1. Sending "missionaries" or personal investigators was akin to Roosevelt's habit of having multiple intelligence sources; he could select from among a number of conflicting reports. [BACK]

2. Hull, Memoirs , 1585-86; Wallace, Soviet Asia Mission , 17; Tuchman, Stilwell , 464. [BACK]

3. Harriman, Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin , 331. [BACK]

4. Wallace, Soviet Asia Mission , 17-18. [BACK]

5. Madame Chiang to Lattimore, April 28, 1944, LP. [BACK]

6. Secretary of State to Ambassador in China (Gauss), May 23, 1944, FR , China, 228. [BACK]

7. Lattimore, "New Road to Asia." [BACK]

9. Wallace, Soviet Asia Mission , 33-34. [BACK]

10. Yuri A. Rastvorov, "Red Fraud and Intrigue in Far East," 180. Rastvorov's claim that all stockades along the Wallace route had been torn down does not square with John Hazard's memory. As Wallace's translator, Hazard was in the lead car in the convoy and hence not handicapped by the dust swirling around the following cars. During the McCarthy years Lattimore asked Hazard if there had been any prison stockades visible near Magadan. Hazard replied," 'Oh yes, there were plenty of those, and when I asked the Russians what they were, they replied perfectly frankly that they were the stockades of prison camps.' The point is that he never told me on the trip. He was an extremely discreet man." Lattimore to author, January 11, 1982. What Hazard saw so dearly Wallace should also have seen, but not Lattimore. [BACK]

11. Harriman, Special Envoy , 331. [BACK]

12. Wallace, Soviet Asia Mission , 128-29. [BACK]

13. J. R. Hildebrand to Lattimore, August 30, 1944, National Geographic Society Archives. The most reprehensible attack on Lattimore's National Geographic article came years after it was published, in Paul Hollander's misleading Political Pilgrims (1981). Hollander set out to show how certain intellectuals, alienated from Western society and seeking utopias, visited the Soviet Union, China, and other Communist nations as pilgrims visiting a shrine. Lattimore's trip with Wallace in 1944 met none of the criteria Hollander established for his pilgrims. It was at the wrong time: Hollander's pilgrims traveled to Russia in the 1930s. It was to Siberia, the wrong place: what "political pilgrim" went there? Lattimore went for the wrong reasons: he was not estranged from the United States but was a well-adjusted, practicing, enthusiastic capitalist. He went under the wrong auspices: he was not on a utopia-seeking tour but on an official mission sent by the president of the United States. Hollander betrays his total ignorance of Lattimore's beliefs as displayed in his extensive writings; Hollander gives evidence of having read only Lattimore's National Geographic article and a letter to the editor of the New Statesman in 1968. There are eight references in Hollander to Lattimore; the best that can be said of this work is that Hollander knew nothing about Lattimore's trip. Robert Conquest, who also frequently attacked Lattimore's account, at least knew what Lattimore was doing in Kolyma. [BACK]

14. This and all subsequent quotations from Lattimore's diary are from the copy in the Lattimore Papers, Library of Congress. [BACK]

15. Department of State, United States Relations with China , 551-54.

16. Ibid., 554. [BACK]

15. Department of State, United States Relations with China , 551-54.

16. Ibid., 554. [BACK]

17. Seagrave, Soong Dynasty , 293. [BACK]

18. May, China Scapegoat , 83. [BACK]

19. On the Kunming events, see May, China Scapegoat , 105-7; Merrell to Secretary of State, June 28, 1944, FR , China, 235-37; SISS/IPR, 1403-89, 1809-16. [BACK]

20. See the Alsop account in "Strange Case." [BACK]

21. See Tuchman, Stilwell , 89. [BACK]