INDEX

A

Action. See Practice; Human agency: Labor

Adler, Max, 118

Adorno, Theodor, 8 , 39 , 151 -152, 154 -155, 234 -235

Agency. See Human agency

Alienation, 97 , 126 ;

of labor in Marx, 21 -22, 35 ;

Hegel equates with objectification, 23 , 54 , 186 ;

of individual in Marx, 25 -26, 110 ;

persistence of concept throughout Marx's work, 27 -28, 33 :

as tranquilization in Heidegger, 149 ;

inevitability of in Sartre, 176 -177, 181 , 182 , 186

Althusser, Louis, 2 , 123 , 231

American Revolution, 17 , 94

Anthropology. See Empirical anthropology; Philosophical anthropology

Aristotle, 146

Authenticity:

defined, 147 , 161 , 163 ;

Heidegger on, 147 -149, 161 ;

Horkheimer and Adorno criticize cult of, 151 -152;

Sartre on, 161 -165, 188 -189

B

Beauvoir, Simone de, 165

Benjamin, Walter, 8

Bentham, Jeremy, 77 , 78

Bergson, Henri, 133 , 134 , 136 , 139

Bernstein, Eduard, 98 -99, 117 -118, 139

Bloch, Ernst, 54

Bolsheviks, 99 , 121 , 130 , 133 , 218 , 223

Bukharin, Nikolai, 217

C

Camus, Albert, 166

Capitalism:

and individual emancipation, 13 -14;

as foundation for individuation and communism in Marx, 30 , 36 -38, 39 , 90 ;

contradictions of according to Marx, 66 , 84 ;

Marx's theory as model of, 67 , 95 ;

class struggle and collapse of, 68 -72, 92 , 96 , 114 , 126 -127

Cartesian:

sense of subjectivity, 4 ;

Husserl as, 144 -145;

dualism, 145 , 148 , 189 ;

concept of free will, 158 ;

Sartre as, 158 -159, 189

Civil society:

Hegel on, 15 , 18 , 73 ;

Marx on, 18 -21, 74 -78, 92 , 94 , 95 ;

interest as motivating force in, 73 -80, 85 -86;

Rousseau on, 93 -94.

Classes, 7 , 234 ;

Marx on abolition of, 30 ;

Marx on individuals vis-à-vis, 46 -47;

Marx on proletariat as one of, 69 -70, 75 -77, 83 , 85 , 92 , 94 :

Smith on, 74 , 76 ;

Luxemburg on, 128 ;

possibility of true consciousness reserved for in Lukács, 131 ;

Merleau-Ponty's existential concept of, 213 -214, 227 -228.

See also Class struggle; Proletariat

Class struggle:

orthodoxy on inevitability of, 2 , 114 -117, 139 ;

Marx on need to cultivate, 64 , 68 -72, 83 -85, 103 ;

Engels on, 110 -112;

Luxemburg on, 126 -127;

Lukács on, 131 ;

Sartre on, 177 -178;

Merlcau-Ponty

on, 208 ;

doubts about Marx's hopes for, 233 -234

Cogito:

in Descartes, 4 ;

Marx goes beyond, 57 ;

in Sartre, 175 ;

Merleau-Ponty on embodiment of, 199 , 200 -203

Colletti, Lucio, 231

Communist League, 32

Communist party:

Marx's pedagogical concept of, 83 -85;

Lenin's vanguard, 84 -85, 121 -122;

Lukács also emphasizes pedagogical role of, 131 -132;

Sartre and French, 166 , 169 -170;

Merleau-Ponty and French, 215 , 218 -219

Communist society:

Marx on individuation and, 13 , 25 -26, 31 -32, 39 , 41 , 44 , 46 , 77 , 103 , 231 ;

Marx on preconditions for, 29 -30, 65 , 68 , 84 , 89 , 90 :

fate of Marx's hopes for, 41 , 234 ;

Engels on, 110 -111;

orthodoxy ignores individuation as aim of, 122 -123;

Lukács on, 132 -133;

Sartre on, 186 , 191 ;

Merleau-Ponty on, 206 , 216 -217. 226 , 228

Comte, Auguste, 65 , 96 -97

Consciousness: and subjectivity, 4 -5;

and individuation, 5 ;

Marx on, 7 , 23 , 32 , 44 , 46 , 51 , 53 -58, 63 , 67 , 70 -72, 80 -81, 85 , 86 , 90 -91. 96 ;

Feuerbach on, 42 -43;

Hegel on, 59 -60, 63 ;

class consciousness, 69 , 71 , 72 , 90 , 96 , 107 , 111 -112, 120 -121, 129 -132, 153 , 168 , 179 , 190 , 200 , 206 ;

orthodoxy on, 99 , 100 , 114 -116, 118 , 139 ;

Engels on, 105 , 108 -109, 111 , 112 ;

Lenin on, 119 -120, 121 , 122 ;

Luxemburg on, 126 ;

Lukács on, 129 -132;

Husserl on, 145 ;

Sartre on, 159 -161, 163 , 165 , 171 , 172 , 174 -176, 182 :

Merleau-Ponty on, 198 -203, 206 -209, 212 , 227

Contradictions:

Marx on "logical," 65 -66, 90 ;

Marx on "immanent," 66 ;

logical ones mute without proletarian practice in Marx, 70 , 90 , 92 ;

Hegel on, 87 , 90 ;

Luxemburg on, 127 ;

Sartre on, 195

Cornu, Auguste, 54

Council Communism, 133

Critical Theory, 8 , 149 -155

Croce, Benedetto, 133

D

Darwin, Charles, 107

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, 14

Democracy: Marx on, 17 -19;

Lenin's disdain for, 122 ;

Luxemburg on need for, 126 ;

Sartre on, 166

Descartes, 14 , 92 , 146 , 158 , 200 , 201 . See also Cartesian

Determinism:

in orthodoxy, 2 , 97 , 99 , 114 -115;

in Marx, 53 , 57 , 64 , 67 -68, 89 , 91 , 97 , 213 ;

Hegel on, 60 ;

defined, 89 :

Smith on, 91 ;

Engels on, 108 ;

Lenin on, 121 ;

Luxemburg on, 127 ;

Kierkegaard and Nietzsche on, 140 ;

Sartre on, 168 , 232 -233;

Merleau-Ponty on, 203 , 205 , 215 , 216 -217, 220 , 222 -223, 230 , 232 -233.

See also Necessity

Dialectic:

in Marx, 33 , 63 , 72 , 90 ;

in Hegel, 86 , 90 ;

in orthodoxy, 99 , 114 -115, 123 -124;

in Engels, 105 -108, 110 , 111 -112;

in Lenin, 120 ;

in Lukács, 132 ;

in Horkheimer, 153 ;

in Sartre, 168 , 173 -174, 183 , 184 -185, 195 ;

in Merleau-Ponty, 206 , 221 , 222 -223, 227 , 228 -229

Diderot, Denis, 92

Dilthey, Wilhelm, 140

E

Education:

Lenin on, 7 , 121 ;

Marx's "materialist pedagogy," 7 , 80 -86, 91 -92;

Helvétius on, 81 ;

Hegel on, 81 ;

rationalist view of defined, 92 -93;

orthodoxy abandons Marx's program for enlightenment, 97 , 104 , 124 ;

Engels on, 105 , 112 ;

Luxemburg on, 127 ;

Lukács on, 131 -132;

Gramsci on, 136 ;

Sartre and Merteau-Ponty on the need to cultivate rationality and a desire for freedom, 194 , 227 -229, 232 ;

doubts about Marx's hopes for enlightenment, 233 -234

Egoism:

and individualism, 5 ;

Marx and Engels on, 24 , 31 -32;

Stirner on, 31 ;

Smith on, 88 , 91

Empirical anthropology:

in Marx, 27 -28, 36 , 53 -54;

in Merleau-Ponty, 205 .

(Cf . Philosophical anthropology)

Engels, Friedrich, 7 , 8 , 26 , 27 , 29 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 53 , 66 , 77 , 82 , 99 , 103 -112, 114 , 115 , 123 , 126 , 184 ;

on materialism, 104 -108, 111 -112;

on dialectics of nature, 105 -110, 112 , 114 , 123 ;

on evolution, 106 , 107 , 110 ;

on necessity, 107 , 110 -112;

on subjectivity, 108 -110, 112 :

on labor, 109 -110;

on class struggle, 110 -112.

Works:

Anti-Dühring . 105 -106;

The Condition of the Working Class in England , 82 ;

Dialectics of Nature , 107 -108, 109 ;

Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy , 108 -109

Enlightenment:

outlook on individuation, 6 ;

materialism, 43 ;

concept of interest in, 73 ;

rationalism of, 86 , 92 -93;

criticism of, 142 , 152

Epistemology, 7 , 110 , 114 , 116 , 119 , 120 -122

Equality:

liberalism on, 14 ,

in "crude communism," 25 -26;

capitalism and, 36 , 37 ;

in Marx, 66 , 84 , 90 , 94 ;

rationalism on, 93

Erfurt Program, 122

Essence:

in Marx's early works, 22 , 26 , 27 , 44 ;

in Feuerbach, 23 , 43 -44;

Marx criticizes unhistorical use of concept, 28 , 36 ;

Marx deduces from existence, 29 , 36 -37, 57 ;

in Hegel, 86 ;

in Husserl, 144 -145

Essentialist concept of proletariat:

in Marx, 20 , 76 , 95 ;

in Lukács, 131 -132, 206 ;

in Merleau-Ponty, 206 -207, 219 , 225

Evolution:

Engels on, 106 , 107 , 110 ;

Lenin on, 120 ;

orthodoxy on, 124 ;

Gramsci on, 136

Existentialism:

outlook on individuation, 6 ;

as alternative to rationalist outlook on subjectivity, 7 -8, 99 , 139 -140, 143 , 147 -149, 155 , 159 -161, 174 -175, 188 -191, 193 , 197 -198, 199 -203, 226 -230;

implications for Marx's theory, 8 , 188 -191, 193 , 226 -230, 232 -233;

Stirner as primitive version of, 31 -32;

Horkheimer and Adorno criticize, 151 -152;

defined, 155 ;

Sartre on, 156 , 167 -168, 172 , 173 -175, 195 ;

Merleau-Ponty on, 198 -205.

(Cf . Rationalism)

Existential Marxism, 1 , 3 , 4 , 8 , 99 ;

Sartre's, 156 -157, 165 -196;

Merleau-Ponty's, 198 , 205 -230;

assessment of, 231 -233

F

Ferguson, Adam, 73 -74, 78

Feuerbach, Ludwig:

on transformative method, 17 -18;

on species-being, 22 -23;

essence and nature in, 27 , 43 ;

on materialism, 42 -43;

on nominalism, 43 ;

Marx's critique of, 45 , 48 , 56 -58;

Engels on, 108 -109;

Plekhanov on, 114

Frankfurt School, 8 . See also Critical Theory

Freedom:

and individuation, 6 , 231 -236;

Sartre on, 8 , 156 -165, 166 , 168 , 170 , 173 , 179 , 181 , 182 -183, 186 -187, 189 , 196 ;

Merleau-Ponty on, 8 , 203 -205;

liberal view of, 14 ;

Marx on, 20 , 26 , 30 , 36 -37, 70 , 74 , 84 , 86 , 90 , 91 , 94 , 95 , 111 ;

Hegel on, 81 , 87 , 160 ;

Engels on, 90 , 110 -111;

orthodoxy on, 115 -116, 118 , 124 ;

Nietzsche on, 142 -143;

Husseri on,

145 -146;

Heidegger on, 148 -149;

Adorno on, 152 , 154

French Revolution, 17 , 94 , 180 , 187

Freud, Sigmund, 2 , 140 , 149 , 150 , 155

Fromm, Erich, 8

G

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 6

Goldmann, Lucien, 57 , 148

Gramsci, Antonio, 8 , 125 , 129 , 132 -138, 139

Great Legislator, 93 -94, 132

H

Habermas, Jürgen, 233

Halévy, Elie, 92

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 3 , 8 , 65 , 76 , 126 , 139 , 155 , 186 , 206 , 219 ;

on subjectivity, 4 ;

on individuation, 6 , 235 -236;

on the state, 15 -16;

criticisms by Marx of, 16 -20, 24 , 49 -50;

Feuerbach on, 17 -18, 42 -43;

his logic, 48 -49liberal view

on labor, 54 , 58 -60, 61 , 63 ;

on interest, 73 -75, 85 ;

on education, 81 ;

on freedom, 81 , 87 , 160 ;

on reason and necessity in history, 86 -87, 89 -90, 91 -92;

as an Enlightenment rationalist, 86 -92;

Engels on, 110 ;

Lenin on, 122 ;

and Lukács and Gramsci, 129 , 133 ;

Heidegger on, 146 ;

Sartre on, 174 , 176 ;

Merleau-Ponty on, 221 , 224 , 227 .

Works:

The Logic , 87 ;

Phenomenology of Mind , 42 , 54 , 58 -59, 87 ;

Philosophy of Right , 17 , 43 -44; 73 , 74 , 76 , 81 ;

Science of Logic , 58 , 59 -60. 61 , 86

Heidegger, Martin, 140 , 146 -149, 152 , 155 , 157 , 159 , 161 -162, 176 , 197 , 205 , 209 , 233 .

Work: Being and Time , 146 -148, 161 -162, 205

Helvetius, Claude-Adrien, 73 , 81 , 92

Hilferding, Rudolf, 117 , 118

Hirschman, Albert O., 73

Holbach, Paul-Henri Thiry, Baron d', 43 , 81 , 92

Horkheimer, Max, 5 , 8 , 151 -155

Human agency, 4 , 13 , 49 , 66 , 71 , 85 , 86 , 89 , 90 , 120 , 140 ;

labor forfeits its intentional power as, 33 -35, 62 -63, 72 ;

as intentional in Marx, 54 , 61 ;

Marx on effective, 56 , 60 , 73 , 103 ;

labor as Marx's criterion of effective, 62 -63, 72 , 95 ;

Marx on proletariat's, 70 ;

Marx on interest as attribute of, 72 -86, 143 ;

orthodox distrust of, 104 , 116 ;

Engels on, 108 -109;

Weber on, 150 ;

Sartre on, 173 .

See also Labor; Practice; Will

Hungarian Revolt of 1956, 166 , 172

Husserl, Edmund, 140 , 144 -146, 147 , 151 , 152 , 155 , 176 , 200 -201, 205 , 206 , 216 , 225 .

Works:

Cartesian Meditations , 144 -145;

The Crisis of European Science and Transcendental Phenomenology , 145 -146, 147 , 206 ;

Logical Investigations , 144

Hyppolite, Jean, 59

I

Idealism:

Marx's critique of, 27 -29, 44 , 78 -79;

Marx's appreciation of, 56 -57, 114 ;

Lenin's diatribes against, 119 ;

in Husserl, 144 , 146 ;

concept of freedom in, 158 ;

in Sartre, 159 , 170 ;

Merleau-Ponty on, 200 , 205 , 209 , 222 .

(Cf . Materialism)

Individual emancipation:

liberalism and, 13 -14, 16 ;

as Marx's aim, 19 , 20 , 26 , 33 , 36 , 38 , 40 -41, 99 -100, 103 , 231 ;

Marx on preconditions of, 19 , 22 , 29 , 37 , 53 , 65 , 68 , 143 ;

orthodoxy slights, 104 , 113 , 122 ;

Nietzsche's skepticism about, 143 ;

Heidegger's doubts, 149 ;

Adorno on, 152 ;

Merleau-Ponty on, 206 .

See also Individuation; Individuality

Individualism:

defined and distinguished from individuation, 5 -6;

"methodological individualism," 5 , 45 ;

liberalism and, 14 ;

Marx on, 19 , 36 ;

Smith on, 88 ;

Horkheimer on, 151 .

Individuality:

Marx on, 13 , 25 , 26 , 36 , 38 , 40 -41, 47 , 63 , 94 ;

Feuerbach on, 23 ;

interest as attribute of, 77 -80;

Smith on, 88 ;

Engels on, 108 ;

Gramsci on, 134 ;

Nietzsche on, 141 -142;

existential phenomenology and, 144 -149, 157 , 232 ;

Hegel on, 236 .

See also Individuation, Individual emancipation

Individuation:

as theme in Marxist thought, 3 -4, 6 -8;

defined and distinguished from individualism, 5 -6;

Marx on, 5 -6, 13 -41, 65 , 231 ;

relation to subjectivity, 6 ;

Lukács on, 132 ;

disturbing implications of modern philosophy for, 140 , 197 -198, 235 -236;

Nietzsche on, 141 -144;

Heidegger on, 147 -149;

Sartre on, 185 , 188 .

See also Individual emancipation, Individuality

Institution:

Marx on, 19 , 41 , 44 , 46 ;

Merleau-Ponty on, 186 , 207 , 209 -212, 228 -230, 232

Intentionality, 145

Interest:

rationalism and, 8 , 91 -92, 94 -95, 97 , 99 , 129 -130, 139 -140, 153 -154;

self-interest, 14 , 36 , 48 , 73 , 79 , 88 ;

Marx on, 41 , 64 -65, 72 -86, 89 , 91 , 93 -95, 97 , 231 ;

Hegel on, 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 ;

Ferguson on, 73 -74;

class interest, 73 , 78 -79, 84 -85, 89 , 91 , 96 , 126 , 129 , 208 ;

Smith on, 74 , 76 , 88 , 90 ;

Rousseau on, 93 -94;

doubts about rational role, 94 -95, 143 , 148 -149, 228 , 234 ;

Engels on, 111 ;

orthodoxy on, 116 -117;

Luxemburg on, 126 ;

Lukács on, 129 -130;

Nietzsche on, 143 ;

Heidegger on, 148 -149;

Weber on, 150 ;

Horkheimer on, 153 -154;

Merleau-Ponty on, 213 -215, 228 , 232 .

International Working Men's Association, 85

Intersubjectivity:

and subjectivity in Marxist usage, 5 ;

Marx on, 23 , 57 ;

Merleau-Ponty on, 198 , 200 -203, 204 , 205 , 208 , 227 -228

K

Kant, Immanuel, 4 , 78 , 110 , 118 , 146 , 158 , 164 , 184 . See also Neo-Kantianism

Kautsky, Karl, 8 , 116 , 121 , 122 , 123 , 126

Kierkegaard. Soren, 139 , 140 , 151 , 155 , 174 , 191

Koestler, Arthur, 216

Korean War, 220

Korsch, Karl, 125 , 129 , 133

Kosík, Karel, 5 , 233

Kropotkin, Peter, 187

L

Labor:

rationalism and, 8 , 95 , 99 ;

Marx on individuation and, 19 , 20 -22, 23 , 25 , 26 , 30 , 32 -35, 36 , 38 , 39 , 40 ;

Marx's concept of, 50 , 53 -58, 60 -63, 89 -90, 109 -110;

as Marx's criterion of effective agency, 62 -63, 72 , 95 ;

doubts about value as paradigm of human agency, 95 , 148 -149, 150 , 228 , 232 ;

orthodoxy ignores teleology of, 97 , 116 , 124 ;

Engels on, 109 -110;

Gramsci on, 133 -134;

Heidegger on, 148 -149;

Sartre on, 168 , 175 ;

Merleau-Ponty on, 208 , 228 .

See also Practice; Human agency

Labor theory of value, 62 -63

Labriola, Antonio, 113 -116

Laws of nature:

as analogy for predictable social patterns, 2 , 64 , 65 -67, 73 , 230 ;

as precondition for effective labor in Hegel and Marx, 59 -61;

as verification of dialectic in Engels and orthodoxy, 105 , 106 , 107 , 114 -115, 123 , 128

Le Bon, Gustave, 140

Lefebvre, Georges, 179 , 180

Lefebvre, Henri, 2

Left-Hegelians: Marx's critique of, 27 -28, 44 , 56 , 81 , 82

Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 92

Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich, 7 , 8 , 84 , 113 , 118 -123, 125 , 127 , 129 , 130 , 132 , 199 .

Works:

Materialism and Empirio-Cirticism , 120 , 122 ;

Philosophical Notebooks , 122 ;

What Is to Be

Done? , 121 .

See also Leninism

Leninism:

Lukacs's, 132 ;

Sartre's, 170 -173, 194

Les Temps modernes , 166 , 167 , 169 , 215

Liberalism, 13 -14, 31 , 40 , 94 ;

German, 14 -15;

Marx's critique of, 16 -20

Lukacs, Georg. 3 , 7 , 8 , 63 , 99 , 125 , 126 , 128 -132, 133 , 134 , 136 , 139 , 148 , 150 , 151 , 153 , 154 , 205 , 206 , 219 , 220 , 225 .

Works:

History and Class Consciousness , 7 , 130 -132, 148 , 153 , 205 , 220 ;

Tactics and Ethics , 129 ;

Theory of the Novel , 129

Luxemburg, Rosa, 8. 99 , 125 -128, 133 , 134 , 136

M

Machiavelli, Niccolo. 17 , 136 , 221

Maine, Henry Sumner, 78

Marcuse, Herbert, 2 , 8 , 149 , 151 , 153 , 154

Marx, Karl, 1 , 3 -4, 6 -8, 13 -100, 103 -104, 105 , 108 , 109 -110, 111 , 114 , 116 , 117 , 123 -124, 127 , 143 -144, 151 -152, 174 , 177 , 182 , 184 -185, 206 , 211 -212, 223 , 228 -230, 231 -236;

on individuation, 5 -6, 13 -41, 65 ;

on individual emancipation, 19 , 20 , 26 , 36 , 38 , 40 -41, 99 -100;

on alienation, 21 -22. 25 -26, 27 -28;

on subjectivity, 21 , 23 , 24 , 26 , 71 , 88 -96;

on materialism, 29 , 56 -58;

on surplus value, 34 -35, 66 ;

on interest, 41 , 64 -65, 72 -86, 89 , 91 , 93 -95, 97 ;

on "real individual, " 42 -52, 66 ;

on labor, 50 , 53 -58, 60 -63, 89 -90, 109 -110;

on determinism, 53 , 57 , 64 , 67 -68, 89 , 91 , 97 ;

on practice, 54 -58, 99 -100;

on necessity, 64 , 65 , 66 , 70 , 72 , 86 , 88 -92, 96 , 97 ;

on class struggle, 64 , 68 -72, 83 -85;

on materialist pedagogy, 80 -86, 91 -92.

Works:

Capital , 13 , 33 , 35 -36, 38 , 39 , 48 , 49 , 51 , 58 , 59 , 60 -62, 64 -67, 80 , 94 , 97 , 107 , 130 , 131 , 186 ;

Critique of Hegel's "Philosophy of Right, "17 -20, 43 -44;

Critique of Political Economy , 33 , 38 , 53 , 74 ;

"Critique of the Gotha Program, " 39 ;

Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 , 21 -26, 33 , 44 , 54 -56, 61 , 74 , 76 , 212 ;

Grundrisse , 33 -38, 48 -52. 60 -62, 65 -66, 71 ;

"On the Jewish Question", 20 ;

The Poverty of Philosophy . 48 , 83 ;

Theories of Surplus Value , 33 ;

"Theses on Feuerbach, " 56 -58, 114 , 116 ;

"Toward the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right: Introduction," 20 , 76 , 95 , 206 ;

"Wage Labor and Capital, " 32 , 84

Marx and Engels:

relationship of, 103 -104, 105 , 108 , 109 -110, 111 -112.

Works:

The German Ideology-27 -32, 36 , 45 -46, 51 -52, 53 , 55 , 77 , 78 -79, 83 ;

The Holy Family , 26 -27, 44 , 49 , 76 , 81 ;

Manifesto of the Communist Party , 32 , 62 , 69 , 83 , 86

Materialism, 7 , 98 -99, 125 ;

Feuerbachon, 23 , 27 , 43 ;

Marx on, 23 , 27 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 96 , 116 ;

defined, 29 ;

Marx's materialism defined, 29 , 56 -58;

Enlightenment materialism defined, 43 ;

Engels on, 104 -108, 111 -112;

Plekhanov on. 113 -115, 123 -124;

Lenin on, 119 ;

Gramsci on, 133 ;

Adorno on, 154 -155;

Sartre on, 166 -169, 173 ;

Merleau-Ponty on, 205 , 220 , 222 , 224 .

(Cf Idealism)

Materialist pedagogy. See Education

Mead, George Herbert, 45

Merleau-Ponty, Maurice, 1 , 3 , 6 , 8 , 99 , 149 , 155 , 156 , 170 , 186 , 189 , 197 -230, 231 , 232 , 233 , 234 ;

on institution, 186 , 207 , 209 -212, 228 -230, 232 ;

on perception, 198 -203, 205 , 206 , 207 -208, 209 ;

on behaviorism and empiricism, 199 ;

on cogito , 199 , 200 -203;

on subjectivity, 200 -203, 206 , 218 , 222 , 224 , 227 , 228 ,

230 ;

on situation, 201 , 204 , 212 , 213 -214, 218 , 232 ;

on solipsism, 202 ;

on freedom, 203 -205;

on history, 207 -208, 215 -219, 221 , 223 , 224 , 225 , 226 , 228 , 229 ;

on necessity, 210 , 220 , 225 , 228 ;

on terrorism, 215 -219.

Works:

Adventures of the Dialectic , 207 , 219 -222;

Humanism and Terror , 207 , 213 , 215 -219, 220 , 226 -227;

Phenomenology of Perception , 199 -205, 206 , 212 -215, 216 , 223 , 227 ;

The Structure of Behavior , 198 -199

Michels, Robert, 140 , 179

Mill, John Stuart, 75

Montesquieu, Charles de Sccondat, Baron de, 17 , 75

Morgan, Lewis H., 107

Moscow Trials: Merleau-Ponty on, 216 -219, 226

Mussolini, Benito, 133

N

Nature:

as object of labor in Hegel and Marx, 22 , 40 , 59 -61, 63 , 96 , 120 ;

Marx on human, 23 -28, 40 , 108 ;

Engels on dialectics of, 105 -110, 112 , 114 , 123 ;

orthodoxy on, 114 , 123 ;

Lenin on, 122 ;

Merleau-Ponty on, 198 -200, 203 .

See also Laws of nature

Naturalism, 106 , 199 . See also Nature

Necessity:

Marx on resolving contradiction between freedom and, 26 ;

Marx on natural, 40 , 60 , 95 ;

Hegel on, 59 , 60 , 81 , 86 -87, 90 ;

Marx on historical, 64 , 65 , 66 , 70 , 72 , 86 , 88 -92, 96 , 97 , 231 ;

predictability and, 72 , 91 , 135 -136;

Smith on, 87 -88, 90 -91;

defined, 89 -90;

doubts about historical, 99 , 134 -136, 210 , 229 -230, 232 ;

Engels on, 107 , 110 -112;

orthodoxy on, 115 -117, 123 -124, 139 ;

Lenin on, 120 ;

Luxemburg on, 126 -128, 133 ;

Lukacs on, 133 ;

Gramsci on, 134 -136;

Merleau Ponty on, 210 , 220 , 225 , 228 .

See also Determinism

Needs:

Marx on, 24 , 26 , 36 , 37 -38, 40 , 79 , 95 ;

interest and, 74 , 79 , 81 , 95 ;

Marcuse on, 154 ;

Adorno on,. 55 ;

Sartre on, 184 , 191

Neo-Kantianism, 139 , 199 ;

in revisionism, 117 -118;

in Sartre, 184 -185

New left, 1 , 3

Nietzsche, Friedrich, 140 -144, 147 , 149 , 150 , 151 , 157 , 197 , 233

Nominalism:

defined, 43 ;

Feuerbach on, 43 ;

Marx adapts Feuerbach's, 43 -45;

Marx's social nominalism. 44 -46, 51 -52;

Marx rejects conceptual nominalism, 49 ;

Sartre's "dialectical nominalism, " 175 , 193 .

See also Social nominalism

O

Objectification, 5 ;

Marx on, 18 , 28 , 39 ;

and labor in Marx, 22 -26, 53 , 109 -110;

entails alienation in Hegel and Sartre, 23 , 54 , 186 ;

and alienation in Marx, 33 -35;

orthodoxy on, 97 ;

Sartre on, 175 , 182 , 186 ;

Merleau-Ponty on, 227 -228.

See also Objectivity; Labor

Objectivism:

Husserl on, 145 -146;

Merleau-Ponty on, 222 -223, 231

Objectivity: defined, 4 -5;

Marx on, 23 , 34 , 71 , 86 , 95 , 228 ;

Hegel on, 59 , 174 ;

Engels on, 109 , 110 ;

Lenin on, 120 ;

Luxemburg on, 126 ;

Gramsci on, 135 ;

Husserl on, 144 -145;

Sartre on, 172 , 174 , 183 , 190 , 194 ;

Merleau-Ponty on, 200 , 201 , 202 , 209 , 219 , 224 , 228 .

(Cf . Subjectivity)

Orthodox Marxism:

theoretical orientation, 2 , 97 -98, 103 -104, 113 -124;

Engels's relation to, 104 , 107 , 112 , 113 -114;

Sartre on, 173 , 185 ;

Merleau-Ponty on, 223 -224

P

Paci, Enzo, 233

Pannekoek, Anton, 133

Particularity:

and subjectivity, 4 , 235 -236;

Marx on, 19 , 24 -26, 41 , 43 , 77 ;

and interest, 74 -77, 81 , 86 ;

Sartre on, 194 .

See also Real individual. (Cf . Universality)

Passions: and interest, 73 , 80 , 85 , 91 ;

Engels on, 105 ;

Sartre on, 156 , 189 -193

Phenomenology:

Husserl on, 144 -146, 176 ;

Heidegger on, 146 -149;

in Sartre, 156 , 159 , 175 -179, 193 ;

of society in Simmel and Schutz, 187 ;

in Merleau-Ponty, 198 , 199 -205, 206 -207, 212 , 215 , 223 , 232 , 233

Philosophical anthropology:

Marx abandons, 13 , 27 -28, 65 , 185 ;

in the young Marx, 20 , 22 -24;

in Marcuse, 156 ;

in Sartre, 184 -187, 205 .

(Cf . Empirical anthropology)

Plekhanov, George V., 8 , 113 -116, 119 , 123 , 126 , 199

Political economy: Marx on, 21 -22, 48 -50, 65 -68, 74 , 77 ;

Sartre on, 186

Positivism:

Marx's relation to, 64 -65, 86 , 96 -97;

in Comte, 65 , 96 -97;

omits subjectivity unlike rationalism, 96 -97, 107 ;

in orthodox Marxism, 99 , 125 , 129 , 139 , 149 ;

evolutionary positivism defined, 107 ;

criticized, 136 , 194 , 232 .

(Cf . Rationalism)

Practice:

Marx on, 54 -58, 99 -100, 109 -110;

Hegel on, 58 -60;

orthodoxy on, 98 , 113 -116, 124 , 139 ;

Engels on, 109 -110;

Lenin on, 119 -120, 122 ;

Luxemburg on, 126 ;

Lukács on, 132 ;

Sartre on praxis, 168 , 169 -171, 175 , 178 , 181 -185, 190 -191, 194 -195;

Merleau-Ponty on action, 199 , 200 , 202 , 204 , 206 -208, 212 , 218 , 219 , 222 -223, 224 -226, 228 -229.

See also Labor

Predictability. See Necessity

Production, mode of:

orthodox view of, 2 ;

as basis of life in Marx, 27 -30, 71 , 79 ;

Marx on capitalist, 34 -35, 69 -70, 79 ;

Marx on individuation and, 37 , 40 , 46 , 50 , 52 ;

Engels on, 111 ;

Lukács on reification in capitalist, 130 ;

Sartre on, 172 , 195 ;

Merleau-Ponty on, 208 , 211 , 223 -224

Proletariat:

orthodox view of, 2 , 114 , 116 , 124 ;

Marx first formulates theory of, 17 , 20 , 75 -76;

and individuation in Marx, 22 ;

Marx on class interest of, 64 -65, 72 -73, 75 -77, 79 -80, 81 -86;

as basis of Marx's science, 68 , 103 ;

Marx on rise of, 69 -71;

Engels on, 82 , 105 , 111 -112;

as effective rational agency within human prehistory, 89 -96, 124 , 231 ;

difficulties with Marx's view of, 98 , 124 , 219 -221, 224 , 233 -234;

Lenin on, 121 -122;

Luxemburg on, 125 -128;

Lukacs on, 129 -133, 136 , 150 , 153 ;

Gramsci on, 136 ;

Horkheimer on, 153 ;

Sartre on, 165 , 170 -172, 190 -191;

Merleau-Ponty on, 206 -207, 212 -215, 219 -221.

See also Essentialist concept of proletariat

Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph, 48

R

Rassemblement Democratique Revolutionnaire, 166

Rationalism:

Marx's rationalist optimism, 7 -8, 93 -94;

existentialism as alternative to, 8 , 99 , 155 , 188 -191, 232 -233;

in Marx's theory, 65 , 86 , 92 -97;

Hegel and Smith as proponents of, 86 -88;

defined, 92 -93;

underwritten by labor and interest in Marx's view of subjectivity, 94 -95;

in Bernstein's theory, 98 -99;

orthodoxy abandons, 99 , 107 ;

in Luxemburg, 99 , 126 -128;

Lukács's rationalist pessimism, 130 -132;

Gramsci on, 135 -136;

modern philosophical challenges to, 139 -150;

in Horkheimer, 153 -154, 155 ;

Sartre's critique of, 157 , 159 -161, 188 -191, 193 -194;

Merleau-Ponty's critique of, 199 , 204 -205, 224 -225.

See also Reason; Rationality. (Cf . Positivism; Existentialism)

Rationality:

of action in Marx, 72 , 88 -

89;

and interest in Marx, 79 , 80 , 94 -95;

in Hegel and Smith, 87 -88;

and labor in Marx, 95 ;

Nietzsche on, 143 ;

Husserl on, 145 -146;

Freud and Weber on, 149 -150;

Adorno on, 152 ;

approach of existentialism to, 155 ;

in Sartre, 156 -157, 181 , 189 -191, 232 ;

in Merleau-Ponty, 200 , 206 , 224 , 228 , 232 .

See also Reason; Rationalism

Real individual:

Marx on, 24 , 89 ;

in Marx's methodology, 42 -52, 66 , 103 , 115 ;

Lukács rejects, 131 -132;

in Sartre, 174 -175;

in Merleau-Ponty, 228 -229.

See also Particularity

Reason:

its primacy doubted, 8 , 232 -233;

in history in Marx, 16 , 17 , 91 -92, 94 , 95 -96, 99 -100;

and interest, 74 , 80 , 91 -92;

in Hegel, 86 -87, 91 ;

Engelson, 116 ;

Luxemburg on, 128 ;

Nietzsche on, 140 ;

Heidegger on, 148 ;

Horkheimer on, 153 , 155 ;

in Sartre, 156 , 181 , 184 -185, 189 -191, 193 ;

in Merleau-Ponty, 200 , 208 , 215 , 224 .

See also Rationalism; Rationality

Reich, Wilhelm, 8

Reification:

Marx criticizes Hegel for, 18 ;

Marx criticizes left-Hegelians for, 28 -29;

Marx on problem of in capitalist society, 46 , 47 , 51 -52, 97 ;

Lukács on, 130 -132, 150 ;

Sartre on, 182 -183

Revisionism, 116 -118

Revolution:

Marx on nature of, 20 -21, 70 , 84 , 97 , 231 ;

Marx on capitalism as basis of communist, 30 , 90 , 92 , 96 ;

lack of authentic communist revolution to date, 41 , 233 -234;

relation of rationalist hopes to prospects for, 99 , 125 , 128 -130;

orthodoxy on, 116 ;

Lenin on, 120 ;

Luxemburg on, 127 ;

imminence of for young Lukacs, 129 -130;

Marcuse on, 154 ;

Sartre on, 165 -170, 194 ;

Merleau-Ponty on, 214 , 220 -221, 223 .

Revolutions of 1848, 32 , 99

Ricardo, David, 21

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 17 , 75 , 93 , 132 , 181

Ruge, Arnold, 82

Russian Revolution, 99 , 113 , 120 , 125 , 126 , 128 , 133 , 187

S

Saint-Simon, Claude-Henri de, 40

Sartre, Jean-Paul, 1 , 2 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 99 , 155 , 156 -196, 197 , 198 , 201 , 202 , 203 , 204 , 205 , 208 , 209 , 211 , 215 , 231 , 232 , 233 ;

on necessity, 99 , 172 , 182 -183;

on freedom, 156 -165, 186 -187;

on bad faith, 160 -161, 162 , 173 , 188 , 197 ;

on authenticity, 161 -165, 188 -189;

on situation, 163 -165, 171 , 175 , 232 ;

on praxis, 168 , 169 -171, 175 , 178 , 181 -185, 190 -191, 194 -195;

on subjectivity, 171 -172, 174 , 175 , 176 , 183 , 187 , 190 -191, 194 -195;

on inertia, 172 , 182 -183, 189 -194;

on Other, 176 -179;

on conflict as complement of freedom, 177 -181;

on We-subject, 178 -180;

on series, 179 , 181 , 182 -183, 187 ;

on group, 179 -182, 187 ;

on existential psychoanalysis, 192 -196.

Works:

Being and Nothingness , 156 , 158 -165, 168 -169, 170 , 172 , 175 -177, 178 -179, 181 , 183 , 186 , 188 , 191 , 192 , 201 , 203 , 204 ;

The Communists and Peace , 169 -173, 177 , 190 , 195 , 220 ;

Critique of Dialectical Reason , 165 , 167 , 168 , 173 , 175 -187, 188 , 191 , 192 , 193 , 195 ;

The Idiot of the Family , 192 -193;

"Materialism and Revolution," 167 -169;

Psychology of Imagination , 158 ;

Saint Genet , 192 ;

Search for a Method , 173 -175, 188 , 191 , 193 , 194 , 195

Scheler. Max, 146

Schutz, Alfred, 177 , 187

Science:

Marx on, 23 , 25 , 35 , 84 , 96 , 108 ;

Marx's theory as, 64 -68, 89 , 93 , 99 , 117 , 231 ;

Hegel on, 86 , 176 ;

Enlightenment rationalism and, 92 ;

Engels on, 105 -106, 108 , 111 -112;

orthodoxy interprets Marxism as purely objective, 115 , 117 ;

Husserl on subjectivity and grounds of, 145 -146;

Sartre on, 175 , 176 ;

doubts about possibility of purely objective, 229 -230, 232

Second International, 113 , 117 , 123 , 125 , 127

Silesian Weavers Revolt of 1844, 82

Simmel, Georg, 6 , 129 , 140 , 184 , 187

Situation:

Sartre on, 163 -165, 171 , 175 , 232 ;

Merleau-Ponty on, 201 , 204 , 212 , 213 -214, 218 , 232

Smith, Adam:

Marx's reading of, 21 , 76 ;

on wealth as result of free play of self-interest, 48 , 85 , 88 , 91 ;

on interests of social orders, 74 , 75 , 76 , 80 ;

as Enlightenment rationalist, 86 , 87 -91, 92 .

Work: Wealth of Nations , 21 , 76 , 88

Social being, 4 ;

young Marx on, 22 -25, 29 ;

as historical result in mature Marx, 29 , 39 ;

Lukács on, 131 ;

Sartre on, 177 ;

Merleau-Ponty on, 209 -212

Social democracy, 97 , 121 , 126 , 127

Social individual, 13 , 24 , 25 , 36 , 38 -41, 144 ;

as telos of history in Marx's later work, 13 , 36 , 38 -41;

as assumption of Marx's philosophical anthropology, 24 -25, 36 ;

doubts about historical emergence of, 41 , 144 , 235 -236

Social nominalism:

defined, 44 ;

in Marx, 44 -46, 51 -52;

in Sartre, 175 , 193 .

See also Nominalism. (Cf . Social realism)

Social realism:

in Marx, 42 , 45 -46, 96 ;

in Comte, 96 .

(Cf . Social nominalism)

Social relations:

vis-à-vis individuals in Marx, 36 , 37 , 44 , 63 , 71 , 79 ;

as object of Marx's theory, 46 -52;

importance for proletariat of understanding in Marx, 68 , 80 , 81 -82, 82 -83, 92 ;

Lukács on, 131 ;

Merleau-Ponty on, 222 , 229 -230, 232

Sorel, Georges, 133 , 134 , 139

Species being:

in Feuerbach, 22 -23, 44 ;

in Marx, 23 , 27 -28, 29 , 44 , 54 -55

Spinoza, Baruch, 92

Stalin, Joseph, 123 , 151 , 197 , 226

State, 14 -19, 78

Stirner, Max, 31 -32, 151

Subjectivity:

as theme in Marxist thought, 2 -4, 6 -8, 97 -100, 139 , 235 -236;

defined, 4 -5;

relation to individuation, 6 ;

Marx on, 21 , 23 , 24 , 26 , 71 ;

and labor in Marx, 21 , 34 , 56 , 61 ;

Hegel on, 59 , 81 , 87 ;

and necessity in Marx, 64 -65, 70 , 72 , 86 , 89 -90, 95 -97;

and interest in Marx, 77 -80;

Marx's rationalist understanding of, 88 -96;

emptied of meaning by orthodoxy, 99 , 100 , 115 , 123 -124;

Sartre and Merleau-Ponty raises doubts about Marx's understanding of, 99 , 228 , 230 , 232 -233;

Engels on, 108 -110, 112 ;

revisionism assigns moral role to, 117 -118;

Adler on, 118 ;

Lenin on, 120 ;

Luxemburg on, 126 -128;

Lukács on reification of, 130 -132, 150 ;

Gramsci questions rationalist account of, 133 , 134 -136;

Nietzsche attacks rationalist account of, 141 ;

Husserl on, 144 -146;

modern challenges to rationalist account of, 149 -150;

Adorno on, 152 ;

limits in approach of critical theory to, 155 ;

relation of existentialism to, 155 ;

in Sartre, 171 -172, 174 , 175 , 176 , 183 , 187 , 190 -191, 194 -195;

in Merleau-Ponty, 200 -203, 206 , 218 , 222 , 224 , 227 , 228 , 230 .

(Cf . Objectivity)

T

Teleology:

and labor in Marx, 54 , 57 , 61 , 110 ;

Hegel on, 59 -60;

rational social action in Marx gives history coherence of, 96 ;

Engels on, 107 ;

orthodoxy ignores, 116 -118, 124 ;

Husserl on, 145 -146;

Sartre on, 167 -169;

Merleau-Ponty on, 206 , 225 .

See also Labor; Transcendence

Tocqueville, Alexis de, 5 , 75 , 187

Totality:

Marx on, 20 , 81 ;

methodological importance of in Marx, 47 , 51 ;

Lukács on, 129 , 131 -132;

Sartre on, 195

Transcendence:

and labor in Marx, 57 ;

transcending standpoint in Marx, 58 ;

Sartre on freedom and, 157 , 160 :

Sartre on revolution and, 165 -168;

Sartre on praxis and, 175 ;

always situated according to Merleau-Ponty, 189 , 203 -205, 209 , 220 .

See also Teleology

U

Universality:

as attribute of particularity, 4 , 19 , 24 , 77 ;

relation to subjectivity and individuality, 5 ;

Marx on, 17 , 19 , 20 , 24 , 92 ;

and particular interests, 75 , 77 , 81 , 85 -86;

of proletariat's interest according to Marx, 76 , 85 -86, 92 ;

Hegel on, 81 ;

in Sartre, 194 ;

Merleau-Ponty on, 217 .

(Cf . Particularity)

V

Voluntarism:

in revisionism, 117 ;

in Lenin, 120 -121;

Gramasci defends, 135 ;

in Sartre, 168 -170.

See also Will

W

Weber, Max, 129 , 131 , 140 , 141 , 149 -150, 151 , 221

Will:

Stirner on, 31 ;

Marx on, 51 , 61 , 67 , 71 -72;

Marx criticizes idea of "pure" will, 78 , 79 ;

Engels on, 109 ;

Labriola on, 115 ;

Gramsci on, 135 ;

Nietzsche on, 144 ;

critical theory on, 152 , 154 ;

Sartre on freedom of, 158 -159, 169 -170, 181 ;

Merleau-Ponty on, 201

World War I, 127

World War II, 154 , 165 , 208