Notes
Abbreviations Used in Notes
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For the German text of Marx's works prior to The Communist Manifesto , the MEGA is used; for all other works, except the Grundrisse , the MEW is used. Whenever possible, citations in English refer to the CW currently being published.
INTRODUCTION: MARXISM AND THE SENSE OF SUBJECTIVITY
1. Quoted in Alain Schapp and Pierre Vidal-Naquet, The French Student Uprising , trans. Jolas (Boston, 1971), p. 442. [BACK]
2. Louis Althusser, Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays , trans, Brewster (London, 1971), p. 160. [BACK]
3. Karel Kosík, Dialectics of the Concrete , trans. Kovanda and Schmidt (Boston, 1976), p. 70. [BACK]
4. Max Horkheimer, "Materialism and Metaphysics," in Horkheimer, Critical Theory , trans. O'Connell (New York, 1972), p. 29. [BACK]
5. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America , ed. Bradley (New York, 1945), II, 104, 106. [BACK]
6. Karl Marx, "Draft of an Article on Friedrich List's Book Das Nationale System der Politischen Oekonomie," CW 4, p. 276. [BACK]
7. Georg Simmel, "Group Expansion and the Development of Individuality," in Simmel, On Individuality and Social Forms , ed. Levine (Chicago, 1971), p. 272. [BACK]
8. For example, David McLellan, Karl Marx: His Life and Thought (New York, 1975); Carl Schorske. German Social Democracy, 1905-1917 (New York, 1955); George Lichtheim, Marxism in Modern France (New York, 1966); Mark Poster, Existential Marxism in Postwar France (Princeton, N.J., 1975). For more titles, see the bibliography following. [BACK]
1— Marx's Hopes for Individuation
1. Marx, The Difference Between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature , MEGA I, 1/1, p. 65; CW 1, p. 86. The dissertation proper contains some paradoxical insights into Marx's later materialism. Somewhat surprisingly, and "in spite of the insufficiency and weakness of his physical explanations," to quote Auguste Cornu, "Marx preferred the philosophy of Nature of Epicurus to that of Democritus, because, rejecting the determinism of Democritus, he [Epicurus] had shown the possibility for man to act freely." See Cornu, Karl Marx et Friedrich Engels: leur vie et leur oeuvre (Paris, 1955 ff.), I, 200. [BACK]
2. For a full discussion, see Heinz Lubasz, "Marx's Initial Problematic: continue
The Problem of Poverty," Political Studies, 24 (March, 1976). 24-42. [BACK]
3. Marx, "Comments on the Latest Prussian Censorship Instruction," MEGA I, 1/1, pp. 162-163; CW 1, p. 120. [BACK]
4. Marx, "The Leading Article in No. 179 of the Kölnische Zeitung : Religion, Free Press and Philosophy," MEGA I, 1/1, p. 241; CW 1, p. 193. [BACK]
5. Ludwig Feuerbach, "Preliminary Theses on the Reform of Philosophy," in The Fiery Brook: Selected Writings of Ludwig Feuerbach , trans. Hanfi (Garden City, N.Y., 1972), p. 154. [BACK]
6. Marx, Critique of Hegel's "Philosophy of Right," MEGA I, 1/1, pp. 426-427; CW 3, p. 23.
7. Ibid., p. 406; CW 3, p. 8.
8. Ibid., p. 426; CW 3, p. 23.
9. Ibid., p. 432; CW 3, p. 28. [BACK]
6. Marx, Critique of Hegel's "Philosophy of Right," MEGA I, 1/1, pp. 426-427; CW 3, p. 23.
7. Ibid., p. 406; CW 3, p. 8.
8. Ibid., p. 426; CW 3, p. 23.
9. Ibid., p. 432; CW 3, p. 28. [BACK]
6. Marx, Critique of Hegel's "Philosophy of Right," MEGA I, 1/1, pp. 426-427; CW 3, p. 23.
7. Ibid., p. 406; CW 3, p. 8.
8. Ibid., p. 426; CW 3, p. 23.
9. Ibid., p. 432; CW 3, p. 28. [BACK]
6. Marx, Critique of Hegel's "Philosophy of Right," MEGA I, 1/1, pp. 426-427; CW 3, p. 23.
7. Ibid., p. 406; CW 3, p. 8.
8. Ibid., p. 426; CW 3, p. 23.
9. Ibid., p. 432; CW 3, p. 28. [BACK]
10. G. W. F. Hegel, Philosophy of Right , trans. Knox (London, 1952), p. 198 (§303). [BACK]
11. Marx, Critique of "Philosophy." MEGA I, 1/1, pp. 435-437, 499; CW 3, pp. 31-33, 81.
12. Ibid., p. 435; CW 3, p. 30.
13. Ibid., pp. 542-544; CW 3, pp. 119-121. [BACK]
11. Marx, Critique of "Philosophy." MEGA I, 1/1, pp. 435-437, 499; CW 3, pp. 31-33, 81.
12. Ibid., p. 435; CW 3, p. 30.
13. Ibid., pp. 542-544; CW 3, pp. 119-121. [BACK]
11. Marx, Critique of "Philosophy." MEGA I, 1/1, pp. 435-437, 499; CW 3, pp. 31-33, 81.
12. Ibid., p. 435; CW 3, p. 30.
13. Ibid., pp. 542-544; CW 3, pp. 119-121. [BACK]
14. Marx, "Toward the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right: Introduction," MEGA I, 1/1. pp. 616, 620; CW 3, pp. 183, 187. [BACK]
15. Marx, "Critical Marginal Notes on the Article 'The King of Prussia and Social Reform. By a Prussian,'" MEGA I, 3, p. 22; CW 3, p. 205. [BACK]
16. Marx, Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 , MEGA I, 3, p. 110; CW 3, p. 293.
17. Ibid., pp. 85-89; CW 3, pp. 274-278. [BACK]
16. Marx, Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 , MEGA I, 3, p. 110; CW 3, p. 293.
17. Ibid., pp. 85-89; CW 3, pp. 274-278. [BACK]
18. See Feuerbach, The Essence of Christianity , trans. Eliot (New York, 1957), pp. 1-2. [BACK]
19. Marx, Economic and Philosophic , MEGA I, 3, pp. 160-161; CW 3, p. 336.
20. Ibid., p. 89; CW 3, p. 277.
21. Ibid., pp. 158, 166-168; CW 3, pp. 334, 341-342. Cf. Marx's note on "Hegel's Construction of the Phenomenology," MEGA I, 5, p. 531; CW 4, p. 665. [BACK]
19. Marx, Economic and Philosophic , MEGA I, 3, pp. 160-161; CW 3, p. 336.
20. Ibid., p. 89; CW 3, p. 277.
21. Ibid., pp. 158, 166-168; CW 3, pp. 334, 341-342. Cf. Marx's note on "Hegel's Construction of the Phenomenology," MEGA I, 5, p. 531; CW 4, p. 665. [BACK]
19. Marx, Economic and Philosophic , MEGA I, 3, pp. 160-161; CW 3, p. 336.
20. Ibid., p. 89; CW 3, p. 277.
21. Ibid., pp. 158, 166-168; CW 3, pp. 334, 341-342. Cf. Marx's note on "Hegel's Construction of the Phenomenology," MEGA I, 5, p. 531; CW 4, p. 665. [BACK]
22. Marx, Economic and Philosophic , MEGA I, 3, pp. 91, 115, 161; CW 3, pp. 279, 297, 336-337. Cf. Hegel, Phenomenology of Mind , trans. Baillie (New York, 1967), pp. 229-240. [BACK]
23. Marx, "Excerpt-Notes of 1844," MEGA I, 3, p. 536; CW 3, p. 217. 24. Marx, Economic and Philosophic , MEGA I, 3, p. 116; CW 3, p. 298. [BACK]
24. Marx, "Economic and Philosophic, MEGA I, 3, p. 116; CW 3, p. 298.
25. Ibid., p. 117; CW 3, p. 299.
26. Ibid. break
27. Ibid., pp. 83-84, 86, 136; CW 3, pp. 272, 275, 314. [BACK]
24. Marx, "Economic and Philosophic, MEGA I, 3, p. 116; CW 3, p. 298.
25. Ibid., p. 117; CW 3, p. 299.
26. Ibid. break
27. Ibid., pp. 83-84, 86, 136; CW 3, pp. 272, 275, 314. [BACK]
24. Marx, "Economic and Philosophic, MEGA I, 3, p. 116; CW 3, p. 298.
25. Ibid., p. 117; CW 3, p. 299.
26. Ibid. break
27. Ibid., pp. 83-84, 86, 136; CW 3, pp. 272, 275, 314. [BACK]
24. Marx, "Economic and Philosophic, MEGA I, 3, p. 116; CW 3, p. 298.
25. Ibid., p. 117; CW 3, p. 299.
26. Ibid. break
27. Ibid., pp. 83-84, 86, 136; CW 3, pp. 272, 275, 314. [BACK]
28. Marx, "Excerpt-Notes," MEGA 1, 3, pp. 532, 535; CW 3, pp. 213, 227. [BACK]
29. Marx, Economic and Philosophic , MEGA I, 3, p. 149; CW 3, p. 326.
30. Ibid., pp. 111-113, 120-121; CW 3. pp. 293-299, 301-302.
31. Ibid., p. 121; CW 3, p. 296. [BACK]
29. Marx, Economic and Philosophic , MEGA I, 3, p. 149; CW 3, p. 326.
30. Ibid., pp. 111-113, 120-121; CW 3. pp. 293-299, 301-302.
31. Ibid., p. 121; CW 3, p. 296. [BACK]
29. Marx, Economic and Philosophic , MEGA I, 3, p. 149; CW 3, p. 326.
30. Ibid., pp. 111-113, 120-121; CW 3. pp. 293-299, 301-302.
31. Ibid., p. 121; CW 3, p. 296. [BACK]
32. Marx, "Excerpt-Notes," MEGA I, 3, p. 547; CW 3, pp. 227-228. [BACK]
33. Marx, Economic and Philosophic , MEGA I, 3, p. 126; CW 3, p. 306. [BACK]
34. Marx, "Excerpt-Notes," MEGA I, 3, p. 547; CW 3, p. 228. [BACK]
35. Cf. Marx, "Letter to His Father: on a Turning-Point in Life," MEGA I, 1/2, pp. 215, 218; CW 1. pp. 12, 18. [BACK]
36. Marx, Critique of Political Economy , MEW 13, p. 10; CPE, p. 13. [BACK]
37. See Marx and Friedrich Engels, The German Ideology , MEGA I, 5, p. 215; CW 5, p. 236: "Owing to the fact that Feuerbach showed the religious world as an illusion of the earthly world . . . German theory too was confronted with the question which he left unanswered: how was it that people 'got into their heads' these illusions? Even for the German theoreticians, this question paved the way to the materialistic outlook on the world. . . . This path was already indicated in the Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher —in the Einleitung zur Kritik der Hegelschen Rechtsphilosophie and Zur Judenfrage . But since at the time this was done in philosophical phraseology, the traditionally occurring philosophical expressions such as 'human essence,' 'genus,' etc., gave the German theoreticians the desired excuse for misunderstanding the real trend of thought and believing that here again it was a question merely of giving a new turn to their worn-out theoretical garments."
38. Ibid., pp. 10-11; CW 5, pp. 31-32.
39. Ibid., pp. 32-32, 37-38, 58-59; CW 5, pp. 58, 61-62, 88-89.
40. Ibid., p. 410; CW 5, p. 432.
41. Ibid., p. 16; CW 5, p. 37.
42. Ibid., p. 25; CW 5. p. 49.
43. Ibid., pp. 460-461; CW 5, p. 476.
44. Ibid., pp. 57-58; CW 5, p. 88.
45. Ibid., p. 60; CW 5, p. 81.
46. Ibid., p. 22; CW 5, p. 47.
47. Ibid., pp. 417-418; CW 5, pp. 439-440. [BACK]
37. See Marx and Friedrich Engels, The German Ideology , MEGA I, 5, p. 215; CW 5, p. 236: "Owing to the fact that Feuerbach showed the religious world as an illusion of the earthly world . . . German theory too was confronted with the question which he left unanswered: how was it that people 'got into their heads' these illusions? Even for the German theoreticians, this question paved the way to the materialistic outlook on the world. . . . This path was already indicated in the Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher —in the Einleitung zur Kritik der Hegelschen Rechtsphilosophie and Zur Judenfrage . But since at the time this was done in philosophical phraseology, the traditionally occurring philosophical expressions such as 'human essence,' 'genus,' etc., gave the German theoreticians the desired excuse for misunderstanding the real trend of thought and believing that here again it was a question merely of giving a new turn to their worn-out theoretical garments."
38. Ibid., pp. 10-11; CW 5, pp. 31-32.
39. Ibid., pp. 32-32, 37-38, 58-59; CW 5, pp. 58, 61-62, 88-89.
40. Ibid., p. 410; CW 5, p. 432.
41. Ibid., p. 16; CW 5, p. 37.
42. Ibid., p. 25; CW 5. p. 49.
43. Ibid., pp. 460-461; CW 5, p. 476.
44. Ibid., pp. 57-58; CW 5, p. 88.
45. Ibid., p. 60; CW 5, p. 81.
46. Ibid., p. 22; CW 5, p. 47.
47. Ibid., pp. 417-418; CW 5, pp. 439-440. [BACK]
37. See Marx and Friedrich Engels, The German Ideology , MEGA I, 5, p. 215; CW 5, p. 236: "Owing to the fact that Feuerbach showed the religious world as an illusion of the earthly world . . . German theory too was confronted with the question which he left unanswered: how was it that people 'got into their heads' these illusions? Even for the German theoreticians, this question paved the way to the materialistic outlook on the world. . . . This path was already indicated in the Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher —in the Einleitung zur Kritik der Hegelschen Rechtsphilosophie and Zur Judenfrage . But since at the time this was done in philosophical phraseology, the traditionally occurring philosophical expressions such as 'human essence,' 'genus,' etc., gave the German theoreticians the desired excuse for misunderstanding the real trend of thought and believing that here again it was a question merely of giving a new turn to their worn-out theoretical garments."
38. Ibid., pp. 10-11; CW 5, pp. 31-32.
39. Ibid., pp. 32-32, 37-38, 58-59; CW 5, pp. 58, 61-62, 88-89.
40. Ibid., p. 410; CW 5, p. 432.
41. Ibid., p. 16; CW 5, p. 37.
42. Ibid., p. 25; CW 5. p. 49.
43. Ibid., pp. 460-461; CW 5, p. 476.
44. Ibid., pp. 57-58; CW 5, p. 88.
45. Ibid., p. 60; CW 5, p. 81.
46. Ibid., p. 22; CW 5, p. 47.
47. Ibid., pp. 417-418; CW 5, pp. 439-440. [BACK]
37. See Marx and Friedrich Engels, The German Ideology , MEGA I, 5, p. 215; CW 5, p. 236: "Owing to the fact that Feuerbach showed the religious world as an illusion of the earthly world . . . German theory too was confronted with the question which he left unanswered: how was it that people 'got into their heads' these illusions? Even for the German theoreticians, this question paved the way to the materialistic outlook on the world. . . . This path was already indicated in the Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher —in the Einleitung zur Kritik der Hegelschen Rechtsphilosophie and Zur Judenfrage . But since at the time this was done in philosophical phraseology, the traditionally occurring philosophical expressions such as 'human essence,' 'genus,' etc., gave the German theoreticians the desired excuse for misunderstanding the real trend of thought and believing that here again it was a question merely of giving a new turn to their worn-out theoretical garments."
38. Ibid., pp. 10-11; CW 5, pp. 31-32.
39. Ibid., pp. 32-32, 37-38, 58-59; CW 5, pp. 58, 61-62, 88-89.
40. Ibid., p. 410; CW 5, p. 432.
41. Ibid., p. 16; CW 5, p. 37.
42. Ibid., p. 25; CW 5. p. 49.
43. Ibid., pp. 460-461; CW 5, p. 476.
44. Ibid., pp. 57-58; CW 5, p. 88.
45. Ibid., p. 60; CW 5, p. 81.
46. Ibid., p. 22; CW 5, p. 47.
47. Ibid., pp. 417-418; CW 5, pp. 439-440. [BACK]
37. See Marx and Friedrich Engels, The German Ideology , MEGA I, 5, p. 215; CW 5, p. 236: "Owing to the fact that Feuerbach showed the religious world as an illusion of the earthly world . . . German theory too was confronted with the question which he left unanswered: how was it that people 'got into their heads' these illusions? Even for the German theoreticians, this question paved the way to the materialistic outlook on the world. . . . This path was already indicated in the Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher —in the Einleitung zur Kritik der Hegelschen Rechtsphilosophie and Zur Judenfrage . But since at the time this was done in philosophical phraseology, the traditionally occurring philosophical expressions such as 'human essence,' 'genus,' etc., gave the German theoreticians the desired excuse for misunderstanding the real trend of thought and believing that here again it was a question merely of giving a new turn to their worn-out theoretical garments."
38. Ibid., pp. 10-11; CW 5, pp. 31-32.
39. Ibid., pp. 32-32, 37-38, 58-59; CW 5, pp. 58, 61-62, 88-89.
40. Ibid., p. 410; CW 5, p. 432.
41. Ibid., p. 16; CW 5, p. 37.
42. Ibid., p. 25; CW 5. p. 49.
43. Ibid., pp. 460-461; CW 5, p. 476.
44. Ibid., pp. 57-58; CW 5, p. 88.
45. Ibid., p. 60; CW 5, p. 81.
46. Ibid., p. 22; CW 5, p. 47.
47. Ibid., pp. 417-418; CW 5, pp. 439-440. [BACK]
37. See Marx and Friedrich Engels, The German Ideology , MEGA I, 5, p. 215; CW 5, p. 236: "Owing to the fact that Feuerbach showed the religious world as an illusion of the earthly world . . . German theory too was confronted with the question which he left unanswered: how was it that people 'got into their heads' these illusions? Even for the German theoreticians, this question paved the way to the materialistic outlook on the world. . . . This path was already indicated in the Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher —in the Einleitung zur Kritik der Hegelschen Rechtsphilosophie and Zur Judenfrage . But since at the time this was done in philosophical phraseology, the traditionally occurring philosophical expressions such as 'human essence,' 'genus,' etc., gave the German theoreticians the desired excuse for misunderstanding the real trend of thought and believing that here again it was a question merely of giving a new turn to their worn-out theoretical garments."
38. Ibid., pp. 10-11; CW 5, pp. 31-32.
39. Ibid., pp. 32-32, 37-38, 58-59; CW 5, pp. 58, 61-62, 88-89.
40. Ibid., p. 410; CW 5, p. 432.
41. Ibid., p. 16; CW 5, p. 37.
42. Ibid., p. 25; CW 5. p. 49.
43. Ibid., pp. 460-461; CW 5, p. 476.
44. Ibid., pp. 57-58; CW 5, p. 88.
45. Ibid., p. 60; CW 5, p. 81.
46. Ibid., p. 22; CW 5, p. 47.
47. Ibid., pp. 417-418; CW 5, pp. 439-440. [BACK]
37. See Marx and Friedrich Engels, The German Ideology , MEGA I, 5, p. 215; CW 5, p. 236: "Owing to the fact that Feuerbach showed the religious world as an illusion of the earthly world . . . German theory too was confronted with the question which he left unanswered: how was it that people 'got into their heads' these illusions? Even for the German theoreticians, this question paved the way to the materialistic outlook on the world. . . . This path was already indicated in the Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher —in the Einleitung zur Kritik der Hegelschen Rechtsphilosophie and Zur Judenfrage . But since at the time this was done in philosophical phraseology, the traditionally occurring philosophical expressions such as 'human essence,' 'genus,' etc., gave the German theoreticians the desired excuse for misunderstanding the real trend of thought and believing that here again it was a question merely of giving a new turn to their worn-out theoretical garments."
38. Ibid., pp. 10-11; CW 5, pp. 31-32.
39. Ibid., pp. 32-32, 37-38, 58-59; CW 5, pp. 58, 61-62, 88-89.
40. Ibid., p. 410; CW 5, p. 432.
41. Ibid., p. 16; CW 5, p. 37.
42. Ibid., p. 25; CW 5. p. 49.
43. Ibid., pp. 460-461; CW 5, p. 476.
44. Ibid., pp. 57-58; CW 5, p. 88.
45. Ibid., p. 60; CW 5, p. 81.
46. Ibid., p. 22; CW 5, p. 47.
47. Ibid., pp. 417-418; CW 5, pp. 439-440. [BACK]
37. See Marx and Friedrich Engels, The German Ideology , MEGA I, 5, p. 215; CW 5, p. 236: "Owing to the fact that Feuerbach showed the religious world as an illusion of the earthly world . . . German theory too was confronted with the question which he left unanswered: how was it that people 'got into their heads' these illusions? Even for the German theoreticians, this question paved the way to the materialistic outlook on the world. . . . This path was already indicated in the Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher —in the Einleitung zur Kritik der Hegelschen Rechtsphilosophie and Zur Judenfrage . But since at the time this was done in philosophical phraseology, the traditionally occurring philosophical expressions such as 'human essence,' 'genus,' etc., gave the German theoreticians the desired excuse for misunderstanding the real trend of thought and believing that here again it was a question merely of giving a new turn to their worn-out theoretical garments."
38. Ibid., pp. 10-11; CW 5, pp. 31-32.
39. Ibid., pp. 32-32, 37-38, 58-59; CW 5, pp. 58, 61-62, 88-89.
40. Ibid., p. 410; CW 5, p. 432.
41. Ibid., p. 16; CW 5, p. 37.
42. Ibid., p. 25; CW 5. p. 49.
43. Ibid., pp. 460-461; CW 5, p. 476.
44. Ibid., pp. 57-58; CW 5, p. 88.
45. Ibid., p. 60; CW 5, p. 81.
46. Ibid., p. 22; CW 5, p. 47.
47. Ibid., pp. 417-418; CW 5, pp. 439-440. [BACK]
37. See Marx and Friedrich Engels, The German Ideology , MEGA I, 5, p. 215; CW 5, p. 236: "Owing to the fact that Feuerbach showed the religious world as an illusion of the earthly world . . . German theory too was confronted with the question which he left unanswered: how was it that people 'got into their heads' these illusions? Even for the German theoreticians, this question paved the way to the materialistic outlook on the world. . . . This path was already indicated in the Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher —in the Einleitung zur Kritik der Hegelschen Rechtsphilosophie and Zur Judenfrage . But since at the time this was done in philosophical phraseology, the traditionally occurring philosophical expressions such as 'human essence,' 'genus,' etc., gave the German theoreticians the desired excuse for misunderstanding the real trend of thought and believing that here again it was a question merely of giving a new turn to their worn-out theoretical garments."
38. Ibid., pp. 10-11; CW 5, pp. 31-32.
39. Ibid., pp. 32-32, 37-38, 58-59; CW 5, pp. 58, 61-62, 88-89.
40. Ibid., p. 410; CW 5, p. 432.
41. Ibid., p. 16; CW 5, p. 37.
42. Ibid., p. 25; CW 5. p. 49.
43. Ibid., pp. 460-461; CW 5, p. 476.
44. Ibid., pp. 57-58; CW 5, p. 88.
45. Ibid., p. 60; CW 5, p. 81.
46. Ibid., p. 22; CW 5, p. 47.
47. Ibid., pp. 417-418; CW 5, pp. 439-440. [BACK]
37. See Marx and Friedrich Engels, The German Ideology , MEGA I, 5, p. 215; CW 5, p. 236: "Owing to the fact that Feuerbach showed the religious world as an illusion of the earthly world . . . German theory too was confronted with the question which he left unanswered: how was it that people 'got into their heads' these illusions? Even for the German theoreticians, this question paved the way to the materialistic outlook on the world. . . . This path was already indicated in the Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher —in the Einleitung zur Kritik der Hegelschen Rechtsphilosophie and Zur Judenfrage . But since at the time this was done in philosophical phraseology, the traditionally occurring philosophical expressions such as 'human essence,' 'genus,' etc., gave the German theoreticians the desired excuse for misunderstanding the real trend of thought and believing that here again it was a question merely of giving a new turn to their worn-out theoretical garments."
38. Ibid., pp. 10-11; CW 5, pp. 31-32.
39. Ibid., pp. 32-32, 37-38, 58-59; CW 5, pp. 58, 61-62, 88-89.
40. Ibid., p. 410; CW 5, p. 432.
41. Ibid., p. 16; CW 5, p. 37.
42. Ibid., p. 25; CW 5. p. 49.
43. Ibid., pp. 460-461; CW 5, p. 476.
44. Ibid., pp. 57-58; CW 5, p. 88.
45. Ibid., p. 60; CW 5, p. 81.
46. Ibid., p. 22; CW 5, p. 47.
47. Ibid., pp. 417-418; CW 5, pp. 439-440. [BACK]
37. See Marx and Friedrich Engels, The German Ideology , MEGA I, 5, p. 215; CW 5, p. 236: "Owing to the fact that Feuerbach showed the religious world as an illusion of the earthly world . . . German theory too was confronted with the question which he left unanswered: how was it that people 'got into their heads' these illusions? Even for the German theoreticians, this question paved the way to the materialistic outlook on the world. . . . This path was already indicated in the Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher —in the Einleitung zur Kritik der Hegelschen Rechtsphilosophie and Zur Judenfrage . But since at the time this was done in philosophical phraseology, the traditionally occurring philosophical expressions such as 'human essence,' 'genus,' etc., gave the German theoreticians the desired excuse for misunderstanding the real trend of thought and believing that here again it was a question merely of giving a new turn to their worn-out theoretical garments."
38. Ibid., pp. 10-11; CW 5, pp. 31-32.
39. Ibid., pp. 32-32, 37-38, 58-59; CW 5, pp. 58, 61-62, 88-89.
40. Ibid., p. 410; CW 5, p. 432.
41. Ibid., p. 16; CW 5, p. 37.
42. Ibid., p. 25; CW 5. p. 49.
43. Ibid., pp. 460-461; CW 5, p. 476.
44. Ibid., pp. 57-58; CW 5, p. 88.
45. Ibid., p. 60; CW 5, p. 81.
46. Ibid., p. 22; CW 5, p. 47.
47. Ibid., pp. 417-418; CW 5, pp. 439-440. [BACK]
48. Max Stirner. The Ego and His Own , trans. Byington (New York, 1973). p. 55.
49. Ibid., pp. 167, 169.
50. Ibid., p. 366. [BACK]
48. Max Stirner. The Ego and His Own , trans. Byington (New York, 1973). p. 55.
49. Ibid., pp. 167, 169.
50. Ibid., p. 366. [BACK]
48. Max Stirner. The Ego and His Own , trans. Byington (New York, 1973). p. 55.
49. Ibid., pp. 167, 169.
50. Ibid., p. 366. [BACK]
51. See Engels to Marx, 11-19-44, MEGA III, 1, pp. 6-7. break [BACK]
52. Marx and Engels, German Ideology , MEGA I, 5, pp. 227-228, 232; CW 5, pp. 247, 252.
53. Ibid., MEGA I, 5, pp. 108, 193, 242, 270; CW 5, pp. 129, 214, 262. 291-292. [BACK]
52. Marx and Engels, German Ideology , MEGA I, 5, pp. 227-228, 232; CW 5, pp. 247, 252.
53. Ibid., MEGA I, 5, pp. 108, 193, 242, 270; CW 5, pp. 129, 214, 262. 291-292. [BACK]
54. See Marx and Engels, Manifesto of the Communist Party , MEW 4, p. 467: CW 6, p. 489. [BACK]
55. Marx, "Speech at the Anniversary of the People's Paper ," SW I, p. 500. [BACK]
56. Marx, Political Economy , MEW 13, p. 7; CPE, p. 9. Marx mentions his six-pan plan in a letter to Engels, 4-2-58, MEW 29, p. 312; SC, p. 104. [BACK]
57. Marx, Grundrisse , GK, p. 203, G, p. 296.
58. Ibid., pp. 205-207, 211-212, 268-270; G, pp. 297-300. 304-305, 363-364.
59. Ibid., pp. 65, 213-214; G, pp. 146-147, 305-307.
60. Ibid., p. 359; G, p. 455.
61. Ibid., pp. 358, 361; G, pp. 454. 457.
62. Ibid., pp. 215, 584-585, 716; G, pp. 308, 698-699, 831-832.
63. Ibid., pp. 154, 156; G, pp. 242-243, 245. Cf. Marx, Economic and Philosophic , MEGA I, 3, p. 148; CW 3, p. 325: "Money is the alienated ability of mankind." [BACK]
57. Marx, Grundrisse , GK, p. 203, G, p. 296.
58. Ibid., pp. 205-207, 211-212, 268-270; G, pp. 297-300. 304-305, 363-364.
59. Ibid., pp. 65, 213-214; G, pp. 146-147, 305-307.
60. Ibid., p. 359; G, p. 455.
61. Ibid., pp. 358, 361; G, pp. 454. 457.
62. Ibid., pp. 215, 584-585, 716; G, pp. 308, 698-699, 831-832.
63. Ibid., pp. 154, 156; G, pp. 242-243, 245. Cf. Marx, Economic and Philosophic , MEGA I, 3, p. 148; CW 3, p. 325: "Money is the alienated ability of mankind." [BACK]
57. Marx, Grundrisse , GK, p. 203, G, p. 296.
58. Ibid., pp. 205-207, 211-212, 268-270; G, pp. 297-300. 304-305, 363-364.
59. Ibid., pp. 65, 213-214; G, pp. 146-147, 305-307.
60. Ibid., p. 359; G, p. 455.
61. Ibid., pp. 358, 361; G, pp. 454. 457.
62. Ibid., pp. 215, 584-585, 716; G, pp. 308, 698-699, 831-832.
63. Ibid., pp. 154, 156; G, pp. 242-243, 245. Cf. Marx, Economic and Philosophic , MEGA I, 3, p. 148; CW 3, p. 325: "Money is the alienated ability of mankind." [BACK]
57. Marx, Grundrisse , GK, p. 203, G, p. 296.
58. Ibid., pp. 205-207, 211-212, 268-270; G, pp. 297-300. 304-305, 363-364.
59. Ibid., pp. 65, 213-214; G, pp. 146-147, 305-307.
60. Ibid., p. 359; G, p. 455.
61. Ibid., pp. 358, 361; G, pp. 454. 457.
62. Ibid., pp. 215, 584-585, 716; G, pp. 308, 698-699, 831-832.
63. Ibid., pp. 154, 156; G, pp. 242-243, 245. Cf. Marx, Economic and Philosophic , MEGA I, 3, p. 148; CW 3, p. 325: "Money is the alienated ability of mankind." [BACK]
57. Marx, Grundrisse , GK, p. 203, G, p. 296.
58. Ibid., pp. 205-207, 211-212, 268-270; G, pp. 297-300. 304-305, 363-364.
59. Ibid., pp. 65, 213-214; G, pp. 146-147, 305-307.
60. Ibid., p. 359; G, p. 455.
61. Ibid., pp. 358, 361; G, pp. 454. 457.
62. Ibid., pp. 215, 584-585, 716; G, pp. 308, 698-699, 831-832.
63. Ibid., pp. 154, 156; G, pp. 242-243, 245. Cf. Marx, Economic and Philosophic , MEGA I, 3, p. 148; CW 3, p. 325: "Money is the alienated ability of mankind." [BACK]
57. Marx, Grundrisse , GK, p. 203, G, p. 296.
58. Ibid., pp. 205-207, 211-212, 268-270; G, pp. 297-300. 304-305, 363-364.
59. Ibid., pp. 65, 213-214; G, pp. 146-147, 305-307.
60. Ibid., p. 359; G, p. 455.
61. Ibid., pp. 358, 361; G, pp. 454. 457.
62. Ibid., pp. 215, 584-585, 716; G, pp. 308, 698-699, 831-832.
63. Ibid., pp. 154, 156; G, pp. 242-243, 245. Cf. Marx, Economic and Philosophic , MEGA I, 3, p. 148; CW 3, p. 325: "Money is the alienated ability of mankind." [BACK]
57. Marx, Grundrisse , GK, p. 203, G, p. 296.
58. Ibid., pp. 205-207, 211-212, 268-270; G, pp. 297-300. 304-305, 363-364.
59. Ibid., pp. 65, 213-214; G, pp. 146-147, 305-307.
60. Ibid., p. 359; G, p. 455.
61. Ibid., pp. 358, 361; G, pp. 454. 457.
62. Ibid., pp. 215, 584-585, 716; G, pp. 308, 698-699, 831-832.
63. Ibid., pp. 154, 156; G, pp. 242-243, 245. Cf. Marx, Economic and Philosophic , MEGA I, 3, p. 148; CW 3, p. 325: "Money is the alienated ability of mankind." [BACK]
64. Marx, Grundrisse , GK, p. 395; G, p. 496.
65. Ibid., pp. 74-75, 79-80, 204, 313-314, 545; G, pp. 156-157, 161-162, 296, 409-410, 651-652.
66. Ibid., pp. 75-76; G, p. 158. [BACK]
64. Marx, Grundrisse , GK, p. 395; G, p. 496.
65. Ibid., pp. 74-75, 79-80, 204, 313-314, 545; G, pp. 156-157, 161-162, 296, 409-410, 651-652.
66. Ibid., pp. 75-76; G, p. 158. [BACK]
64. Marx, Grundrisse , GK, p. 395; G, p. 496.
65. Ibid., pp. 74-75, 79-80, 204, 313-314, 545; G, pp. 156-157, 161-162, 296, 409-410, 651-652.
66. Ibid., pp. 75-76; G, p. 158. [BACK]
67. Marx, Political Economy , MEW 13, pp. 32-33; CPE, pp. 46-47. Cf. Marx, Grundrisse , GK, p. 440; G, pp. 541-542. [BACK]
68. Marx, Grundrisse , GK. p. 6; G, p. 84 (emphasis added). [BACK]
69. Marx, Capital , MEW 23, p. 52; C I, p. 534.
70. Ibid., p. 349; C I, p. 361.
71. Ibid., pp. 93, 618, 791; C I, pp. 91. 649, 837. [BACK]
69. Marx, Capital , MEW 23, p. 52; C I, p. 534.
70. Ibid., p. 349; C I, p. 361.
71. Ibid., pp. 93, 618, 791; C I, pp. 91. 649, 837. [BACK]
69. Marx, Capital , MEW 23, p. 52; C I, p. 534.
70. Ibid., p. 349; C I, p. 361.
71. Ibid., pp. 93, 618, 791; C I, pp. 91. 649, 837. [BACK]
72. Marx, "Marginal Notes to the Program of the German Workers' Party," MEW 19, p. 21; SW III, p. 19. [BACK]
73. Theodor Adorno, Minima Moralia , trans. Jephcott (London, 1974), p. 103 (§66). [BACK]
74. Marx, Grundrisse , GK, p. 599; G, p. 712.
75. Ibid., pp. 231, 426; G, pp. 324-325, 527-528.
76. Ibid., pp. 387-388; G, p. 488. [BACK]
74. Marx, Grundrisse , GK, p. 599; G, p. 712.
75. Ibid., pp. 231, 426; G, pp. 324-325, 527-528.
76. Ibid., pp. 387-388; G, p. 488. [BACK]
74. Marx, Grundrisse , GK, p. 599; G, p. 712.
75. Ibid., pp. 231, 426; G, pp. 324-325, 527-528.
76. Ibid., pp. 387-388; G, p. 488. [BACK]
2— The "Real Individual" and Marx's Method
1. Feuerbach, "Principles of the Philosophy of the Future," in The Fiery Brook , p. 175. break [BACK]
2. Feuerbach, "Preliminary Theses," in ibid., p. 161. [BACK]
3. See Feuerbach, "Principles," in ibid., pp. 225-226 (§33); also Feuerbach, "Towards a Critique of Hegel's Philosophy," in ibid., pp. 76 ff. [BACK]
4. Marx, Critique of "Philosophy," MEGA I, 1/1, p. 424; CW 3, pp. 21-22; see also Marx, Economic and Philosophic , MEGA I, 3, pp. 117, 149; CW 3, pp. 298-299, 326. [BACK]
5. Marx and Engels, The Holy Family , MEGA I, 3, pp. 227-232, 304; CW4, pp. 57-61, 127.
6. Ibid., p. 179; CW 4, p. 7.
7. Ibid., p. 265; CW4, p. 93. [BACK]
5. Marx and Engels, The Holy Family , MEGA I, 3, pp. 227-232, 304; CW4, pp. 57-61, 127.
6. Ibid., p. 179; CW 4, p. 7.
7. Ibid., p. 265; CW4, p. 93. [BACK]
5. Marx and Engels, The Holy Family , MEGA I, 3, pp. 227-232, 304; CW4, pp. 57-61, 127.
6. Ibid., p. 179; CW 4, p. 7.
7. Ibid., p. 265; CW4, p. 93. [BACK]
8. Marx and Engels, German Ideology , MEGA I, 5, p. 10; CW 5, p. 31.
9. Ibid., pp. 65-66; CW 5, pp. 78-79.
10. Ibid., p. 416; CW 5, p. 437. [BACK]
8. Marx and Engels, German Ideology , MEGA I, 5, p. 10; CW 5, p. 31.
9. Ibid., pp. 65-66; CW 5, pp. 78-79.
10. Ibid., p. 416; CW 5, p. 437. [BACK]
8. Marx and Engels, German Ideology , MEGA I, 5, p. 10; CW 5, p. 31.
9. Ibid., pp. 65-66; CW 5, pp. 78-79.
10. Ibid., p. 416; CW 5, p. 437. [BACK]
11. See Marx, Grundrisse , GK, p. 176; G, pp. 264-265. [BACK]
12. Marx, The Poverty of Philosophy , MEGA I, 6, p. 173; CW6, p. 159. [BACK]
13. Marx, Grundrisse , GK, p. III; G, p. 197. [BACK]
14. Marx, Political Economy , MEW 13, p. 76; CPE, p. 120. [BACK]
15. Marx, The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte , MEW 8, p. 115; SW I, p. 398. [BACK]
16. Marx, Grundrisse , GK, p. 21; G, p. 100. [BACK]
17. Marx, Capital (Hamburg, 1867), p. 27. My thanks to Cyril Levitt for pointing out this passage from the first edition of Capital; it does not appear in later editions. [BACK]
18. Marx, Grundrisse , GK, pp. 22, 945; G, p. 101.
19. Ibid., pp. 24-25; G, p. 104.
20. Ibid., pp. 5-6; G, pp. 83-84.
21. Ibid., p. 9; G, p. 85. [BACK]
18. Marx, Grundrisse , GK, pp. 22, 945; G, p. 101.
19. Ibid., pp. 24-25; G, p. 104.
20. Ibid., pp. 5-6; G, pp. 83-84.
21. Ibid., p. 9; G, p. 85. [BACK]
18. Marx, Grundrisse , GK, pp. 22, 945; G, p. 101.
19. Ibid., pp. 24-25; G, p. 104.
20. Ibid., pp. 5-6; G, pp. 83-84.
21. Ibid., p. 9; G, p. 85. [BACK]
18. Marx, Grundrisse , GK, pp. 22, 945; G, p. 101.
19. Ibid., pp. 24-25; G, p. 104.
20. Ibid., pp. 5-6; G, pp. 83-84.
21. Ibid., p. 9; G, p. 85. [BACK]
22. Marx, Capital , MEW 23, p. 27; C I, p. 25. 23. Ibid., p. 16; C I, p. 15.
23. Ibid., p.16, C I, p.15 [BACK]
22. Marx, Capital , MEW 23, p. 27; C I, p. 25. 23. Ibid., p. 16; C I, p. 15.
23. Ibid., p.16, C I, p.15 [BACK]
24. Marx, Grundrisse , GK, p. 176; G, pp. 264-265. [BACK]
25. Marx and Engels, German Ideology , MEGA I, 5, p. 60; CW 5, p. 81. [BACK]
26. Marx, Grundrisse . GK, p. 111; G, pp. 196-197.
27. Ibid., pp. 22, 599; G, pp. 101, 712. [BACK]
26. Marx, Grundrisse . GK, p. 111; G, pp. 196-197.
27. Ibid., pp. 22, 599; G, pp. 101, 712. [BACK]
28. Marx and Engels, German Ideology , MEGA 1, 5, p. 60; CW 5, p. 81. [BACK]
3— Marx's Concept of Labor
1. Marx, Political Economy , MEW 13, pp. 8-9; CPE, pp. 11-12; cf. Marx and Engels, German Ideology . MEGA I, 5, p. 16; CW 5, p. 37. [BACK]
2. Ernst Bloch, On Karl Marx , trans. Maxwell (New York, 1971), p. 86. [BACK]
3. See Cornu, Karl Marx et Friedrich Engels , IV. 133-134. break [BACK]
4. Marx, Economic and Philosophic , MEGA I, 3, pp. 125, 152-153, 156; CW 3, pp. 305, 329, 332-333. [BACK]
5. Marx and Engels, German Ideology , MEGA I, 5, p. 10; CW 5, p. 31. [BACK]
6. Marx, Economic and Philosophic , MEGA I, 3, p. 88; CW 3, pp. 276-277.
7. Ibid., p. 88; CW 3, pp. 276-277.
8. Ibid., p. 114; CW 3, p. 297.
9. Ibid., where Marx criticizes "immature communism" (e.g., Cabet) for seeking a proof of the communist essence in the existent historical process. "By so doing it [immature communism] simply makes clear that by far the greater part of this process contradicts its own claim, and that, if it has ever existed, precisely its being in the past refutes its pretension to being essential being." [BACK]
6. Marx, Economic and Philosophic , MEGA I, 3, p. 88; CW 3, pp. 276-277.
7. Ibid., p. 88; CW 3, pp. 276-277.
8. Ibid., p. 114; CW 3, p. 297.
9. Ibid., where Marx criticizes "immature communism" (e.g., Cabet) for seeking a proof of the communist essence in the existent historical process. "By so doing it [immature communism] simply makes clear that by far the greater part of this process contradicts its own claim, and that, if it has ever existed, precisely its being in the past refutes its pretension to being essential being." [BACK]
6. Marx, Economic and Philosophic , MEGA I, 3, p. 88; CW 3, pp. 276-277.
7. Ibid., p. 88; CW 3, pp. 276-277.
8. Ibid., p. 114; CW 3, p. 297.
9. Ibid., where Marx criticizes "immature communism" (e.g., Cabet) for seeking a proof of the communist essence in the existent historical process. "By so doing it [immature communism] simply makes clear that by far the greater part of this process contradicts its own claim, and that, if it has ever existed, precisely its being in the past refutes its pretension to being essential being." [BACK]
6. Marx, Economic and Philosophic , MEGA I, 3, p. 88; CW 3, pp. 276-277.
7. Ibid., p. 88; CW 3, pp. 276-277.
8. Ibid., p. 114; CW 3, p. 297.
9. Ibid., where Marx criticizes "immature communism" (e.g., Cabet) for seeking a proof of the communist essence in the existent historical process. "By so doing it [immature communism] simply makes clear that by far the greater part of this process contradicts its own claim, and that, if it has ever existed, precisely its being in the past refutes its pretension to being essential being." [BACK]
10. Marx, "Theses on Feuerbach," MEGA I, 5, p. 533; CW 5, p. 6 (§1).
11. Ibid., p. 534; CW 5, p. 7 (§3).
12. Ibid.; CW 5, p. 6 (§2). [BACK]
10. Marx, "Theses on Feuerbach," MEGA I, 5, p. 533; CW 5, p. 6 (§1).
11. Ibid., p. 534; CW 5, p. 7 (§3).
12. Ibid.; CW 5, p. 6 (§2). [BACK]
10. Marx, "Theses on Feuerbach," MEGA I, 5, p. 533; CW 5, p. 6 (§1).
11. Ibid., p. 534; CW 5, p. 7 (§3).
12. Ibid.; CW 5, p. 6 (§2). [BACK]
13. Lucien Goldmann, The Human Sciences and Philosophy , trans. White and Anchor (London, 1969), p. 28. [BACK]
14. See Marx, "Theses," MEGA I, 5, pp. 534-535; CW 5, pp. 7-8 (§6 and §9).
15. Ibid., p. 535; CW 5, p. 8 (§10).
16. Ibid. (§11). [BACK]
14. See Marx, "Theses," MEGA I, 5, pp. 534-535; CW 5, pp. 7-8 (§6 and §9).
15. Ibid., p. 535; CW 5, p. 8 (§10).
16. Ibid. (§11). [BACK]
14. See Marx, "Theses," MEGA I, 5, pp. 534-535; CW 5, pp. 7-8 (§6 and §9).
15. Ibid., p. 535; CW 5, p. 8 (§10).
16. Ibid. (§11). [BACK]
17. Marx and Engels, German Ideology , MEGA I, 5, p. 31; CW 5, p. 58. [BACK]
18. Hegel, Phenomenology , p. 422.
19. Ibid., pp. 420-421.
20. Ibid., p. 429.
21. Ibid., p. 428. [BACK]
18. Hegel, Phenomenology , p. 422.
19. Ibid., pp. 420-421.
20. Ibid., p. 429.
21. Ibid., p. 428. [BACK]
18. Hegel, Phenomenology , p. 422.
19. Ibid., pp. 420-421.
20. Ibid., p. 429.
21. Ibid., p. 428. [BACK]
18. Hegel, Phenomenology , p. 422.
19. Ibid., pp. 420-421.
20. Ibid., p. 429.
21. Ibid., p. 428. [BACK]
22. Jean Hyppolite, Genèse et structure de la Phénoménologie de l'Esprit de Hegel (Paris, 1946), p. 286. [BACK]
23. Hegel, Science of Logic , trans. Johnston and Sturthers (London, 1929), II, 348.
24. Ibid., p. 381.
25. Ibid., p. 383.
26. Ibid., pp. 386-388. [BACK]
23. Hegel, Science of Logic , trans. Johnston and Sturthers (London, 1929), II, 348.
24. Ibid., p. 381.
25. Ibid., p. 383.
26. Ibid., pp. 386-388. [BACK]
23. Hegel, Science of Logic , trans. Johnston and Sturthers (London, 1929), II, 348.
24. Ibid., p. 381.
25. Ibid., p. 383.
26. Ibid., pp. 386-388. [BACK]
23. Hegel, Science of Logic , trans. Johnston and Sturthers (London, 1929), II, 348.
24. Ibid., p. 381.
25. Ibid., p. 383.
26. Ibid., pp. 386-388. [BACK]
27. Hegel, The Logic , trans. Wallace (London, 1892), p. 88 (§42). [BACK]
28. See Marx, Political Economy , MEW 13, pp. 23-24; CPE, p. 33; and Marx, Capital . MEW 23, pp. 57-58; C I, pp. 49-50. [BACK]
29. Marx, Capital , MEW 23, p. 193; C I, p. 198.
30. Ibid., pp. 193, 198-199; C I, pp. 198, 204-205.
31. Ibid., p. 194; C I, p. 199. [BACK]
29. Marx, Capital , MEW 23, p. 193; C I, p. 198.
30. Ibid., pp. 193, 198-199; C I, pp. 198, 204-205.
31. Ibid., p. 194; C I, p. 199. [BACK]
29. Marx, Capital , MEW 23, p. 193; C I, p. 198.
30. Ibid., pp. 193, 198-199; C I, pp. 198, 204-205.
31. Ibid., p. 194; C I, p. 199. [BACK]
32. Marx, Grundrisse , GK, pp. 206, 208; C, pp. 298-299, 301.
33. Ibid., p. 265; G, p. 360. break
34. Ibid., pp. 265-266; G, p. 361. Cf. Marx. Capital , MEW 23, pp. 195, 198; C I, pp. 198, 204-205. [BACK]
32. Marx, Grundrisse , GK, pp. 206, 208; C, pp. 298-299, 301.
33. Ibid., p. 265; G, p. 360. break
34. Ibid., pp. 265-266; G, p. 361. Cf. Marx. Capital , MEW 23, pp. 195, 198; C I, pp. 198, 204-205. [BACK]
32. Marx, Grundrisse , GK, pp. 206, 208; C, pp. 298-299, 301.
33. Ibid., p. 265; G, p. 360. break
34. Ibid., pp. 265-266; G, p. 361. Cf. Marx. Capital , MEW 23, pp. 195, 198; C I, pp. 198, 204-205. [BACK]
35. Marx, Capital , MEW 23. p. 345; C I, pp. 357-358.
36. Ibid., p. 351; C I, p. 364. Marx and Engels, Manifesto , MEW 4, p. 476; CW 6. p. 499. [BACK]
35. Marx, Capital , MEW 23. p. 345; C I, pp. 357-358.
36. Ibid., p. 351; C I, p. 364. Marx and Engels, Manifesto , MEW 4, p. 476; CW 6. p. 499. [BACK]
37. Marx and Engels, Manifesto , MEW 4, p. 476; CW 6. p. 499. [BACK]
38. Georg Lukáacs, "The Dialectics of Labor: Beyond Causality and Teleology," trans. Gucinski, Telos , 6 (Fall, 1970), 174. [BACK]
4— Reason, Interest, and the Necessity of History: The Ambiguities of Marx's Legacy
1. Marx, Capital , MEW 25, pp. 260, 274-275, 276-277; C III, pp. 250, 264, 266.
2. Ibid., MEW 23, p. 16; C I, p. 15.
3. Ibid., p. 26; C I, p. 23.
4. Ibid., MEW 25. p. 32; C III, p. 25.
5. Ibid., p. 184; C III, p. 175: "Such a general rate of surplus value-viewed as a tendency like all other economic laws. . . . " [BACK]
1. Marx, Capital , MEW 25, pp. 260, 274-275, 276-277; C III, pp. 250, 264, 266.
2. Ibid., MEW 23, p. 16; C I, p. 15.
3. Ibid., p. 26; C I, p. 23.
4. Ibid., MEW 25. p. 32; C III, p. 25.
5. Ibid., p. 184; C III, p. 175: "Such a general rate of surplus value-viewed as a tendency like all other economic laws. . . . " [BACK]
1. Marx, Capital , MEW 25, pp. 260, 274-275, 276-277; C III, pp. 250, 264, 266.
2. Ibid., MEW 23, p. 16; C I, p. 15.
3. Ibid., p. 26; C I, p. 23.
4. Ibid., MEW 25. p. 32; C III, p. 25.
5. Ibid., p. 184; C III, p. 175: "Such a general rate of surplus value-viewed as a tendency like all other economic laws. . . . " [BACK]
1. Marx, Capital , MEW 25, pp. 260, 274-275, 276-277; C III, pp. 250, 264, 266.
2. Ibid., MEW 23, p. 16; C I, p. 15.
3. Ibid., p. 26; C I, p. 23.
4. Ibid., MEW 25. p. 32; C III, p. 25.
5. Ibid., p. 184; C III, p. 175: "Such a general rate of surplus value-viewed as a tendency like all other economic laws. . . . " [BACK]
1. Marx, Capital , MEW 25, pp. 260, 274-275, 276-277; C III, pp. 250, 264, 266.
2. Ibid., MEW 23, p. 16; C I, p. 15.
3. Ibid., p. 26; C I, p. 23.
4. Ibid., MEW 25. p. 32; C III, p. 25.
5. Ibid., p. 184; C III, p. 175: "Such a general rate of surplus value-viewed as a tendency like all other economic laws. . . . " [BACK]
6. Manx, Poverty , MEGA I, 6, p. 191; CW 6, p. 177.
7. Ibid., p. 227; CW 6, p. 211. [BACK]
6. Manx, Poverty , MEGA I, 6, p. 191; CW 6, p. 177.
7. Ibid., p. 227; CW 6, p. 211. [BACK]
8. See Marx and Engels. Manifesto , MEW 4. pp. 470-471; CW 6, pp. 492-493. [BACK]
9. Marx and Engels, Holy Family , MEGA I, 3, p. 206; CW 4, p. 36. [BACK]
10. Marx and Engels, German Ideology , MEGA I, 5, p. 60; CW 5, pp. 52-53. [BACK]
11. Marx and Engels to Bebel, Licbknecht, Bracke, and others, 9-17-79, MEW 19, p. 165; SC, p. 327. [BACK]
12. Marx, "An Exchange of Letters," MEGA I, 1/1, p. 561; CW 3, p. 137. [BACK]
13. Marx, "Toward the Critique," MEGA I, 1/1, p. 615; CW 3, p. 182. [BACK]
14. Marx to Schweitzer, 10-13-68, MEW 32, p. 570; SC, p. 215. [BACK]
15. See Marx, Grundrisse , GK, p. 716; G, p. 832.
16. Ibid., pp. 366-367; G, p. 463. [BACK]
15. See Marx, Grundrisse , GK, p. 716; G, p. 832.
16. Ibid., pp. 366-367; G, p. 463. [BACK]
17. Albert 0. Hirschman, The Passions and the Interests (Princeton, 1977), pp. 43-44; in this context, Hirschman cites the Helvetius passage quoted above. [BACK]
18. Hegel, Philosophy of Right , p. 124 (§187). [BACK]
19. Adam Ferguson, An Essay on the History of Civil Society (Edinburgh, 1966), pp. 11, 15. [BACK]
20. Hegel, Philosophy of Right , p. 189 (§288). [BACK]
21. See, e. g., Marx, "Proceedings of the Sixth Rhine Province Assembly. continue
Third Article Debates on the Law on Thefts of Wood," MEGA I, 1/1, pp. 266-304; CW I, pp. 224-263; "The Supplement to Nos. 335 and 336 of the Augsburg Allgemeine Zeitung on the Commissions of the Estates in Prussia," MEGA I, 1/1, pp. 321-335; CW 1. pp. 292-306; "Justification of the Correspondent from the Mosel," MEGA I, 1/1, pp. 355-383; CW 1, pp. 332-358. [BACK]
22. Marx, Political Economy , MEW 13, pp. 7-8; CPE, p. 10. [BACK]
23. Marx, Economic and Philosophic , MEGA I. 3, p. 144; CW 3, p. 321; Marx, Critique of "Philosophy, "MEGA I, 1/1. p. 547: CW 3, p. 123. [BACK]
24. Marx, "Justification," MEGA I, 1/1, p. 373; CW 1, p. 349. [BACK]
25. Tocqueville, Democracy , I, 252; Marx cites Tocqueville in "On the Jewish Question." [BACK]
26. Marx, "Justification," MEGA I, 1/1, p. 368; CW 1, p. 343.
27. Ibid., p. 373; CW 1, p. 349. [BACK]
26. Marx, "Justification," MEGA I, 1/1, p. 368; CW 1, p. 343.
27. Ibid., p. 373; CW 1, p. 349. [BACK]
28. Marx, "Proceedings," MEGA I, 1/1, p. 298; CW 1. p. 256. [BACK]
29. Marx, "Toward the Critique," MEGA I, 1/1, p. 619; CW 3, p. 186. [BACK]
30. Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations (New York, 1937), p. 249. For Marx's comments in 1844, see his Economic and Philosophic , MEGA I, 3, pp. 44-45; CW 3, pp. 240-241; and MEGA I, 3. pp. 72-73; CW 3, pp. 263-264, where he disputes Smith's other important claim, that the landlords as well as the workers have an interest identical with society's. Marx copied out the relevant passages: see MEGA I, 3, p. 472 ("Aus den Exzerptheften: Adam Smith, Recherches sur la nature et les causes de la richesse des nations"). Some years later, Marx returned to the same passage: see MEW, 26.2, pp. 373-374; see also Marx, Theories of Surplus Value , II, trans. Ryazanskaya (Moscow, 1968), p. 372. [BACK]
31. Marx and Engels, Holy Family , MEGA I, 3, p. 299; CW 4, p. 123; idem, German Ideology , MEGA I, 5, p. 22; CW 5, p. 47; idem, Manifesto , MEW 4, p. 464; CW 6, p. 487. [BACK]
32. Marx, Manifesto , MEW 4, p. 472; CW 6, pp. 494-495. [BACK]
33. Marx and Engels, Holy Family , MEGA I, 3, p. 296; CW 4, p. 120.
34. Ibid., MEGA I, 3. p. 307; CW 4. pp. 130-131. [BACK]
33. Marx and Engels, Holy Family , MEGA I, 3, p. 296; CW 4, p. 120.
34. Ibid., MEGA I, 3. p. 307; CW 4. pp. 130-131. [BACK]
35. Marx, "On Poland," MEW 4, p. 416; CW 6, p. 388; Marx and Engels, German Ideology , MEGA I, 5, p. 65; CW 5, p. 77. [BACK]
36. Marx and Engels, German Ideology , MEGA I, 5, p. 228; CW 5, p. 247; Marx and Engels, Holy Family , MEGA I, 3, p. 310; CW 4, p. 134. [BACK]
37. Cf. Marx and Engels, German Ideology , MEGA I, 5, pp. 64, 192; CW 5, pp. 80, 213. [BACK]
38. Marx, The Ethnological Notebooks of Karl Marx , ed. Krader (Assen, Netherlands, 1972), p. 329. My thanks to Cyril Levitt for pointing out this important passage. [BACK]
39. In The German Ideology interest was also historically situated as a continue
defining aspect of classes in contradistinction to feudal estates. See Marx and Engels, The German Ideology , MEGA I, 5, p. 52; CW 5, p. 90: "By the mere fact that it is a class and no longer an estate , the bourgeoisie is forced to organize itself no longer locally, but nationally, and to give a general form to its average interests."
40. Ibid., p. 177; CW 5, p. 195. [BACK]
39. In The German Ideology interest was also historically situated as a continue
defining aspect of classes in contradistinction to feudal estates. See Marx and Engels, The German Ideology , MEGA I, 5, p. 52; CW 5, p. 90: "By the mere fact that it is a class and no longer an estate , the bourgeoisie is forced to organize itself no longer locally, but nationally, and to give a general form to its average interests."
40. Ibid., p. 177; CW 5, p. 195. [BACK]
41. See Marx, "Proceedings," MEGA I, 1/1, pp. 283, 291; CW 1, pp. 241, 249; see also ibid., p. 303; CW 1, p. 261: "Interest by its very nature is blind, immoderate, one-sided; in short, it is lawless natural instinct. . . . "
42. Ibid., pp. 289-290; CW 1, p. 247. [BACK]
41. See Marx, "Proceedings," MEGA I, 1/1, pp. 283, 291; CW 1, pp. 241, 249; see also ibid., p. 303; CW 1, p. 261: "Interest by its very nature is blind, immoderate, one-sided; in short, it is lawless natural instinct. . . . "
42. Ibid., pp. 289-290; CW 1, p. 247. [BACK]
43. Marx and Engels, Manifesto , MEW 4, p. 493; CW 6, p. 519; Marx, Capital , MEW 25, pp. 204, 208; C III, pp. 194, 198; Marx, Economic and Philosophic , MEGA I, 3, p. 135; CW 3, p. 313; Marx. Grundrisse , GK, p. 155; G, p. 244. [BACK]
44. Marx, Capital , MEW 23, pp. 421-422; C I, p. 436. [BACK]
45. Smith, Wealth , p. 249; see also p. 734, where Smith describes the modern worker "as stupid and ignorant as it is possible for a human creature to become"—a section of Smith's book cited by Marx in Capital , MEW 23, pp. 383-384; C I, pp. 397-398. [BACK]
46. See Hirschman, Passions , pp. 110-111, for a development of this point. [BACK]
47. See Marx and Engels, Holy Family , MEGA I. 3, pp. 252-253; CW 4, pp. 81-82: "The interest of the bourgeoisie in the 1789 Revolution . . . 'won' everything. . . . The Revolution was a 'failure' only for the mass which did not have in the political 'idea' the idea of its real 'interest.' . . . If the Revolution was a failure, it was not because the mass was 'enthusiastic' over it and 'interested' in it, but because the most numerous part of the mass, the part distinct from the bourgeoisie, did not have a revolutionary principle of its own , but only an 'idea,' and hence only an object of momentary enthusiasm and only seeming uplift." By contrast, the interest of the bourgeoisie—a class which knew its "real interest"—was a powerful historical factor: "That interest was so powerful that it was victorious over the pen of Marat, the guillotine of the Terror and the sword of Napoleon."
48. Ibid., p. 309; CW 4, p. 133. [BACK]
47. See Marx and Engels, Holy Family , MEGA I. 3, pp. 252-253; CW 4, pp. 81-82: "The interest of the bourgeoisie in the 1789 Revolution . . . 'won' everything. . . . The Revolution was a 'failure' only for the mass which did not have in the political 'idea' the idea of its real 'interest.' . . . If the Revolution was a failure, it was not because the mass was 'enthusiastic' over it and 'interested' in it, but because the most numerous part of the mass, the part distinct from the bourgeoisie, did not have a revolutionary principle of its own , but only an 'idea,' and hence only an object of momentary enthusiasm and only seeming uplift." By contrast, the interest of the bourgeoisie—a class which knew its "real interest"—was a powerful historical factor: "That interest was so powerful that it was victorious over the pen of Marat, the guillotine of the Terror and the sword of Napoleon."
48. Ibid., p. 309; CW 4, p. 133. [BACK]
49. Hegel, Philosophy of Right , pp. 124-125 (§187). [BACK]
50. But cf. the acid remarks on Hegel's philosophy of education in Marx, Capital , MEW 23, p. 385n; C I, p. 399n. [BACK]
51. Marx, "Critical Marginal Notes," MEGA I, 3, pp. 17-19; CW 3, pp. 201-202; Engels, The Condition of the Working Class in England , MEGA I, 4, p. 112; CW 4, p. 410. [BACK]
52. Marx and Engels, German Ideology , MEGA I, 5, pp. 67-68; CW 5, p. 79. break [BACK]
53. Marx, Poverty , MEGA I, 6, p. 226; CW 6, p. 211; Marx and Engels, Manifesto , MEW 4, p. 471; CW 6. pp. 493-494. [BACK]
54. Marx, Eighteenth Brumaire , MEW 8, p. 198; CW I, p. 479. [BACK]
55. Cf. Marx. "Leading Article," MEGA I, 1/1, p. 241; CW 1, p. 193. [BACK]
56. Marx and Engels, "Address of the Central Committee to the Communist League," MEW 7, p. 254; SW I, p. 185; cf. Marx, Poverty , MEGA I, 6, p. 191; CW 6, pp. 177-178. [BACK]
57. See Marx and Engels, Manifesto , MEW 4, pp. 471-472; CW 6, pp. 493-494. [BACK]
58. Marx, Poverty , MEGA I, 6, p. 225; CW 6, p. 210. [BACK]
59. Marx, "Instructions for the Delegates of the Provisional General Council. The Different Questions," SW II, p. 81.
60. Ibid., p. 83. Marx also warned against a preoccupation with purely economic issues here: "Too exclusively bent upon the local and immediate struggle with capital, the Trades' Unions have not yet fully understood the power of acting against the system of wages slavery itself." [BACK]
59. Marx, "Instructions for the Delegates of the Provisional General Council. The Different Questions," SW II, p. 81.
60. Ibid., p. 83. Marx also warned against a preoccupation with purely economic issues here: "Too exclusively bent upon the local and immediate struggle with capital, the Trades' Unions have not yet fully understood the power of acting against the system of wages slavery itself." [BACK]
61. Marx and Engels, Manifesto , MEW 4, p. 472; CW 6, p. 495. [BACK]
62. Hegel, Logic , p. 147 (§81). [BACK]
63. See Hegel, Die Vernunft in der Geschichte , ed. Hoffmeister (Hamburg, 1955), p. 29 (L). [BACK]
64. Hegel, Science , II, 185.
65. Ibid., p.213. [BACK]
64. Hegel, Science , II, 185.
65. Ibid., p.213. [BACK]
66. Hegel, Philosophy of History , trans. Sibree (New York, 1956), p. 34. [BACK]
67. Smith, Wealth , p. 13. [BACK]
68. See Helmut Fleischer, Marxism and History , trans. Mosbacher (New York, 1973), pp. 119-121. [BACK]
69. Marx. "An Exchange," MEGA I, 1/1, p. 574; CW 3, p. 143. [BACK]
70. Smith, Wealth , p. 324. [BACK]
71. See Hirschman, Passions , pp. 48-56, on "Assets of an Interest-Governed World: Predictability and Constancy." [BACK]
72. Hegel, Logic , p. 350 (§206). Marx footnoted the first pan of this passage in his discussion of the labor process: see Marx, Capital , MEW 23, p. 194n; C I, p. 199n. [BACK]
73. Marx, "Speech," SW I, p. 501. Karl Löwith identified Marx's "shrewd spirit" with Hegel's "cunning of Reason" in Löwith, Meaning in History (Chicago, 1949), p. 36. [BACK]
74. Elie Halévy, The Growth of Philosophic Radicalism , trans. Morris (Boston, 1955), pp. 52-53; cf. Leonard Krieger, Kings and Philosophers, 1689-1789 (New York, 1970), pp. 210-215, on "The New Rationalism." [BACK]
75. See Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract , Book II, chap. 1.
76. See ibid., chap. 7; in "On the Jewish Question," Marx cites this chapter, although his understanding of the text is questionable. break [BACK]
75. See Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract , Book II, chap. 1.
76. See ibid., chap. 7; in "On the Jewish Question," Marx cites this chapter, although his understanding of the text is questionable. break [BACK]
77. Marx, Capital , MEW 23, p. 74; C I. p. 69; and "An Exchange," MEGA I, 1/1, p. 574; CW 3, p. 143. A different impression is left by Marx's rhetoric on other occasions: see Marx and Engels, Manifesto , MEW 4, p. 465; CW 6, p. 487: "Constant revolutionizing of production . . . distinguish[es] the bourgeois epoch from all earlier ones. All fixed, fast-frozen relations, with their train of ancient and venerable prejudices and opinions, are swept away, all new-formed ones become antiquated before they can ossify. All that is solid melts into air, all that is holy is profaned. . . . " [BACK]
78. Marx, "Speech," SW I, p. 501. [BACK]
79. Marx and Engels, Holy Family , MEGA I, 3, p. 207; CW 4, p. 37. [BACK]
5— Engels and the Dialectics of Nature
1. Engels to Bloch, 9-21-90, SC, p. 417. [BACK]
2. Engels, Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy , MEW 21, p. 298; SW III, pp. 365-S66. [BACK]
3. Engels, Herr Eugen Dühring's Revolution in Science [Anti-Dühring] , MEW 20, p. 265; A, p. S10.
4. Ibid., MEW 20, pp. 12, 22, 129; A, pp. 17, 29, 152. [BACK]
3. Engels, Herr Eugen Dühring's Revolution in Science [Anti-Dühring] , MEW 20, p. 265; A, p. S10.
4. Ibid., MEW 20, pp. 12, 22, 129; A, pp. 17, 29, 152. [BACK]
5. Engels, Anti-Dühring , MEW 20, pp. 55, 131-132; A, pp. 68, 155. [BACK]
6. Engels, Dialectics of Nature , MEW 20, p. 475; DN. p. 153. [BACK]
7. Engels, Ludwig Feuerbach , MEW 21, p. 270; SW III, p. 339. [BACK]
8. See Engels, "Speech at the Graveside of Karl Marx," SW III, p. 162. [BACK]
9. See, e.g., Engels, The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State , SW III, p. 201. [BACK]
10. See Engels, Dialectics , MEW 20, p. 500; DN, pp. 234-235.
11. Ibid., p. 466; DN, p. 187.
12. Ibid., p. 469.
13. Ibid., p. 325. [BACK]
10. See Engels, Dialectics , MEW 20, p. 500; DN, pp. 234-235.
11. Ibid., p. 466; DN, p. 187.
12. Ibid., p. 469.
13. Ibid., p. 325. [BACK]
10. See Engels, Dialectics , MEW 20, p. 500; DN, pp. 234-235.
11. Ibid., p. 466; DN, p. 187.
12. Ibid., p. 469.
13. Ibid., p. 325. [BACK]
10. See Engels, Dialectics , MEW 20, p. 500; DN, pp. 234-235.
11. Ibid., p. 466; DN, p. 187.
12. Ibid., p. 469.
13. Ibid., p. 325. [BACK]
14. Marx, Economic and Philosophic , MEGA I, 3, p. 123; CW 3, p. 304. See also ibid., p. 170; CW 3, p. 345: "Nature fixed in isolation from man—is nothing for man." [BACK]
15. Marx and Engels, German Ideology , MEGA I, 5, p. 554; CW 5, p. 28. [BACK]
16. Engels, Ludwig Feuerbach , MEW 21, p. 300; SW III. pp. 369-370. [BACK]
17. Engels, Dialectics , MEW 20, p. 466; DN, p. 187. [BACK]
18. See Marx, Economic and Philosophic , MEGA I. 3, pp. 122-123; CW 3, pp. 302-303; and Marx and Engels, German Ideology , MEGA I, 5, pp. 32-33; CW 5, pp. 38-39. Marx did say in the 1844 manuscripts that sense perception must be the basis of all science; but he later revised this view, in coming to hold the position that no accurate science could be attained continue
without reference to human practice—the point at which Marx conceded to classical idealism its moment of truth. [BACK]
19. Engels, "Special Introduction to the English Edition of 1892 of Socialism: Scientific and Utopian ," SW III, p. 101. [BACK]
20. Engels, Dialectics , MEW 20, p. 497; DN, p. 23O. Marx, Grundrisse , GK, p. 505; G, p. 611. [BACK]
21. Engels, Ludwig Feuerbach , MEW 21, p. 276; SW III, p. 347. [BACK]
22. Engels, Anti-Dühring , MEW 20, pp. 260, 262; A, pp. 304-305, 307. [BACK]
23. Engels, Dialectics , MEW 20, p. 324; DN, pp. 19-20. [BACK]
24. Engels, Anti-Dühring , MEW 20, p. 106; A, p. 125, where Engels also claims that "freedom of the will therefore means nothing but the capacity to make decisions with real knowledge of the subject." [BACK]
25. Marx, Capital , MEW 25, p. 828; C III, p. 820. [BACK]
26. Engels, Anti-Duhring , MEW 20, p. 250; A, p. 293.
27. Ibid., p. 249; A, p. 292.
28. Ibid., p. 250; A, p. 293; and Engels, Socialism: Scientific and Utopian , SW III, p. 151. [BACK]
26. Engels, Anti-Duhring , MEW 20, p. 250; A, p. 293.
27. Ibid., p. 249; A, p. 292.
28. Ibid., p. 250; A, p. 293; and Engels, Socialism: Scientific and Utopian , SW III, p. 151. [BACK]
26. Engels, Anti-Duhring , MEW 20, p. 250; A, p. 293.
27. Ibid., p. 249; A, p. 292.
28. Ibid., p. 250; A, p. 293; and Engels, Socialism: Scientific and Utopian , SW III, p. 151. [BACK]
29. Engels to Zasulich, 4-23-85, SC, p. 384. [BACK]
30. Engels, Ludwig Feuerbach , MEW 21, p. 307; SW III, p. 376. [BACK]
6— The Rise of Orthodox Marxism
1. George V. Plekhanov, Fundamental Problems of Marxism (New York, 1969), p. 48.
2. Ibid., p. 46; on his debt to Engels, see p. 23; for a typical example of Plekhanov validating dialectics through natural science, see p. 47. [BACK]
1. George V. Plekhanov, Fundamental Problems of Marxism (New York, 1969), p. 48.
2. Ibid., p. 46; on his debt to Engels, see p. 23; for a typical example of Plekhanov validating dialectics through natural science, see p. 47. [BACK]
3. Plekhanov, The Development of the Monist View of History , trans. Rothstein (Moscow, 1956), p. 14. [BACK]
4. Plekhanov, Fundamental , p. 32. [BACK]
5. Antonio Labriola, Essays on the Materialistic Conception of History , trans. Kerr (New York, 1966), p. 113. On psychology, sec pp. 111-113. [BACK]
6. Plekhanov, Development , p. 330. Cf. Engels, Dialectics , MEW 20, p. 325; DN, p. 21: "The motion of matter is not merely crude mechanical motion. . . . " [BACK]
7. Plekhanov, Development , p. 206 (italics dropped).
8. Ibid., p. 153. [BACK]
7. Plekhanov, Development , p. 206 (italics dropped).
8. Ibid., p. 153. [BACK]
12. Plekhanov, Development , p. 277. [BACK]
13. Karl Kautsky, in Neue Zeit , 1901-1902, xx, 1, no. 3, quoted (enthu- soft
siastically) by Lenin in What Is to Be Done? , in Essential Works of Lenin , ed. Christman (New York, 1966), p. 81. [BACK]
14. See Marx, "Theses," MEGA I, 5, p. 534; CW 5, p. 4 (§3). [BACK]
15. Kautsky, The Road to Power , trans. Simons (Chicago, 1909), p. 50. Also see Carl Schorske, German Social Democracy, 1905-1917 (New York, 1955), pp. 111-115. [BACK]
16. Plekhanov, Development , p. 292. On the elimination of teleology, see Plekhanov, "The Materialist Conception of History," in Fundamental , p. 112: "By entirely eliminating teleology from social science and explaining the activity of social man by his needs and by the means and methods of satisfying them, prevailing at the given time, dialectical materialism for the first time imparts to this science the 'strictness' of which her sister—the science of nature—would often boast over her." [BACK]
17. Max Adler, Marx als Denker (Vienna, 1921), p. 80 (originally published in 1908). [BACK]
18. V. I. Lenin, Materialism and Empirio-Criticism (New York, 1927), p. 44.
19. Ibid., p. 106. [BACK]
18. V. I. Lenin, Materialism and Empirio-Criticism (New York, 1927), p. 44.
19. Ibid., p. 106. [BACK]
20. Marx, Capital , MEW 23, pp. 93-94; C I, pp. 91-92. [BACK]
21. Lenin, Materialism , p. 357. [BACK]
22. Lenin, "The Three Sources and Three Component Parts of Marxism," in Lenin, Selected Works (Moscow, 1968), p. 21. Sec also Lenin, Materialism , p. 319.
23. Ibid., pp. 138-139.
24. Ibid., p. 337. [BACK]
22. Lenin, "The Three Sources and Three Component Parts of Marxism," in Lenin, Selected Works (Moscow, 1968), p. 21. Sec also Lenin, Materialism , p. 319.
23. Ibid., pp. 138-139.
24. Ibid., p. 337. [BACK]
22. Lenin, "The Three Sources and Three Component Parts of Marxism," in Lenin, Selected Works (Moscow, 1968), p. 21. Sec also Lenin, Materialism , p. 319.
23. Ibid., pp. 138-139.
24. Ibid., p. 337. [BACK]
25. See, e.g., Lenin, Two Tactics of Social Democracy in the Democratic Revolution , in Selected Works , p. 60. [BACK]
26. See Lenin, "On Cooperation," in Selected Works , p. 695. [BACK]
27. Lenin, "A Talk With Defenders of Economism," in Selected Works , p. 46. [BACK]
28. Lenin, What Is to Be Done? , in Essential Works , p. 91.
29. Ibid., pp. 80-83, 112.
30. Ibid., pp. 160-161. [BACK]
28. Lenin, What Is to Be Done? , in Essential Works , p. 91.
29. Ibid., pp. 80-83, 112.
30. Ibid., pp. 160-161. [BACK]
28. Lenin, What Is to Be Done? , in Essential Works , p. 91.
29. Ibid., pp. 80-83, 112.
30. Ibid., pp. 160-161. [BACK]
31. Lenin, "Conspectus of Hegel's Science of Logic ," in Lenin, Collected Works (Moscow, 1963), 38; 201, 212.
32. Ibid., p. 195. [BACK]
31. Lenin, "Conspectus of Hegel's Science of Logic ," in Lenin, Collected Works (Moscow, 1963), 38; 201, 212.
32. Ibid., p. 195. [BACK]
33. Kautsky, The Class Struggle , trans. Bohm (New York, 1971), p. 158. [BACK]
34. Althusser, Lenin and Philosophy , pp. 115, 117. (Althusser in the same essay attributes the "discovery" of history as a subjectless process to Marx.) [BACK]
35. Plekhanov, Development , pp. 248-249. [BACK]
36. For a brief analysis of contemporary Soviet philosophy and its atti- soft
tude toward "subjective" factors, see Helmut Fleischcr, "The Acting Subject in Historical Materialism," in Philosophy in the Soviet Union , ed. Laszlo (New York, 1967), pp. 13-29. [BACK]
7— Revolutionary Rationalism: Luxemburg, Lukács, and Gramsci
1. Rosa Luxemburg, "Reform or Revolution," in Rosa Luxemburg Speaks, ed . Waters (New York, 1970), p. 59. [BACK]
2. Luxemburg, "What Does the Spartacus League Want?" in Selected Political Writings , ed. Howard (New York, 1971), p. 369. [BACK]
3. Luxemburg, "What Is Economics?" in Luxemburg Speaks , p. 236. [BACK]
4. Luxemburg, "The Junius Pamphlet: the Crisis in the German Social Democracy," in ibid., p. 269.
5. Ibid., p. 331. [BACK]
4. Luxemburg, "The Junius Pamphlet: the Crisis in the German Social Democracy," in ibid., p. 269.
5. Ibid., p. 331. [BACK]
6. Luxemburg, "Speech," in ibid., pp. 419-420 (emphasis added). [BACK]
7. Luxemburg, "The Junius Pamphlet," in ibid., p. 325. [BACK]
8. Luxemburg, "Spartacus League," in Selected Political Writings , p. 371. [BACK]
9. Luxemburg, "Speech," in Luxemburg Speaks , p. 412. [BACK]
10. In his 1967 preface to History and Class Consciousness; see Georg Lukács, History and Class Consciousness , trans. Livingstone (Cambridge, Mass., 1971), p. xiii. [BACK]
11. Lukács, The Theory of the Novel , trans. Bostock (Cambridge, Mass., 1971), p. 56. [BACK]
12. Lukács, Political Writings 1919-1929 , trans. McColgan, pp. 15, 24-25, 26.
13. Ibid., pp. 26, 36. [BACK]
12. Lukács, Political Writings 1919-1929 , trans. McColgan, pp. 15, 24-25, 26.
13. Ibid., pp. 26, 36. [BACK]
14. Lukács, History , p. 6.
15. Ibid., p. 185.
16. Ibid., p. 28. This curious comment seems also to contradict Hegel's Phenomenology , which may be read precisely as a development from the particular to the universal.
17. Ibid., p. 80.
18. Ibid., p. 41.
19. Ibid., p. 335. [BACK]
14. Lukács, History , p. 6.
15. Ibid., p. 185.
16. Ibid., p. 28. This curious comment seems also to contradict Hegel's Phenomenology , which may be read precisely as a development from the particular to the universal.
17. Ibid., p. 80.
18. Ibid., p. 41.
19. Ibid., p. 335. [BACK]
14. Lukács, History , p. 6.
15. Ibid., p. 185.
16. Ibid., p. 28. This curious comment seems also to contradict Hegel's Phenomenology , which may be read precisely as a development from the particular to the universal.
17. Ibid., p. 80.
18. Ibid., p. 41.
19. Ibid., p. 335. [BACK]
14. Lukács, History , p. 6.
15. Ibid., p. 185.
16. Ibid., p. 28. This curious comment seems also to contradict Hegel's Phenomenology , which may be read precisely as a development from the particular to the universal.
17. Ibid., p. 80.
18. Ibid., p. 41.
19. Ibid., p. 335. [BACK]
14. Lukács, History , p. 6.
15. Ibid., p. 185.
16. Ibid., p. 28. This curious comment seems also to contradict Hegel's Phenomenology , which may be read precisely as a development from the particular to the universal.
17. Ibid., p. 80.
18. Ibid., p. 41.
19. Ibid., p. 335. [BACK]
14. Lukács, History , p. 6.
15. Ibid., p. 185.
16. Ibid., p. 28. This curious comment seems also to contradict Hegel's Phenomenology , which may be read precisely as a development from the particular to the universal.
17. Ibid., p. 80.
18. Ibid., p. 41.
19. Ibid., p. 335. [BACK]
20. Lukács, History , p. 209; cf. p. 4: "Fatalism and voluntarism are only mutually contradictory to an undialectical and unhistorical mind." [BACK]
21. Antonio Gramsci, Selections from Political Writings 1910-1920 , trans. Mathews (London, 1977), p. 34. See also Anton Pannekoek, Workers Councils (Cambridge, Mass., n.d.), p. 29: "Minds submissive to the continue
doctrines of the masters cannot hope to win freedom. They mutt overcome the spiritual sway of capitalism over their minds before they can actually throw off its yoke." [BACK]
22. Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks , ed. and trans. Hoare and Smith (New York, 1971), p. 265.
23. Ibid., pp. 352-354. [BACK]
22. Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks , ed. and trans. Hoare and Smith (New York, 1971), p. 265.
23. Ibid., pp. 352-354. [BACK]
24. See Georges Sorel, "The Decomposition of Marxism," in Irving Louis Horowitz, Radicalism and the Revolt Against Reason (Carbondale, Ill., 1968), p. 252; and Sorel, The Illusions of Progress , trans. Stanley (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1969), pp. 207-214. [BACK]
25. Gramsci, Prison Notebooks , p. 412.
26. Ibid., p. 127n.
27. Ibid., p. 445.
28. Ibid., p. 430.
29. Ibid., p. 171.
30. Ibid., p. 438. Sorel's influence is apparent here.
31. Ibid., p. 412.
32. Ibid., p. 178.
33. Ibid., p. 172. [BACK]
25. Gramsci, Prison Notebooks , p. 412.
26. Ibid., p. 127n.
27. Ibid., p. 445.
28. Ibid., p. 430.
29. Ibid., p. 171.
30. Ibid., p. 438. Sorel's influence is apparent here.
31. Ibid., p. 412.
32. Ibid., p. 178.
33. Ibid., p. 172. [BACK]
25. Gramsci, Prison Notebooks , p. 412.
26. Ibid., p. 127n.
27. Ibid., p. 445.
28. Ibid., p. 430.
29. Ibid., p. 171.
30. Ibid., p. 438. Sorel's influence is apparent here.
31. Ibid., p. 412.
32. Ibid., p. 178.
33. Ibid., p. 172. [BACK]
25. Gramsci, Prison Notebooks , p. 412.
26. Ibid., p. 127n.
27. Ibid., p. 445.
28. Ibid., p. 430.
29. Ibid., p. 171.
30. Ibid., p. 438. Sorel's influence is apparent here.
31. Ibid., p. 412.
32. Ibid., p. 178.
33. Ibid., p. 172. [BACK]
25. Gramsci, Prison Notebooks , p. 412.
26. Ibid., p. 127n.
27. Ibid., p. 445.
28. Ibid., p. 430.
29. Ibid., p. 171.
30. Ibid., p. 438. Sorel's influence is apparent here.
31. Ibid., p. 412.
32. Ibid., p. 178.
33. Ibid., p. 172. [BACK]
25. Gramsci, Prison Notebooks , p. 412.
26. Ibid., p. 127n.
27. Ibid., p. 445.
28. Ibid., p. 430.
29. Ibid., p. 171.
30. Ibid., p. 438. Sorel's influence is apparent here.
31. Ibid., p. 412.
32. Ibid., p. 178.
33. Ibid., p. 172. [BACK]
25. Gramsci, Prison Notebooks , p. 412.
26. Ibid., p. 127n.
27. Ibid., p. 445.
28. Ibid., p. 430.
29. Ibid., p. 171.
30. Ibid., p. 438. Sorel's influence is apparent here.
31. Ibid., p. 412.
32. Ibid., p. 178.
33. Ibid., p. 172. [BACK]
25. Gramsci, Prison Notebooks , p. 412.
26. Ibid., p. 127n.
27. Ibid., p. 445.
28. Ibid., p. 430.
29. Ibid., p. 171.
30. Ibid., p. 438. Sorel's influence is apparent here.
31. Ibid., p. 412.
32. Ibid., p. 178.
33. Ibid., p. 172. [BACK]
25. Gramsci, Prison Notebooks , p. 412.
26. Ibid., p. 127n.
27. Ibid., p. 445.
28. Ibid., p. 430.
29. Ibid., p. 171.
30. Ibid., p. 438. Sorel's influence is apparent here.
31. Ibid., p. 412.
32. Ibid., p. 178.
33. Ibid., p. 172. [BACK]
8— The Prospects for Individuation Reconsidered
1. Quoted from a letter written "near the end" of Weber's life, by Arthur Mitzman, in The Iron Cage (New York, 1969), p. 182. [BACK]
2. Friedrich Nietzsche, The Gay Science , trass. Kaufmann (New York, 1974), p. 266 (§335); Nietzsche, The Will to Power , trans. Kaufmann and Hollingdale (New York, 1968), p. 307 (§569).
3. Ibid., p. 267 (§481); Nietzsche, On the Genealogy of Morals , trans. Kaufmann (New York, 1969), p. 59 (II, §2). [BACK]
2. Friedrich Nietzsche, The Gay Science , trass. Kaufmann (New York, 1974), p. 266 (§335); Nietzsche, The Will to Power , trans. Kaufmann and Hollingdale (New York, 1968), p. 307 (§569).
3. Ibid., p. 267 (§481); Nietzsche, On the Genealogy of Morals , trans. Kaufmann (New York, 1969), p. 59 (II, §2). [BACK]
4. Nietzsche, Will to Power , pp. 9, 40, 150 (§3, §57, §260). [BACK]
5. Nietzsche, Gay Science , p. 175 (§117). [BACK]
6. See, e.g., Nietzsche, Will to Power , pp. 267, 269-270, 271-272 (§481. §488, §492); also Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil , trans. Kaufmann (New York, 1966), pp. 25-27 (§19). [BACK]
7. Nietzsche, Gay Science , p. 280 (§343). [BACK]
8. Nietzsche, Thus Spake Zarathustra , trans. Kaufmann, in Kaufmann, ed., The Portable Nietzsche (New York, 1954), p. 129. [BACK]
9. Nietzsche, Will to Power , p. 198 (§363). [BACK]
10. Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil , pp. 111-112 (§200). [BACK]
11. Nietzsche, Will to Power , pp. 17, 463 (§20,§866). break [BACK]
12. Edmund Husserl, Cartesian Meditations , trass. Cairns (The Hague, 1960), p. 86: "This idealism . . . is sense-explication achieved by actual [phenomenological] work, an explication carried out as regards every type of existent ever conceivable by me. . . . But that signifies: systematic uncovering of the constituting intentionality itself. The proof of this idealism is therefore phenomenology itself." [BACK]
13. Husserl, The Crisis of European Science and Transcendental Phenomenology, trams . Carr (Evanston, Ill., 1970), p. 6 (§2).
14. See ibid., p. 299: "The reason for the failure of a rational culture . . . lies not in the essence of rationalism itself, but solely in its being rendered superficial, in its entanglement in 'naturalism' and 'objectivism.'" [BACK]
13. Husserl, The Crisis of European Science and Transcendental Phenomenology, trams . Carr (Evanston, Ill., 1970), p. 6 (§2).
14. See ibid., p. 299: "The reason for the failure of a rational culture . . . lies not in the essence of rationalism itself, but solely in its being rendered superficial, in its entanglement in 'naturalism' and 'objectivism.'" [BACK]
15. Husserl to Levy-Bruehl, 3-11-1935, quoted in Herbert Spiegelberg, The Phenomenological Movement (The Hague, 1969), p. 84. [BACK]
16. Martin Heidegger, Being and Time , trans. Macquarrie and Robinson (New York, 1962), p. 165 (I, 4, §27).
17. Ibid., p. 436 (II, 5, §74) : "Once one has grasped the finitude of one's existence, it snatches one back from the endless multiplicity of possibilities which offer themselves as closest to one—those of comfortableness, shirking, and taking things lightly—and brings Dasein into the simplicity of its fate [Schicksal] . This is how we designate Dasein's primordial historizing, which lies in authentic resoluteness and in which Dasein hands itself down to itself, free for death, in a possibility which it has inherited and yet has chosen. . . . If Dasein, by anticipation, lets death become powerful in itself, then, as free for death, Dasein understands itself in its own superior power , the power of its finite freedom, which 'is' only in its having chosen to make such a choice, it can take over the powerlessness of abandonment to its having done so, and ran thus come to have a clear vision for the accidents of the Situation that has been disclosed. But if fateful Dasein, as Being-inthe-world, exists essentially in Being-with Others, its historizing is a cohistorizing and is determinative for it as destiny [Geschick]. . . . Only in communicating and in struggling does the power of destiny become free. Dasein's fateful destiny in and with its 'generation' goes to make up the full authentic historizing of Dasein." Cf. Heidegger, The Essence of Reasons , trans. Malick (Evanston, 1969), p. 131:"For only in its Dasein with others can Dasein surrender its individuality in order to win itself as an authentic self."
18. Ibid., p. 127: "Freedom is the reason for reasons." [BACK]
16. Martin Heidegger, Being and Time , trans. Macquarrie and Robinson (New York, 1962), p. 165 (I, 4, §27).
17. Ibid., p. 436 (II, 5, §74) : "Once one has grasped the finitude of one's existence, it snatches one back from the endless multiplicity of possibilities which offer themselves as closest to one—those of comfortableness, shirking, and taking things lightly—and brings Dasein into the simplicity of its fate [Schicksal] . This is how we designate Dasein's primordial historizing, which lies in authentic resoluteness and in which Dasein hands itself down to itself, free for death, in a possibility which it has inherited and yet has chosen. . . . If Dasein, by anticipation, lets death become powerful in itself, then, as free for death, Dasein understands itself in its own superior power , the power of its finite freedom, which 'is' only in its having chosen to make such a choice, it can take over the powerlessness of abandonment to its having done so, and ran thus come to have a clear vision for the accidents of the Situation that has been disclosed. But if fateful Dasein, as Being-inthe-world, exists essentially in Being-with Others, its historizing is a cohistorizing and is determinative for it as destiny [Geschick]. . . . Only in communicating and in struggling does the power of destiny become free. Dasein's fateful destiny in and with its 'generation' goes to make up the full authentic historizing of Dasein." Cf. Heidegger, The Essence of Reasons , trans. Malick (Evanston, 1969), p. 131:"For only in its Dasein with others can Dasein surrender its individuality in order to win itself as an authentic self."
18. Ibid., p. 127: "Freedom is the reason for reasons." [BACK]
16. Martin Heidegger, Being and Time , trans. Macquarrie and Robinson (New York, 1962), p. 165 (I, 4, §27).
17. Ibid., p. 436 (II, 5, §74) : "Once one has grasped the finitude of one's existence, it snatches one back from the endless multiplicity of possibilities which offer themselves as closest to one—those of comfortableness, shirking, and taking things lightly—and brings Dasein into the simplicity of its fate [Schicksal] . This is how we designate Dasein's primordial historizing, which lies in authentic resoluteness and in which Dasein hands itself down to itself, free for death, in a possibility which it has inherited and yet has chosen. . . . If Dasein, by anticipation, lets death become powerful in itself, then, as free for death, Dasein understands itself in its own superior power , the power of its finite freedom, which 'is' only in its having chosen to make such a choice, it can take over the powerlessness of abandonment to its having done so, and ran thus come to have a clear vision for the accidents of the Situation that has been disclosed. But if fateful Dasein, as Being-inthe-world, exists essentially in Being-with Others, its historizing is a cohistorizing and is determinative for it as destiny [Geschick]. . . . Only in communicating and in struggling does the power of destiny become free. Dasein's fateful destiny in and with its 'generation' goes to make up the full authentic historizing of Dasein." Cf. Heidegger, The Essence of Reasons , trans. Malick (Evanston, 1969), p. 131:"For only in its Dasein with others can Dasein surrender its individuality in order to win itself as an authentic self."
18. Ibid., p. 127: "Freedom is the reason for reasons." [BACK]
19. See Goldmann, Lukacs et Heidegger (Paris, 1973), esp. pp. 91 ff. Goldmann speculates that the term "reification" ( Verdinglichung ) in Being and Time alludes to Lukacs; the term appears twice in the book: see Heidegger, Being , pp. 72, 487 (I, 1, §10; II, 6, §83). break
20. Ibid., p. 224 (1, 5, §38), where everyday existence in the social world is characterized by "falling, with temptation, tranquilization, alienation and entanglement as its essential characteristics." [BACK]
19. See Goldmann, Lukacs et Heidegger (Paris, 1973), esp. pp. 91 ff. Goldmann speculates that the term "reification" ( Verdinglichung ) in Being and Time alludes to Lukacs; the term appears twice in the book: see Heidegger, Being , pp. 72, 487 (I, 1, §10; II, 6, §83). break
20. Ibid., p. 224 (1, 5, §38), where everyday existence in the social world is characterized by "falling, with temptation, tranquilization, alienation and entanglement as its essential characteristics." [BACK]
21. Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism , trans. Parsons (New York, 1958), p. 182. [BACK]
22. On the irrational aspects of action, see Weber, "Critical Studies in the Logic of the Cultural Sciences," in Weber, The Methodology of the Social Sciences," trans. Shils and Finch (New York, 1949), p. 125. On the category of interest, see Weber's introduction to the Wirtschaftsethik der Weltreligionen , cited by Wolfgang J. Mommsen in The Age of Bureaucracy (New York, 1977), p. 106. [BACK]
23. Weber, "Science as a Vocation," in Gerth and Mills, eds., From Max Weber (New York, 1946), pp. 137, 148, 149. [BACK]
24. Horkheimer, "Materialism and Metaphysics," in Horkheimer, Critical Theory , p. 12. [BACK]
25. Horkheimer, "The Latest Attack on Metaphysics," ibid., p. 138; "Notes on Science and the Crisis," ibid., p. 7. [BACK]
26. Adorno, Minima , p. 154 (§99). [BACK]
27. Adomo, "Sociology and Psychology." trans. Wohlfarth, New Left Review , 46 (November-December, 1967), 71; Adomo, Negative Dialectics , trans. Ashton (New York, 1973), p. 123; Horkheimer, "The Latest Attack," Critical Theory , p. 146n; Adomo, Minima , p. 154 (§99). [BACK]
28. Adomo, Minima , pp. 38, 148-150 (§97, §17). [BACK]
29. Horkheimer and Adomo, Dialectic of Enlightenment , trans. Cumming (New York, 1972), p. 204. [BACK]
30. Herbert Marcuse, "Philosophy and Critical Theory," in Marcuse, Negations , trans. Shapiro (Boston, 1968), pp. 135, 142. [BACK]
31. Horkheimer, "Traditional and Critical Theory," Critical Theory , pp. 211, 214-215. [BACK]
32. Horkehimer, "Postscript," Critical Theory , p. 251; "Latest Attack," ibid., p. 162. [BACK]
33. Horkheimer, "Preface," ibid., p. viii. [BACK]
34. Marcuse, An Essay on Liberation (Boston, 1969), pp. 18-19. [BACK]
35. Adomo, Negative Dialectics , pp. 4, 207, 231, 360. [BACK]
36. The influence of Kojeve, whose lectures depicted Hegel as the forerunner of both Heidegger and Marx, was critical; see Alexandre Kojeve, Introduction to the Reading of Hegel , trans. Nichols (New York, 1969). Kojeve placed the master-slave relation at the heart of Hegel's phenomenology, a move echoed in Sartre's phenomenology, when the latter interprets human relations along a sadomasochistic axis of subjective domination (I look at you) and objective submission (I am looked at). break [BACK]
9— Sartre: The Fear of Freedom
1. Jean-Paul Sartre, The Psychology of Imagination , trans. Frechtman (New York, 1966), p. 243; cf. Descartes, Principles of Philosophy , I, 6. [BACK]
2. Sartre, "Cartesian Freedom," in Literary and Philosophical Essays , trans. Michelson (New York, 1962), p. 184; cf. Sartre, Being and Nothingness , trans. Barnes (New York, 1956), p. 483:"Success is not important to freedom." [BACK]
3. Heidegger, The Essence of Reasons , p. 127; also see Sartre, "Cartesian Freedom," in Literary and Philosophical Essays , pp. 196-197. [BACK]
7. Hegel, Philosophy of History , p. 19. [BACK]
8. Sartre, Being , p. 40.
9. Ibid., p. 93; cf. p. 620:"Consciousness is in fact a project of founding itself; that is, of attaining to the dignity of the in-itself-for-itself, or initself-as-self-cause."
10. Ibid., p. 90.
11. Ibid., p. 70n. For comments on Heidegger's concept of authenticity, see pp. 545, 564.
12. Ibid., p. 529. [BACK]
8. Sartre, Being , p. 40.
9. Ibid., p. 93; cf. p. 620:"Consciousness is in fact a project of founding itself; that is, of attaining to the dignity of the in-itself-for-itself, or initself-as-self-cause."
10. Ibid., p. 90.
11. Ibid., p. 70n. For comments on Heidegger's concept of authenticity, see pp. 545, 564.
12. Ibid., p. 529. [BACK]
8. Sartre, Being , p. 40.
9. Ibid., p. 93; cf. p. 620:"Consciousness is in fact a project of founding itself; that is, of attaining to the dignity of the in-itself-for-itself, or initself-as-self-cause."
10. Ibid., p. 90.
11. Ibid., p. 70n. For comments on Heidegger's concept of authenticity, see pp. 545, 564.
12. Ibid., p. 529. [BACK]
8. Sartre, Being , p. 40.
9. Ibid., p. 93; cf. p. 620:"Consciousness is in fact a project of founding itself; that is, of attaining to the dignity of the in-itself-for-itself, or initself-as-self-cause."
10. Ibid., p. 90.
11. Ibid., p. 70n. For comments on Heidegger's concept of authenticity, see pp. 545, 564.
12. Ibid., p. 529. [BACK]
8. Sartre, Being , p. 40.
9. Ibid., p. 93; cf. p. 620:"Consciousness is in fact a project of founding itself; that is, of attaining to the dignity of the in-itself-for-itself, or initself-as-self-cause."
10. Ibid., p. 90.
11. Ibid., p. 70n. For comments on Heidegger's concept of authenticity, see pp. 545, 564.
12. Ibid., p. 529. [BACK]
13. Sartre, Anti-Semite and jew , trans. Becker (New York, 1965), p. 90.
14. Ibid., p. 141. [BACK]
13. Sartre, Anti-Semite and jew , trans. Becker (New York, 1965), p. 90.
14. Ibid., p. 141. [BACK]
15. Sartre, Being , p. 83. [BACK]
16. Sartre, Anti-Semite , pp. 59-60. [BACK]
17. Sartre, David Rousset, and Gerard Rosenthal, Entretiens sur la politique (Paris, 1949), p. 40. Sartre has traced his own political trajectory in a fine essay on Merleau-Ponty in idem, Situations , trans. Eisler (New York, 1966), pp. 156-226. [BACK]
18. Sartre, "Materialism and Revolution," in Literary and Philosophical Essays , p. 236.
19. Ibid., pp. 234-235.
20. Ibid., pp. 241-242. [BACK]
18. Sartre, "Materialism and Revolution," in Literary and Philosophical Essays , p. 236.
19. Ibid., pp. 234-235.
20. Ibid., pp. 241-242. [BACK]
18. Sartre, "Materialism and Revolution," in Literary and Philosophical Essays , p. 236.
19. Ibid., pp. 234-235.
20. Ibid., pp. 241-242. [BACK]
21. Sartre, "Materialism," in Literary and Philosophical Essays , p. 225; cf. Being , p. 436. [BACK]
22. See, e. g., Sartre, "Materialism," p. 237. [BACK]
23. Sartre, The Communists and Peace , trans. Fletcher and Berk (New York, 1968), pp. 98, 226. [BACK]
24. Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Les Aventures de la dialectique (Paris, 1955), p. 135; AD, p. 99. break [BACK]
25. Sartre, Communists , pp. 80-81, 107. [BACK]
26. Sartre, Communists , p. 80.
27. Ibid., p. 193.
28. Ibid., p. 207.
29. Ibid., p. 222.
30. Ibid., p. 272.
31. Ibid., p. 253.
32. Ibid., p. 246. [BACK]
26. Sartre, Communists , p. 80.
27. Ibid., p. 193.
28. Ibid., p. 207.
29. Ibid., p. 222.
30. Ibid., p. 272.
31. Ibid., p. 253.
32. Ibid., p. 246. [BACK]
26. Sartre, Communists , p. 80.
27. Ibid., p. 193.
28. Ibid., p. 207.
29. Ibid., p. 222.
30. Ibid., p. 272.
31. Ibid., p. 253.
32. Ibid., p. 246. [BACK]
26. Sartre, Communists , p. 80.
27. Ibid., p. 193.
28. Ibid., p. 207.
29. Ibid., p. 222.
30. Ibid., p. 272.
31. Ibid., p. 253.
32. Ibid., p. 246. [BACK]
26. Sartre, Communists , p. 80.
27. Ibid., p. 193.
28. Ibid., p. 207.
29. Ibid., p. 222.
30. Ibid., p. 272.
31. Ibid., p. 253.
32. Ibid., p. 246. [BACK]
26. Sartre, Communists , p. 80.
27. Ibid., p. 193.
28. Ibid., p. 207.
29. Ibid., p. 222.
30. Ibid., p. 272.
31. Ibid., p. 253.
32. Ibid., p. 246. [BACK]
26. Sartre, Communists , p. 80.
27. Ibid., p. 193.
28. Ibid., p. 207.
29. Ibid., p. 222.
30. Ibid., p. 272.
31. Ibid., p. 253.
32. Ibid., p. 246. [BACK]
33. Sartre, Critique de la raison dialectique (Paris, 1960), pp. 18-21; SM, pp. 8-14. [BACK]
34. In several spots, Sartre mistakenly attributes Engels's quip that materialism is the study of nature, "just as it is, without foreign admixture," to Marx; see, e. g., ibid., p. 30n; SM, p. 32n.
35. See ibid., pp. 30-31n, 109; SM, pp. 32-33n, 178.
36. Ibid., p. 64; SM, p. 92. [BACK]
34. In several spots, Sartre mistakenly attributes Engels's quip that materialism is the study of nature, "just as it is, without foreign admixture," to Marx; see, e. g., ibid., p. 30n; SM, p. 32n.
35. See ibid., pp. 30-31n, 109; SM, pp. 32-33n, 178.
36. Ibid., p. 64; SM, p. 92. [BACK]
34. In several spots, Sartre mistakenly attributes Engels's quip that materialism is the study of nature, "just as it is, without foreign admixture," to Marx; see, e. g., ibid., p. 30n; SM, p. 32n.
35. See ibid., pp. 30-31n, 109; SM, pp. 32-33n, 178.
36. Ibid., p. 64; SM, p. 92. [BACK]
37. By "totalizing" Sartre intends to describe those ongoing human processes which bring meaning and coherence to a world, praxis foremost among them. [BACK]
38. Sartre, Critique , p. 548: CDR, p. 557.
39. Ibid., p. 361; CDR, p. 322. [BACK]
38. Sartre, Critique , p. 548: CDR, p. 557.
39. Ibid., p. 361; CDR, p. 322. [BACK]
40. Sartre, Being , p. 244; cf. idem, Critique , p. 142; CDR, p. 51: "The epistemological point of departure must always be consciousness as apodictic certainty of itself. . . . "
41. Ibid., p. 142; CDR, p. 51. [BACK]
40. Sartre, Being , p. 244; cf. idem, Critique , p. 142; CDR, p. 51: "The epistemological point of departure must always be consciousness as apodictic certainty of itself. . . . "
41. Ibid., p. 142; CDR, p. 51. [BACK]
42. Sartre, Being , pp. 267, 271, 364. [BACK]
43. Sartre, Communists , p. 250. [BACK]
44. Alfred Schutz, The Problem of Social Reality (The Hague, 1967), p. 203. [BACK]
45. Sartre, Critique , p. 205; CDR, p. 129. [BACK]
46. Sartre, Being , pp. 420-421. [BACK]
47. Sartre, Critique , p. 643; CDR, p. 679.
48. Ibid., p. 394; CDR, p. 361. Cf. Communists , pp. 222-223n:"The [collective] subject is the group brought together by the situation, structured by its very action, differentiated by the objective requirements of the praxis and by the division of labor, at first random, then systematic, which the praxis introduces, organized by the leaders which it chooses for itself or which it discovers for itself, finding in their person its own unity." [BACK]
47. Sartre, Critique , p. 643; CDR, p. 679.
48. Ibid., p. 394; CDR, p. 361. Cf. Communists , pp. 222-223n:"The [collective] subject is the group brought together by the situation, structured by its very action, differentiated by the objective requirements of the praxis and by the division of labor, at first random, then systematic, which the praxis introduces, organized by the leaders which it chooses for itself or which it discovers for itself, finding in their person its own unity." [BACK]
49. See Georges Lefebvre, The French Revolution, From its Origins to 1793 , trans. Evanson (New York, 1962), e. g., p. 237, where Lefebvre describes the insurrection of August 10, 1792, as a "defensive reaction"; or p. 122, where the revolutionary mentality is defined by three components: continue
"fear, defensive reaction, and punitive will." Cf. Sartre on the "pledged group" and terror. [BACK]
50. Sartre, Anti-Semite , p. SO; idem, Critique , p. 425; CDR, p. 401.
51. Ibid., p. 470; CDR, p. 458. [BACK]
50. Sartre, Anti-Semite , p. SO; idem, Critique , p. 425; CDR, p. 401.
51. Ibid., p. 470; CDR, p. 458. [BACK]
52. See esp. Sartre's discussion of Levi-Strauss in this regard: Sartre, Critique , pp. 490 ff.; CDR, pp. 479 ff.
53. Ibid., pp. 248-249; CDR, pp. 181-182.
54. Ibid., pp. 167, 281-282; CDR, pp. 82, 222.
55. Ibid., p. 285; CDR. p. 227.
56. Ibid., pp. 157-158; CDR, p. 71.
57. Ibid., p. 369; CDR, p. 3S1:"All men are slaves inasmuch as their vital experience unfolds in the practico-inert field, originally conditioned by scarcity."
58. Ibid., p. 286n; CDR, p. 227n. [BACK]
52. See esp. Sartre's discussion of Levi-Strauss in this regard: Sartre, Critique , pp. 490 ff.; CDR, pp. 479 ff.
53. Ibid., pp. 248-249; CDR, pp. 181-182.
54. Ibid., pp. 167, 281-282; CDR, pp. 82, 222.
55. Ibid., p. 285; CDR. p. 227.
56. Ibid., pp. 157-158; CDR, p. 71.
57. Ibid., p. 369; CDR, p. 3S1:"All men are slaves inasmuch as their vital experience unfolds in the practico-inert field, originally conditioned by scarcity."
58. Ibid., p. 286n; CDR, p. 227n. [BACK]
52. See esp. Sartre's discussion of Levi-Strauss in this regard: Sartre, Critique , pp. 490 ff.; CDR, pp. 479 ff.
53. Ibid., pp. 248-249; CDR, pp. 181-182.
54. Ibid., pp. 167, 281-282; CDR, pp. 82, 222.
55. Ibid., p. 285; CDR. p. 227.
56. Ibid., pp. 157-158; CDR, p. 71.
57. Ibid., p. 369; CDR, p. 3S1:"All men are slaves inasmuch as their vital experience unfolds in the practico-inert field, originally conditioned by scarcity."
58. Ibid., p. 286n; CDR, p. 227n. [BACK]
52. See esp. Sartre's discussion of Levi-Strauss in this regard: Sartre, Critique , pp. 490 ff.; CDR, pp. 479 ff.
53. Ibid., pp. 248-249; CDR, pp. 181-182.
54. Ibid., pp. 167, 281-282; CDR, pp. 82, 222.
55. Ibid., p. 285; CDR. p. 227.
56. Ibid., pp. 157-158; CDR, p. 71.
57. Ibid., p. 369; CDR, p. 3S1:"All men are slaves inasmuch as their vital experience unfolds in the practico-inert field, originally conditioned by scarcity."
58. Ibid., p. 286n; CDR, p. 227n. [BACK]
52. See esp. Sartre's discussion of Levi-Strauss in this regard: Sartre, Critique , pp. 490 ff.; CDR, pp. 479 ff.
53. Ibid., pp. 248-249; CDR, pp. 181-182.
54. Ibid., pp. 167, 281-282; CDR, pp. 82, 222.
55. Ibid., p. 285; CDR. p. 227.
56. Ibid., pp. 157-158; CDR, p. 71.
57. Ibid., p. 369; CDR, p. 3S1:"All men are slaves inasmuch as their vital experience unfolds in the practico-inert field, originally conditioned by scarcity."
58. Ibid., p. 286n; CDR, p. 227n. [BACK]
52. See esp. Sartre's discussion of Levi-Strauss in this regard: Sartre, Critique , pp. 490 ff.; CDR, pp. 479 ff.
53. Ibid., pp. 248-249; CDR, pp. 181-182.
54. Ibid., pp. 167, 281-282; CDR, pp. 82, 222.
55. Ibid., p. 285; CDR. p. 227.
56. Ibid., pp. 157-158; CDR, p. 71.
57. Ibid., p. 369; CDR, p. 3S1:"All men are slaves inasmuch as their vital experience unfolds in the practico-inert field, originally conditioned by scarcity."
58. Ibid., p. 286n; CDR, p. 227n. [BACK]
52. See esp. Sartre's discussion of Levi-Strauss in this regard: Sartre, Critique , pp. 490 ff.; CDR, pp. 479 ff.
53. Ibid., pp. 248-249; CDR, pp. 181-182.
54. Ibid., pp. 167, 281-282; CDR, pp. 82, 222.
55. Ibid., p. 285; CDR. p. 227.
56. Ibid., pp. 157-158; CDR, p. 71.
57. Ibid., p. 369; CDR, p. 3S1:"All men are slaves inasmuch as their vital experience unfolds in the practico-inert field, originally conditioned by scarcity."
58. Ibid., p. 286n; CDR, p. 227n. [BACK]
59. In a 1969 interview, Sartre described his current view of subjectivity as "the small margin in an operation whereby an interiorization re-exteriorizes itself in an act." He failed to add that this "small margin" still carried the entire burden of freedom and transcendence; in other words, subjectivity remains for Sartre the meaningful hinge of history, the source of creativity, the reason history progresses rather than merely repeats itself. See Sartre, "Itinerary of a Thought," in Between Existentialism and Marxism , trans. Matthews (London, 1974), p. 35. [BACK]
60. Sartre, Critique , pp. 135, 142; CDR, pp. 40, 51-52.
61. Ibid., p. 153; CDR, p. 66.
62. Ibid., p. 180 (on formalism), 194 (on the dyad and third), ISO (on dialectical Reason); CDR, pp. 3S-34, 97, 115. Cf. Simmel's introduction to Soziologie , "How Is Society Possible?" in his On Individuality and Social Forms , ed. Levine (Chicago, 1971), pp. 6-22. [BACK]
60. Sartre, Critique , pp. 135, 142; CDR, pp. 40, 51-52.
61. Ibid., p. 153; CDR, p. 66.
62. Ibid., p. 180 (on formalism), 194 (on the dyad and third), ISO (on dialectical Reason); CDR, pp. 3S-34, 97, 115. Cf. Simmel's introduction to Soziologie , "How Is Society Possible?" in his On Individuality and Social Forms , ed. Levine (Chicago, 1971), pp. 6-22. [BACK]
60. Sartre, Critique , pp. 135, 142; CDR, pp. 40, 51-52.
61. Ibid., p. 153; CDR, p. 66.
62. Ibid., p. 180 (on formalism), 194 (on the dyad and third), ISO (on dialectical Reason); CDR, pp. 3S-34, 97, 115. Cf. Simmel's introduction to Soziologie , "How Is Society Possible?" in his On Individuality and Social Forms , ed. Levine (Chicago, 1971), pp. 6-22. [BACK]
63. Sec Sartre, Critique , p. 106; SM, p. 171.
64. Ibid., p. 276; CDR, p. 216.
65. Ibid., p. 349n; CDR, p. S07n. [BACK]
63. Sec Sartre, Critique , p. 106; SM, p. 171.
64. Ibid., p. 276; CDR, p. 216.
65. Ibid., p. 349n; CDR, p. S07n. [BACK]
63. Sec Sartre, Critique , p. 106; SM, p. 171.
64. Ibid., p. 276; CDR, p. 216.
65. Ibid., p. 349n; CDR, p. S07n. [BACK]
66. See Merleau-Ponty, Les A ventures, esp . pp. 181-182; AD, pp. 134135. Cf. Sartre, Communists , p. 127:"An action of some importance requires unity of direction; and he [the worker], precisely, needs to believe that there is a truth. . . . He must be able to trust his class leaders profoundly enough to believe he is getting the truth from them. . . . Doubt and uncertainty: these seem to be intellectual virtues. But he must struggle to change his conditions, and these virtues of the mind can only paralyze action. . . . " [BACK]
67. Sartre, Critique , p. 59; SM, p. 83. [BACK]
68. Sartre. "Itinerary," in Between Existentialism and Marxism , p. 37. break [BACK]
69. Sartre, Anti-Semite , pp. 18-19. [BACK]
70. Sartre, Communists , pp. 25S, 270. [BACK]
71. Sartre. Critique , p. 86; SM, p. 133.
72. Ibid., p. 20; SM, p. 12. [BACK]
71. Sartre. Critique , p. 86; SM, p. 133.
72. Ibid., p. 20; SM, p. 12. [BACK]
73. Sartre, Being , p. 561. [BACK]
74. Sartre, Critique , p. 63; SM, p. 91:"For us man if characterized above all by his going beyond a situation, and by what he succeeds in making of what he has been made—even if he never recognizes himself in his objectification." [BACK]
75. Sartre, L'ldiot de la famille (Paris, 1971), p. 7; Being , p. 563. [BACK]
76. Sartre, L'ldiot , p. 1372. [BACK]
77. Sartre, Critique , p. 156; CDR, p. 70; see also ibid., p. 140, CDR, p. 49.
78. Ibid., p. 89; SM, p. 140. [BACK]
77. Sartre, Critique , p. 156; CDR, p. 70; see also ibid., p. 140, CDR, p. 49.
78. Ibid., p. 89; SM, p. 140. [BACK]
79. Sartre, L'ldiot , p. 7, and Critique , p. 9; CDR, pp. 821-822. Sartre's obsession with the individual imports an idiosyncratic reductionism into his work. The individual becomes a molecular universal history, with his own coherent telos and in-itself-for-itself (identity). Perhaps this is the impulse behind his insistence that biography reduce the role of contingency and chance to an absolute minimum: "What we intend to show is that this Napoleon was necessary." (Ibid., p. 58; SM, p. 83.) No wonder L'ldiot runs over 3, 000 pagesl [BACK]
80. Sartre, Critique , p. 72; SM, p. 108.
81. Ibid., p. 66; SM, p. 97.
82. Ibid., p. 133; CDR, p. 38:"The dialectic is only discovered in an observer situated in inferiority, i. e., an inquirer who lives his inquiry simultaneously as a possible contribution to the ideology of the epoch and as a particular praxis of an individual defined by his personal and historical adventure in the midst of a more ample history which conditions it." [BACK]
80. Sartre, Critique , p. 72; SM, p. 108.
81. Ibid., p. 66; SM, p. 97.
82. Ibid., p. 133; CDR, p. 38:"The dialectic is only discovered in an observer situated in inferiority, i. e., an inquirer who lives his inquiry simultaneously as a possible contribution to the ideology of the epoch and as a particular praxis of an individual defined by his personal and historical adventure in the midst of a more ample history which conditions it." [BACK]
80. Sartre, Critique , p. 72; SM, p. 108.
81. Ibid., p. 66; SM, p. 97.
82. Ibid., p. 133; CDR, p. 38:"The dialectic is only discovered in an observer situated in inferiority, i. e., an inquirer who lives his inquiry simultaneously as a possible contribution to the ideology of the epoch and as a particular praxis of an individual defined by his personal and historical adventure in the midst of a more ample history which conditions it." [BACK]
83. Andre Gorz has consistently applied Sartre's philosophy to elaborate a sober—and attractive—version of syndicalism. See idem. Strategy for Labor , trans. Nicolaus and Orriz (Boston, 1967), and idem, Le Socialisme difficile (Paris, 1967). [BACK]
84. Sartre, Critique , pp. 44-45; SM, p. 56.
85. Ibid., p. 143; CDR, p. 52. [BACK]
84. Sartre, Critique , pp. 44-45; SM, p. 56.
85. Ibid., p. 143; CDR, p. 52. [BACK]
10— Merleau-Ponty: The Ambiguity of History
1. Maurice Merleau-Ponty, The Structure of Behavior , trans. Fisher (Boston, 1963), p. 3.
2. Ibid., p. 224. break [BACK]
1. Maurice Merleau-Ponty, The Structure of Behavior , trans. Fisher (Boston, 1963), p. 3.
2. Ibid., p. 224. break [BACK]
3. Merlcau-Ponty, Phenomenology of Perception , trans. Smith (London, 1962), p. 31. [BACK]
4. Merleau-Ponty, Phenomenology , p. S09n.
5. Ibid., p. 296. Cf. idem, Sense and Non-Sense , trans. Dreyfus (Evanston, 1964), p. 52:"We must rediscover a commerce with the world and a presence to the world which is older than intelligence." [BACK]
4. Merleau-Ponty, Phenomenology , p. S09n.
5. Ibid., p. 296. Cf. idem, Sense and Non-Sense , trans. Dreyfus (Evanston, 1964), p. 52:"We must rediscover a commerce with the world and a presence to the world which is older than intelligence." [BACK]
6. Merleau-Ponty, Phenomenology , p. 322. Cf. p. 455:"The synthesis of in itself and for itself which brings Hegelian freedom has, however, its truth. In a sense, it is the very definition of existence, since it is effected at every moment before our eyes in the phenomenon of presence, only to be quickly re-enacted, since it does not conjure away our finitude."
7. Ibid., pp. 254, 333.
8. Ibid., p. 351. Cf. ide,. The Primacy of Perception, ed . Edie (Evanston, 1964), pp. 116-117:"My consciousness is turned primarily toward the world, turned toward things; it is above all a relation to the world. The other's consciousness as well is chiefly a certain way of comporting himself toward the world. Thus it is in his conduct, in the manner in which the other deals with the world, that I will be able to discover his consciousness." [BACK]
6. Merleau-Ponty, Phenomenology , p. 322. Cf. p. 455:"The synthesis of in itself and for itself which brings Hegelian freedom has, however, its truth. In a sense, it is the very definition of existence, since it is effected at every moment before our eyes in the phenomenon of presence, only to be quickly re-enacted, since it does not conjure away our finitude."
7. Ibid., pp. 254, 333.
8. Ibid., p. 351. Cf. ide,. The Primacy of Perception, ed . Edie (Evanston, 1964), pp. 116-117:"My consciousness is turned primarily toward the world, turned toward things; it is above all a relation to the world. The other's consciousness as well is chiefly a certain way of comporting himself toward the world. Thus it is in his conduct, in the manner in which the other deals with the world, that I will be able to discover his consciousness." [BACK]
6. Merleau-Ponty, Phenomenology , p. 322. Cf. p. 455:"The synthesis of in itself and for itself which brings Hegelian freedom has, however, its truth. In a sense, it is the very definition of existence, since it is effected at every moment before our eyes in the phenomenon of presence, only to be quickly re-enacted, since it does not conjure away our finitude."
7. Ibid., pp. 254, 333.
8. Ibid., p. 351. Cf. ide,. The Primacy of Perception, ed . Edie (Evanston, 1964), pp. 116-117:"My consciousness is turned primarily toward the world, turned toward things; it is above all a relation to the world. The other's consciousness as well is chiefly a certain way of comporting himself toward the world. Thus it is in his conduct, in the manner in which the other deals with the world, that I will be able to discover his consciousness." [BACK]
9. Merleau-Ponty, Phenomenology , p. 364.
10. Ibid., p. 408.
11. Ibid., p. 361.
12. Ibid., p. 362.
13. Ibid., p. 395.
14. Ibid., p. 437.
15. Ibid., p. 442.
16. Ibid., p. 453. [BACK]
9. Merleau-Ponty, Phenomenology , p. 364.
10. Ibid., p. 408.
11. Ibid., p. 361.
12. Ibid., p. 362.
13. Ibid., p. 395.
14. Ibid., p. 437.
15. Ibid., p. 442.
16. Ibid., p. 453. [BACK]
9. Merleau-Ponty, Phenomenology , p. 364.
10. Ibid., p. 408.
11. Ibid., p. 361.
12. Ibid., p. 362.
13. Ibid., p. 395.
14. Ibid., p. 437.
15. Ibid., p. 442.
16. Ibid., p. 453. [BACK]
9. Merleau-Ponty, Phenomenology , p. 364.
10. Ibid., p. 408.
11. Ibid., p. 361.
12. Ibid., p. 362.
13. Ibid., p. 395.
14. Ibid., p. 437.
15. Ibid., p. 442.
16. Ibid., p. 453. [BACK]
9. Merleau-Ponty, Phenomenology , p. 364.
10. Ibid., p. 408.
11. Ibid., p. 361.
12. Ibid., p. 362.
13. Ibid., p. 395.
14. Ibid., p. 437.
15. Ibid., p. 442.
16. Ibid., p. 453. [BACK]
9. Merleau-Ponty, Phenomenology , p. 364.
10. Ibid., p. 408.
11. Ibid., p. 361.
12. Ibid., p. 362.
13. Ibid., p. 395.
14. Ibid., p. 437.
15. Ibid., p. 442.
16. Ibid., p. 453. [BACK]
9. Merleau-Ponty, Phenomenology , p. 364.
10. Ibid., p. 408.
11. Ibid., p. 361.
12. Ibid., p. 362.
13. Ibid., p. 395.
14. Ibid., p. 437.
15. Ibid., p. 442.
16. Ibid., p. 453. [BACK]
9. Merleau-Ponty, Phenomenology , p. 364.
10. Ibid., p. 408.
11. Ibid., p. 361.
12. Ibid., p. 362.
13. Ibid., p. 395.
14. Ibid., p. 437.
15. Ibid., p. 442.
16. Ibid., p. 453. [BACK]
17. See Merleau-Ponty, Resumes de cours (Paris, 1968), p. 46:"There is history if there is a logic m contingency, a reason m unreason, if there is a historic perception that, like the other, leaves in the background what does not come to the foreground grasps the lines of force at their inception, and through achieving them actively, traces them. This comparison should not be understood as an organicism or timid finalism, but rather as a reference to the fact that all symbolic systems—perception, language and historyonly become what they are when they need to become what they are, in order to be taken up in the human endeavor." [BACK]
18. Merleau-Ponty, Phenomenology , p. xix. [BACK]
22. Merleau-Ponty, Phenomenology , p. 363. [BACK]
23. Merleau-Ponty, In Praise of Philosophy , trans. Wild and Edie continue
(Evanston, 1963), pp. 55-56; and idem, Resumes de cours , p. 61. [BACK]
24. Merleau-Ponty, Les Aventures , p. 88; AD, pp. 64-65. [BACK]
25. Merleau-Ponty, In Praise , p. 55. [BACK]
26. Merleau-Ponty, Primacy , p. 9. [BACK]
27. Merleau-Ponty, Sense , p. 130. [BACK]
28. Merleau-Ponty, Phenomenology , p. 50. [BACK]
29. Merleau-Ponty, Les Aventures , pp. 17-18; AD, p. 11. [BACK]
30. Merleau-Ponty, Phenomenology , p. 172n.
31. Ibid., p. 443.
32. Ibid., p. 446.
33. Ibid., p. 447 (emphasis added).
34. Ibid., p. 363. [BACK]
30. Merleau-Ponty, Phenomenology , p. 172n.
31. Ibid., p. 443.
32. Ibid., p. 446.
33. Ibid., p. 447 (emphasis added).
34. Ibid., p. 363. [BACK]
30. Merleau-Ponty, Phenomenology , p. 172n.
31. Ibid., p. 443.
32. Ibid., p. 446.
33. Ibid., p. 447 (emphasis added).
34. Ibid., p. 363. [BACK]
30. Merleau-Ponty, Phenomenology , p. 172n.
31. Ibid., p. 443.
32. Ibid., p. 446.
33. Ibid., p. 447 (emphasis added).
34. Ibid., p. 363. [BACK]
30. Merleau-Ponty, Phenomenology , p. 172n.
31. Ibid., p. 443.
32. Ibid., p. 446.
33. Ibid., p. 447 (emphasis added).
34. Ibid., p. 363. [BACK]
35. Merleau-Ponty, Humanism and Terror , trans. O'Neill (Boston, 1969), p. 98.
36. Ibid., p. xxxiii.
37. Ibid., p. xv.
38. Ibid., pp. 22, 29.
39. See ibid., pp. xxxiv, 185. [BACK]
35. Merleau-Ponty, Humanism and Terror , trans. O'Neill (Boston, 1969), p. 98.
36. Ibid., p. xxxiii.
37. Ibid., p. xv.
38. Ibid., pp. 22, 29.
39. See ibid., pp. xxxiv, 185. [BACK]
35. Merleau-Ponty, Humanism and Terror , trans. O'Neill (Boston, 1969), p. 98.
36. Ibid., p. xxxiii.
37. Ibid., p. xv.
38. Ibid., pp. 22, 29.
39. See ibid., pp. xxxiv, 185. [BACK]
35. Merleau-Ponty, Humanism and Terror , trans. O'Neill (Boston, 1969), p. 98.
36. Ibid., p. xxxiii.
37. Ibid., p. xv.
38. Ibid., pp. 22, 29.
39. See ibid., pp. xxxiv, 185. [BACK]
35. Merleau-Ponty, Humanism and Terror , trans. O'Neill (Boston, 1969), p. 98.
36. Ibid., p. xxxiii.
37. Ibid., p. xv.
38. Ibid., pp. 22, 29.
39. See ibid., pp. xxxiv, 185. [BACK]
40. Merleau-Ponty, Les Aventures , p. 115; AD, p. 84.
41. Ibid., pp. 121-122; AD, p. 89.
42. Ibid., p. 279; AD, p. 207.
43. Ibid., p. 34; AD, p. 23. Sec also Sartre, Situations , p. 57, on Merleau-Ponty's nostalgia for the Golden Age of childhood, and his persistent quest for this "absolute." [BACK]
40. Merleau-Ponty, Les Aventures , p. 115; AD, p. 84.
41. Ibid., pp. 121-122; AD, p. 89.
42. Ibid., p. 279; AD, p. 207.
43. Ibid., p. 34; AD, p. 23. Sec also Sartre, Situations , p. 57, on Merleau-Ponty's nostalgia for the Golden Age of childhood, and his persistent quest for this "absolute." [BACK]
40. Merleau-Ponty, Les Aventures , p. 115; AD, p. 84.
41. Ibid., pp. 121-122; AD, p. 89.
42. Ibid., p. 279; AD, p. 207.
43. Ibid., p. 34; AD, p. 23. Sec also Sartre, Situations , p. 57, on Merleau-Ponty's nostalgia for the Golden Age of childhood, and his persistent quest for this "absolute." [BACK]
40. Merleau-Ponty, Les Aventures , p. 115; AD, p. 84.
41. Ibid., pp. 121-122; AD, p. 89.
42. Ibid., p. 279; AD, p. 207.
43. Ibid., p. 34; AD, p. 23. Sec also Sartre, Situations , p. 57, on Merleau-Ponty's nostalgia for the Golden Age of childhood, and his persistent quest for this "absolute." [BACK]
44. Merleau-Ponty, Les Aventures , pp. 55, 73-74; AD, pp. 39, 5S.
45. See ibid., p. 41; AD, p. 28:"If history does not have a direction like a river, but only a meaning, not a truth but only errors to be avoided, if practice is not deduced from a dogmatic philosophy of history, it is not superficial to base a politics on the analysis of the political man." Cf. the essay on Machiavelli in Signs , trans. McCleary (Evanston, 1964), pp. 211-223. [BACK]
44. Merleau-Ponty, Les Aventures , pp. 55, 73-74; AD, pp. 39, 5S.
45. See ibid., p. 41; AD, p. 28:"If history does not have a direction like a river, but only a meaning, not a truth but only errors to be avoided, if practice is not deduced from a dogmatic philosophy of history, it is not superficial to base a politics on the analysis of the political man." Cf. the essay on Machiavelli in Signs , trans. McCleary (Evanston, 1964), pp. 211-223. [BACK]
46. Merleau-Ponty, Les Aventures , pp. 276-277; AD, pp. 205-206. [BACK]
47. Merleau-Ponty, Signs , p. 275; Les Aventures , p. 8; AD, p. 4. [BACK]
48. Merleau-Ponty, Sense , p. 106. [BACK]
49. Merleau-Ponty, Les Aventures , pp. 89, 114. 1S1-132; AD, pp. 65, 84, 95-96. This line of argument anticipates Albrecht Wellmer's use of Jurgen Habennas; see Wellmer, Critical Theory of Society , trans. Cumming (New York, 1971). [BACK]
50. Merleau-Ponty, Les Aventures , pp. 116-117; AD, pp. 85-86.
51. Ibid., p. 124; AD, p. 91. [BACK]
50. Merleau-Ponty, Les Aventures , pp. 116-117; AD, pp. 85-86.
51. Ibid., p. 124; AD, p. 91. [BACK]
52. Merleau-Ponty, Sense , pp. 121-122. [BACK]
53. Merleau-Ponty, Les Aventures , p. 47; AD, p. 33. break [BACK]
54. Cf. Goldmann, The Hidden God , trans. Thody (London, 1964), pp. 298-302. [BACK]
55. Merleau-Ponty, Les Aventures de la dialectique , p. 86; AD, p. 63. [BACK]
56. Merleau-Ponty, Signs , pp. 9, 13. In his last lecture course, MerleauPonty, implicitly opposing Sartre's claims for Marxism as "the unsurpassable framework of knowledge" for our time, pointedly remarked, that "one could even say Hegel maintains more of a sense of negativity and tension." See "Philosophy and Non-Philosophy Since Hegel," trans. Silverman, Telos . 29 (Fall, 1976), 46, 105. [BACK]
57. Merleau-Ponty, Signs , p. 329.
58. Ibid., p. 217.
59. Ibid., pp. 130-131.
60. Ibid., p. 35. [BACK]
57. Merleau-Ponty, Signs , p. 329.
58. Ibid., p. 217.
59. Ibid., pp. 130-131.
60. Ibid., p. 35. [BACK]
57. Merleau-Ponty, Signs , p. 329.
58. Ibid., p. 217.
59. Ibid., pp. 130-131.
60. Ibid., p. 35. [BACK]
57. Merleau-Ponty, Signs , p. 329.
58. Ibid., p. 217.
59. Ibid., pp. 130-131.
60. Ibid., p. 35. [BACK]
61. Merleau-Ponty, Sense , p. 134. [BACK]
62. Merleau-Ponty, Les Aventures , p. 53; AD, p. 38.
63. Ibid., p. 72; AD, p. 52. [BACK]
62. Merleau-Ponty, Les Aventures , p. 53; AD, p. 38.
63. Ibid., p. 72; AD, p. 52. [BACK]
EPILOGUE
1. On Althusser's animus toward subjectivity, sec esp. Lenin and Philosophy . For Colletti's quote, see his From Rousseau to Lenin , trans. Merrington and White (London, 1972), p. 140:"Marcuse acclaims 'the interior space of the private sphere'; he invokes 'that isolation in which the individual, left to himself, can think and demand and find'; he acclaims the 'private sphere' as the only one which 'can give significance to freedom and independence of thought.' How can we fail to recognize in this the old liberal rhetoric?" [BACK]
2. Merleau-Ponty, Humanism , pp. 188-189. [BACK]
3. Adorno, Minima , p. 247 (§153). [BACK]
4. Hegel. Philosophy of Mind , trans. Wallace and Miller (Oxford, 1971), p. 91 (§402). break [BACK]