Lattimore Warns of Disaster in Asia," New York Times , April 9, 1965.

16. "Lattimore Disputed on U.S. Role in Asia," New York Times , April 20, 1965; Morris, "Lattimore Is Back," Wanderer , April 29, 1965; "Lattimore Joins Peking Amity Club," Washington Post , April 19, 1965.

17. Moss, "Lattimore Happy in English University Post," Washington Sunday Star , June 13, 1965.

18. Lattimore to Barnes, September 12, 1965, Barnes private papers.

19. Lattimore to Barnes, December 25, 1965, Barnes private papers; Lattimore to Barnes, January 11, 1966, Barnes private papers.

20. "Lattimore Calls U.S. Policy in Asia an Increasingly Disastrous Failure," New York Times , March 27, 1966.

21. Lattimore, "Vietnam: An Investor's View," Value Line , June 1966; Bernhard to Lattimore, June 23, 1966, LP.

22. Lattimore to Bernhard, January 26, 1967, LP.

23. Ibid.

24. Ibid. As we now know, Fortas was not as profoundly discreet at this stage of his life as Lattimore thought he was.

22. Lattimore to Bernhard, January 26, 1967, LP.

23. Ibid.

24. Ibid. As we now know, Fortas was not as profoundly discreet at this stage of his life as Lattimore thought he was.

22. Lattimore to Bernhard, January 26, 1967, LP.

23. Ibid.

24. Ibid. As we now know, Fortas was not as profoundly discreet at this stage of his life as Lattimore thought he was.

25. Lattimore to David Lattimore, September 9, 1966, LP.

26. Lattimore to Barnes, November 17, 1966, Barnes private papers.

27. Lattimore to Rogers, October 10, 1966, LP. Enoch Powell was a British counterpart of Barry Goldwater.

28. Lattimore, introduction to Turkestan Reunion , AMS edition, xiii.

29. "Lattimore Says U.S. Fails on Intelligence," Boston Herald Traveler , April 1, 1968.

30. Author interview with Brian Hook, September 3, 1986.

31. American Historical Association, Perspectives , November 1987, 8.

32. Madame Sun (Soong Ch'ing-ling) to Lattimore, February 13, 1968, LP.

33. Lattimore to Bernhard, December 9, 1968, LP.

34. Lattimore to Barnes, November 17, 1966, Barnes private papers.

35. Eleanor Lattimore to Evelyn Stefansson Nef, January 9, 1969, Nef private papers.

36. Lattimore to David Lattimore, October 12, 1969, LP.

37. Ibid.

38. Ibid.

36. Lattimore to David Lattimore, October 12, 1969, LP.

37. Ibid.

38. Ibid.

36. Lattimore to David Lattimore, October 12, 1969, LP.

37. Ibid.

38. Ibid.

39. Lattimore to Barnes, October 20, 1969, LP.

40. Lattimore to John Nef, November 6, 1969, Nef private papers.

1. Lattimore, preface to Turkestan Reunion , AMS edition, xv.

2. Lattimore to Nef, May 15, 1970, Nef private papers.

3. Lattimore to Okladnikov, March 27, 1970, Lattimore File, CIA.

4. Snow to Lattimores, May 20, 1970, LP; Lattimore, introduction to China Shakes the World , by Belden, ix-xvi.

5. Lattimore, introduction to China Shakes the World , by Belden, xi. For a contrasting view of Snow's relationship to the PRC, see Fang Lizhi, "The Chinese Amnesia," New York Review of Books 37 (September 27, 1990), 30-31.

6. Lattimore, introduction to China Shakes the World , by Belden, xv, x, xvi.

7. Snow to Lattimores, May 20, 1970, LP.

8. Lattimore to Nefs, June 14, 1970, Nef private papers.

9. Lattimore to Peive, June 26, 1970, Lattimore File, CIA; Lattimore to Nefs, July 1, 1970, Nef private papers.

10. Lattimore to Rogers, August 22, 1970, LP.

11. Lattimore to Rogers, August 24, 1970, LP.

12. Lattimore to Rogers, August 26, 1970, LP.

13. Ibid.

12. Lattimore to Rogers, August 26, 1970, LP.

13. Ibid.

14. Lattimore to Rogers, September 14, 1970, LP.

15. Lattimore to Rogers, October 9, 1970, LP.

16. Lattimore to Rogers, October 11, 1970, LP.

17. Lattimore to Nefs, October 13, 1970, Nef private papers.

18. Lattimore to Rogers, October 21, 1970, LP.

19. Lattimore to Rogers, October 25, 1970, LP.

20. Ibid.

21. Ibid.

19. Lattimore to Rogers, October 25, 1970, LP.

20. Ibid.

21. Ibid.

19. Lattimore to Rogers, October 25, 1970, LP.

20. Ibid.

21. Ibid.

22. Lattimore to Piels, January 16, 1971, Piel private papers.

23. Snow to Lattimore, February 15, 1971, LP.

24. Nyman to Lattimore, April 30, 1971, LP.

25. Rogers to Nyman, June 4, 1971, LP.

26. Lattimore to Rogers, June 6, 1971, LP.

27. Ibid.

28. Ibid.

26. Lattimore to Rogers, June 6, 1971, LP.

27. Ibid.

28. Ibid.

26. Lattimore to Rogers, June 6, 1971, LP.

27. Ibid.

28. Ibid.

29. "U.S. Concept of Confrontation Dangerous," Mainichi Daily News (Tokyo), June 8, 1971.

30. Lattimore to Rogers, June 8, 1971, LP.

31. Lattimore to Rogers, June 12, 1971, LP.

32. Lattimore to Rogers, June 20, 1971, LP.

33. Ibid.

32. Lattimore to Rogers, June 20, 1971, LP.

33. Ibid.

34. Lattimore to Rogers, June 25, 1971, LP.

35. Lattimore to Rogers, July 1, 1971, LP.

36. Lattimore to Rogers, July 8, 1971, LP.

37. Ibid.

36. Lattimore to Rogers, July 8, 1971, LP.

37. Ibid.

38. Lattimore to Rogers, July 12, 1971, LP.

39. Ibid.

40. Ibid.

38. Lattimore to Rogers, July 12, 1971, LP.

39. Ibid.

40. Ibid.

38. Lattimore to Rogers, July 12, 1971, LP.

39. Ibid.

40. Ibid.

41. Lattimore to Rogers, July 22, 1971, LP.

42. Ibid.

41. Lattimore to Rogers, July 22, 1971, LP.

42. Ibid.

43. Lattimore to Rogers, July 28, 1971, LP.

44. Lattimore to Rogers, July 31, 1971, LP.

45. Ibid.

46. Ibid.

44. Lattimore to Rogers, July 31, 1971, LP.

45. Ibid.

46. Ibid.

44. Lattimore to Rogers, July 31, 1971, LP.

45. Ibid.

46. Ibid.

47. "Lattimore to Seek China-trip Visa," Baltimore Sun , December 10, 1971.

48. Ibid.

47. "Lattimore to Seek China-trip Visa," Baltimore Sun , December 10, 1971.

48. Ibid.

49. Piel to author, August 22, 1988.

50. Lattimore to Rogers, February 22, 1972, LP.

51. "Owen Lattimore Asks: 'To Right What Wrong?'" New York Times , March 23, 1972.

52. Memorandum for Acting Chief, Production Group, from [name deleted] China Political and Military Branch, Trip Report, April 11, 1972, Lattimore File, CIA.

53. Budenz, Bolshevik Invasion of the West , incorporates most of the paranoid fantasies of the far Right. We were losing in Vietnam because Wall Street and the business community had joined the pacifists and Communist sympathizers. Television commercials were also doing us in. Germany was our only genuine ally. Jack Stachel and Alexander Bittelman, prominent leaders of the American Communist party, dictated what the United States did. There are eight references to Lattimore, including the "mere agrarian reformers" line and the charge that the Lattimore indictment was "squashed" by the kindly disposition of the courts to communism. The Margaret Budenz comment is from Streets , 434.

54. "Louis Budenz, Communist Who Aided Sen. McCarthy," Washington Evening Star , April 28, 1972.

55. House Joint Economic Committee, Hearings on Economic Developments in Mainland China , 54.

56. Author interview with David Lattimore, October 26, 1987.

57. Foreign Broadcast Information Service, "Owen Lattimore at Peking Dinner," August 30, 1972, Lattimore File, CIA.

58. Lattimore to Rogers, September 4, 1972, LP; Lattimore to Rogers, September 25, 1972, LP.

59. See Stanley Karnow, "U.S. Seen Aiming to Bolster Chou against His Enemies," Washington Post , March 16, 1972.

60. Michael Lattimore to author, August 3, 1988.

61. Ibid.

60. Michael Lattimore to author, August 3, 1988.

61. Ibid.

62. "Lattimore Leaves for North China," Washington Post , September 11, 1972; Lattimore to Rogers, September 12, 1972, LP; Lattimore to Rogers, September 25, 1972, LP.

63. Lattimore to Rogers, October 5, 1972, LP.

64. Ibid. See Lattimore, "Return to China's Northern Frontier," for another account of this trip.

63. Lattimore to Rogers, October 5, 1972, LP.

64. Ibid. See Lattimore, "Return to China's Northern Frontier," for another account of this trip.

65. Michael Lattimore to author, August 3, 1988.

66. Ibid.

65. Michael Lattimore to author, August 3, 1988.

66. Ibid.

67. Lattimore to Rogers, November 1972, LP.

68. Ibid.

69. Ibid.

67. Lattimore to Rogers, November 1972, LP.

68. Ibid.

69. Ibid.

67. Lattimore to Rogers, November 1972, LP.

68. Ibid.

69. Ibid.

70. Lattimore to Rogers, November 27, 1972, LP.

1. Lattimore to Rogers, March 24, 1973, LP.

2. Ibid.

1. Lattimore to Rogers, March 24, 1973, LP.

2. Ibid.

3. Nyman (Bogolepov) to Lattimore, April 10, 1973, LP.

4. Robert Morris, in 1987 the only survivor of the SISS staff, told me that after several years in the United States, Nyman got homesick, lonesome, and depressed, and returned to the Soviet Union. Telephone conversation with Morris, August 26, 1987.

5. Lattimore to Rogers, May 6, 1973, LP.

6. Lattimore to Rogers, January 24, 1974, LP.

7. Ibid.

6. Lattimore to Rogers, January 24, 1974, LP.

7. Ibid.

8. Lattimore to Rogers, February 4, 1974, LP.

9. Lattimore to Rogers, February 11, 1974, LP.

10. Lelyveld, "Peking Says the 'High Tide' of Its New Campaign Is Still to Come," New York Times , February 9, 1974.

11. Burns, "Peking Is Gripped by New Militancy," New York Times , February 10, 1974.

12. "The Mongolia Society Business Meeting Attended by Owen Lattimore," April 1, 1974, Lattimore File, CIA.

13. Lattimore to Rogers, May 7, 1974, LP.

14. Lattimore to Eaton, April 15, 1974, LP.

15. Lattimore to David Lattimore, July 7, 1974, LP.

16. Ibid.

17. Ibid.

15. Lattimore to David Lattimore, July 7, 1974, LP.

16. Ibid.

17. Ibid.

15. Lattimore to David Lattimore, July 7, 1974, LP.

16. Ibid.

17. Ibid.

18. Lattimore to David Lattimore, July 28, August 9, and September 14, 1974, LP.

19. Lattimore to David Lattimore, January 24, 1975, LP.

20. Ibid.

19. Lattimore to David Lattimore, January 24, 1975, LP.

20. Ibid.

21. Lattimore to David Lattimore, March 29, 1975, LP.

22. Lattimore, "Asia from the Landward Side" (mimeographed), Harvard Faculty club, May 28, 1975, LP.

23. Ibid.

22. Lattimore, "Asia from the Landward Side" (mimeographed), Harvard Faculty club, May 28, 1975, LP.

23. Ibid.

24. Lattimore to David Lattimore, July 29, 1975, LP.

25. Author interview with Fujiko Isono, August 27, 1988; Lattimore to David Lattimore, July 29, 1975, LP.

26. Lattimore to Piel, February 20, 1976, Piel private papers.

27. Ibid.

26. Lattimore to Piel, February 20, 1976, Piel private papers.

27. Ibid.

28. Lattimore to Piels, October 8, 1986, Piel private papers.

29. Lattimore to Piels, April 6, 1976, Piel private papers.

30. Lattimore to Piels, April 10, 1976, Piel private papers.

31. Lattimore to Piel, January 14, 1977, Piel private papers.

32. Gene F. Wilson to Lattimore, June 30, 1977, LP.

33. Lattimore to Piels, April 11, 1977, Piel private papers.

34. Lattimore to David Lattimore, April 25, 1978, LP.

35. This and other events of his 1978 stay in Mongolia are related in Lattimore's April 25-May 6 diary-letter to David Lattimore, LP.

36. Lattimore to author, October 5, 1978.

37. Lattimore presentation to Honors College seminar, University of Pittsburgh, March 20, 1979.

38. UPI Reporter , May 3, 1979.

39. Lattimore to author, November 30, 1979.

1. Lattimore to Piels, February 23, 1981, Piel private papers; Lattimore to author, February 23, 1980.

2. Lattimore to author, August 16, 1980.

3. Ibid.

2. Lattimore to author, August 16, 1980.

3. Ibid.

4. Lattimore to Piels, April 8, 1980, Piel private papers; Lattimore to author, August 16, 1980.

5. Lattimore to Piels, December 25, 1980, Piel private papers.

6. Lattimore to author, October 12, 1981.

7. This and all subsequent references to the 1981 trip are from a telephone conversation with Maria Lattimore, January 10, 1988, and her letter to author, July 10, 1988.

8. Martin, "Lattimore, Disagreeing with U.S. Views, Revisits China at Eighty," Baltimore Sun , July 8, 1981.

9. Ibid.

8. Martin, "Lattimore, Disagreeing with U.S. Views, Revisits China at Eighty," Baltimore Sun , July 8, 1981.

9. Ibid.

10. Lattimore to author, October 12, 1981.

11. Lattimore to Piels, February 9, 1982, Piel private papers.

12. Lattimore to author, August 12, 1983.

13. Lattimore to Nets, August 29, 1982, Net private papers.

14. Spencer, "Scholar Says He Doesn't Mind Loss of Notoriety," Kansas City Times , October 23, 1982.

15. Lattimore to Piels, April 5, 1983, Piel private papers.

16. Lattimore to Piels, August 22, 1983, Piel private papers; Lattimore to author, August 12, 1983.

17. Author interview with David Lattimore, January 25, 1988; Lattimore to author, December 3, 1985.

18. Lattimore to author, April 4, 1986.

19. Association of American Geographers, Newsletter , 1986.

20. Lattimore, "Mongolia as a Leading State," 16-17.

21. Lattimore to author, August 2, 1986.

22. "U.S. and Mongolia in Ceremony Establishing Diplomatic Relations," New York Times , January 28, 1987; Lattimore to author, February 20, 1987.

23. Lattimore to Piels, June 2, 1987, Piel private papers.

24. Lattimore to author, February 6, 1987.

25. Cotton, Asian Frontier Nationalism , 148-49.

26. Watkins, Enough Rope , ix.