1. Shakabpa 1967, pp. 39-40.

2. These events were recorded in inscriptions carved on stone pillars in Lhasa that still exist. See Richardson 1985 for text of the treaty of 821 / 822 A.D.

3. Kolmas 1967, pp. 12-15.

4. Shakabpa 1967, p. 63.

5. Ibid.; Rossabi 1988, p. 41.

4. Shakabpa 1967, p. 63.

5. Ibid.; Rossabi 1988, p. 41.

6. Personal communication, E. Sperling, April, 1997.

7. Shakabpa 1967, p. 133.

8. Ya 1991, pp. 47-48.

9. De Filippi 1937, p. 170.

10. Ya 1991, p. 52.

11. Kolmas 1967, pp. 41-42. Some of these areas such as Litang and Batang were returned to Tibetan jurisdiction in 1735.

12. Communication from the Qing emperor Gaozong to the new amban after the death of Pholhanas, cited in Ya 1991, p. 55.

13. Dung dkar 1983, pp. 124-125.

14. The names and dates of birth of each candidate were to be written in the Manchu, Han, and Tibetan lanuages on metal slips and placed in a golden urn provided by the Manchu emperor. After prayers before the statue of the Buddha in the Jokhang temple in Lhasa, a slip was drawn, the Buddha ensuring that the correct slip was selected.

15. This document was jointly drafted by Fu Kang'an, the incarnate lama Kyirong Hutuktu (representing the Dalai Lama), and the head administrator of the Panchen Lama. A translation appears in Ya 1991, pp. 72-83.

16. Ya 1991, p. 72.

17. Ibid., pp. 83-84.

16. Ya 1991, p. 72.

17. Ibid., pp. 83-84.

18. Phuntso Tashi 1995, p. 296.

19. Lamb 1960, p. 146.

20. Richardson 1984, p. 78.

21. Ibid., p. 91.

22. Ibid., p. 272.

23. Ibid., p. 274. For more details on this period see: Goldstein 1989; Lamb 1966; Richardson 1984; Snellgrove and Richardson 1980; Ya 1991.

20. Richardson 1984, p. 78.

21. Ibid., p. 91.

22. Ibid., p. 272.

23. Ibid., p. 274. For more details on this period see: Goldstein 1989; Lamb 1966; Richardson 1984; Snellgrove and Richardson 1980; Ya 1991.

20. Richardson 1984, p. 78.

21. Ibid., p. 91.

22. Ibid., p. 272.

23. Ibid., p. 274. For more details on this period see: Goldstein 1989; Lamb 1966; Richardson 1984; Snellgrove and Richardson 1980; Ya 1991.

20. Richardson 1984, p. 78.

21. Ibid., p. 91.

22. Ibid., p. 272.

23. Ibid., p. 274. For more details on this period see: Goldstein 1989; Lamb 1966; Richardson 1984; Snellgrove and Richardson 1980; Ya 1991.

24. Teichman 1922, p. 14.

25. Goldstein 1989, p. 51.

26. Ibid., pp. 51-52.

25. Goldstein 1989, p. 51.

26. Ibid., pp. 51-52.