The Imperial Era
1. Shakabpa 1967, pp. 39-40. [BACK]
2. These events were recorded in inscriptions carved on stone pillars in Lhasa that still exist. See Richardson 1985 for text of the treaty of 821 / 822 A.D. [BACK]
3. Kolmas 1967, pp. 12-15. [BACK]
4. Shakabpa 1967, p. 63.
5. Ibid.; Rossabi 1988, p. 41. [BACK]
4. Shakabpa 1967, p. 63.
5. Ibid.; Rossabi 1988, p. 41. [BACK]
6. Personal communication, E. Sperling, April, 1997. [BACK]
7. Shakabpa 1967, p. 133. [BACK]
8. Ya 1991, pp. 47-48. [BACK]
9. De Filippi 1937, p. 170. [BACK]
10. Ya 1991, p. 52. [BACK]
11. Kolmas 1967, pp. 41-42. Some of these areas such as Litang and Batang were returned to Tibetan jurisdiction in 1735. [BACK]
12. Communication from the Qing emperor Gaozong to the new amban after the death of Pholhanas, cited in Ya 1991, p. 55. [BACK]
13. Dung dkar 1983, pp. 124-125. [BACK]
14. The names and dates of birth of each candidate were to be written in the Manchu, Han, and Tibetan lanuages on metal slips and placed in a golden urn provided by the Manchu emperor. After prayers before the statue of the Buddha in the Jokhang temple in Lhasa, a slip was drawn, the Buddha ensuring that the correct slip was selected. [BACK]
15. This document was jointly drafted by Fu Kang'an, the incarnate lama Kyirong Hutuktu (representing the Dalai Lama), and the head administrator of the Panchen Lama. A translation appears in Ya 1991, pp. 72-83. [BACK]
16. Ya 1991, p. 72.
17. Ibid., pp. 83-84. [BACK]
16. Ya 1991, p. 72.
17. Ibid., pp. 83-84. [BACK]
18. Phuntso Tashi 1995, p. 296. [BACK]
19. Lamb 1960, p. 146. [BACK]
20. Richardson 1984, p. 78.
21. Ibid., p. 91.
22. Ibid., p. 272.
23. Ibid., p. 274. For more details on this period see: Goldstein 1989; Lamb 1966; Richardson 1984; Snellgrove and Richardson 1980; Ya 1991. [BACK]
20. Richardson 1984, p. 78.
21. Ibid., p. 91.
22. Ibid., p. 272.
23. Ibid., p. 274. For more details on this period see: Goldstein 1989; Lamb 1966; Richardson 1984; Snellgrove and Richardson 1980; Ya 1991. [BACK]
20. Richardson 1984, p. 78.
21. Ibid., p. 91.
22. Ibid., p. 272.
23. Ibid., p. 274. For more details on this period see: Goldstein 1989; Lamb 1966; Richardson 1984; Snellgrove and Richardson 1980; Ya 1991. [BACK]
20. Richardson 1984, p. 78.
21. Ibid., p. 91.
22. Ibid., p. 272.
23. Ibid., p. 274. For more details on this period see: Goldstein 1989; Lamb 1966; Richardson 1984; Snellgrove and Richardson 1980; Ya 1991. [BACK]
24. Teichman 1922, p. 14. [BACK]
25. Goldstein 1989, p. 51.
26. Ibid., pp. 51-52. [BACK]
25. Goldstein 1989, p. 51.
26. Ibid., pp. 51-52. [BACK]