The Arnolfini Betrothal "d0e5980"

Index

A

Accursius, 68

Affectio maritalis,14

Alexander III, 59 , 142 n.29, 151 n.21

Alfonso of Naples, 125

Aliénor de Poitiers, Les honneurs de la cour,84 , 85

Altieri, Marco Antonio:

domestic ring ceremony as a sacramental rite, 57 ;

on Italian betrothal gestures, 68 ;

on Italian marriage ceremony, 53 , 55 , 56 , 150 n.12

Andreae, Johannes, Novella (Plate 7), 55

Angelico, Fra, 35

Anselm of Laon, 149 n.5

Anthonisz., Cornelis (?), The Wise Man and the Wise Woman (Fig. 60), 122 , 123

Antoninus of Florence:

betrothal gestures described, 69 -70, 155 n. 51 ;

on clandestine marriage, 27 , 142 n.36, 143 n.47;

on dowry law, 158 n.80;

fides as a betrothal oath, 64 , 83 , 152 n.29;

four ways to contract sponsalia,152 nn.27, 29;

on marriage ritual, 55 , 150 n.13;

reasons for dissolving a betrothal, 152 n.27;

sequence of actions in contracting matrimony, 149 n.4

Apelles, 128 -29

Aquinas, Thomas:

on clandestine marriage, 27 , 28 ;

sacral touching in swearing a corporal oath, 156 n.63;

ways to contract sponsalia,152 n.29;

words of consent as form of the sacrament of matrimony, 144 n.58

Aristotle, 32

Arles, pseudo-canon of, 17 , 24

Arnolfini, Giovanni di Arrigo:

career and family of, 4 -5, 93 -94;

unlikely candidate for clandestine marriage, 31 ;

variant spellings of surname of, 4 , 7 , 137 n.4

Arnolfini double portrait:

disguised symbolism and methodological problems of interpretation, xvii , xviii , xix , 9 -10, 95 -96, 101 -5, 114 , 119 , 135 n.2, 160 -61 n.20, 161 -62 n.24;

gestures in, xviii -xix, xx , 7 , 9 , 10 -11, 31 , 49 , 68 -69, 70 , 75 , 77 , 79 , 81 ,

― 174 ―

Arnolfini double portrait,

83 , 102 , 103 , 104 -5, 139 nn.25, 26 ;

historical alienation of, xvii -xix, 5 -9, 101 -4

—interpretations of:

as acknowledgment of paternity, 6 , 7 ;

as betrothal portrait, 49 , 83 , 94 ;

as chiromancy, 6 ;

as clandestine marriage, xvii , xxi , 8 -9, 29 , 49 , 60 ;

as marriage portrait, 5 -6, 7 , 64 -65, 138 n.23, 139 n.26;

as morganatic marriage, 139 n.26;

as pictorial marriage certificate, 9 , 89 , 161 n.24;

as sacramental marriage rite, xviii , 9 ;

as self-portrait with wife, 7 -8, 138 n.23

—inventory descriptions of, 2 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 29 , 68 -69, 83 , 105 , 137 nn.4, 9

—signature inscription on, xix , 2 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 60 , 89 , 122 , 129 , 138 n.21, 162 n.24

—sitters in:

clothing of, 91 -92, 102 , 106 , 126 ;

identification of, 4 , 137 n.4.

See also Beds; Candles; Chairs; Clogs; Dogs; Mirrors

Arrha :

as betrothal gift, 61 -62, 92 ;

as betrothal ring, 17 , 24 , 52 , 63 ;

as pledge to fulfill promise of future marriage, 15 , 17 , 52 , 61 -62

Arsenal Decameron (Figs. 29, 30, 31, 32, 52), 70 -77, 108 -10

L'Art de bien vivre (Plate 5), 43 -44, 147 n.73

Aubert, David, 112 , 113 , 116

Auctions by chandelle éteinte,162 n.24

Augustine, Saint:

Christian marriage as indissoluble, 14 ;

fides, proles, and sacramentum in marriage, 14 , 65 ;

sacrament, definition of, 32 .

See also Pseudo-Augustine

B

Baldass, Ludwig, 126 , 136 n.7, 139 n.26, 157 n.72

Baldwin, Robert, 101

Beatrix, queen of the Netherlands, 83

Beds, 83 -88, 102 , 103 , 106 , 113 , 125 , 157 nn.73, 76

Bedaux, Jan Baptist, 102 , 138 n.23, 146 n.65, 147 n.73, 159 -60 n.16, 162 n.24

Bernauer, Agnes, 28

Bernulfus Gospels (Plate 4), 39

Betrothal:

confirmed by an oath, 64 , 89 -90;

hand gestures used in contracting, 67 -79, 83 , 154 n.44;

reasons for and ways to dissolve, 61 , 152 n.27;

ring in context of, 63 , 91 , 152 n.29;

ways to contract, 50 -51, 61 , 152 n.29

—in ancient Roman society, 15

—in barbarian law:

dowry in, 16 -17;

transfer of mundium in, 15 -16

—in Italy:

concluded in a church and before a priest, 53 , 67 , 89 -90;

corporal oath in, 79 ;

kiss in, 92 -93

—in northern Europe:

contract redacted by a notary, 67 ;

concluded before a priest, 64 , 67 , 70 , 155 n.54;

confirmed by arrha,61 -62;

confirmed by ring, 62 -64

Betrothal contract for the marriage of Jehan d'Argenteau and Marie de Spontin (Fig. 28), 67

Bible:

Apocalypse 10:5-6, 80 ;

1 Corinthians 6, 121 ;

Ephesians 5:22-33, 13 , 121 ;

Genesis 2:22-24, 13 ;

Psalm 38, 40 -41;

Psalm 80, 41 -42;

Tobit 7:15, 18 , 20 , 33 , 39 , 145 n.63, 146 -47 n.71;

Wisdom 7:26, 119

Boccaccio, Giovanni, Decameron :

betrothal gestures in Franco-Flemish manuscripts of, 70 -77;

usage of betrothal and marriage terminology in, 155 n.54

Boene, Catherine, 30 , 64

Borch, Gerard ter, Ratification of the Treaty of Münster (Fig. 35), 81 , 83 , 157 n.68

Bosch, Hieronymus, 111

Bosshard, Emil, 128

Boucicaut Master, 157 n.73

Bouts, Dieric, 116

― 175 ―

Branca, Vittore, 155 n.54

Brandileone, Francesco, 149 nn.7, 8, 10, 150 nn.16, 17, 151 n.24

Brooch, Flemish betrothal (Fig. 26), xxi , 61 -62, 70

Brooke, Christopher, xviii , 101 , 135 n.1,143 n.41

Brucker, Gene, 59 -60, 135 n.1, 158 n.87

Busti, Bernardinus de, 119 , 165 n.49

C

Caepolla, Bartholomaeus, Consilia addiversas materias,67 -68, 154 n.43

Campbell Lorne, xviii (quoted), 139 n.25

Campin, Robert, Marriage of theVirgin (Plate 6), 44 ;

Mérode Annunciation Triptych (Fig. 47), xvii -xviii, xix -xx, 96 , 99 , 100 , 109 , 114 , 116 ;

Virgin and Child in anInterior (Plate 15), 116

Candle, 2 , 6 , 102 , 114 , 116 -17, 162 n.24,164 n.36, 164 -65n.41

Carrier, David, 135 n.2

Castiglione, Baldassare, 150 n.15

Catherine of Cleves, Hours of, 115

Cavalcaselle, G. B., 4 , 7

Cenami, Giovanna:

family background of,4 -5, 90 , 93 -94

Chairs, 83 -85, 113 , 157 n.74

Charlemagne:

marriage legislation of, 22 , 141 n.26

Charles V, emperor, 2 , 5

Charles VI, king of France, 77 -78

Charles the Bold, 4 , 110 , 112 ;

as count of Charolais, 111

Chelles, Jehan de, 122

Christine de Pisan, Le livre destrois vertus,106

Christus Petrus, 167 n.70;

Annunciation,157 n.76;

Holy Family in a Domestic Interior (Fig. 40), 87 , 116 ;

Nativity, 107

Chroniques de Hainaut (Figs. 20, 53), 43 , 111

Cité des Dames Master, Vatican Palatinus Decameron (Plate 10), 70 -71, 77 , 155 n.53

Clandestine marriage:

in Boccaccio's Decameron,28 , 155 n.54;

documented cases of, 27 -31, 143 n.43,143 -44n.52;

how and why contracted, 27 , 28 ,143 n.42, 155 n.54,

legal disabilities resulting from, 27 , 28 ,144 n.52;

prohibitions against, 8 , 23 , 24 -27,142 nn.30, 33, 36, 142 -43n.38;

reasons for ecclesiastical objection to, 26

Clogs, 88 , 102 , 103 , 106 -12, 126 , 163 n.30

Codex, of Justinian, 140 nn.5, 8

Codex Manesse (Plate 9), 69 , 72

Concordia :

associated withmarriage, 19 -22, 37 , 53 , 56 , 112 -13, 140 nn.20, 22

Constantine, 15

Council of Trent, 8 , 25 , 26 , 33 , 34 ,143 n.38

Crowe, J. A., 4 , 7

Crowns, bridal (Plate 6, Figs. 20, 21,23), 17 , 53 , 56 , 60 , 155 n.54

D

Decretales of Gregory IX, 28 , 42 , 51 , 52 , 55 , 57 , 65 , 142 nn.29, 36, 143 n.45, 151 n.21;

illustrations of, 146 -47n.71, Figs. 12,13, 19, 25

Decretum of Gratian, 23 , 24 -25, 26 , 51 , 56 , 57 , 140 n.16, 141 n.24, 142 n.32;

illustrations of, 146 n.68, Figs. 15, 17, 23, 24

Dextrarum iunctio :

ancient gesture misinterpreted as medieval marriage gesture, xxi , 21 -22, 33 , 36 -37, 56 , 145 -46n.65, 153 n.37;

associated with marriage in antiquity,18 -21, 39

Dhanens, Elisabeth, 101 , 137 n.9, 159 n.9,162n.24

Digest, 14 , 68 , 140 n.6, 142 n.34,151n.26

Disguised symbolism. See Arnolfini double portrait; Panofsky, Erwin

Dogs, 113 , 114 -16, 126 , 164 n.36

Donatio ante nuptias,15 , 53

― 176 ―

Dos. See Dowry

Double portraits (Plates 1, 14, Figs.2-5, 43), 10 , 91 -92, 139 n.25, 164 n.36. See also Arnolfini double portrait

Dowry, 15 -17, 25 , 53 , 67 , 75 , 90 -91, 103 -4, 158 n.80. See also Monte delle doti

Dress, status connotations of, 106 , 108 -12, 126 , 163 nn.27, 30

Duns Scotus, John, 32 -33

Durantis, Guillelmus, 59 , 148 n.3, 152 n.29, 158 n.80

Dürer, Albrecht, Apocalypse (Fig. 37), 81 -83;

Marienleben,34

E

Eastlake, Charles, 7 , 8

Erasmus, 2

Eyck, Jan van:

dates on his paintings, 136 n.10;

houses of, in Bruges and Lille, 161 n.24;

illusionism in works of, 126 -29;

inscriptions on his works, 2 , 99 , 125 , 136 n.2, 137 n.4, 159 n.7;

intellectual culture of, 124 -25, 167 n.62;

methodological problems ininterpretating the works of, 99 -104;

motto of, 129 ;

pentimenti in paintings of (Figs. 22, 62), 47 , 126 -28, 139 n.25, 167 n.72;

works other than the Arnolfini doubleportrait:

Annunciation Diptych (Plate 16), 128 ;

The Birth of John the Baptist (Turin-Milan Hours) (Fig. 41), 87 , 112 ;

Dresden Triptych (Fig. 48), 99 , 105 , 128 ;

Ghent Altarpiece (Fig. 44), 96 -97, 99 , 103 , 116 , 119 , 125 ;

Lucca Madonna, 116 ;

Madonna of Chancellor Rolin,128 ;

Madonna of Canon van der Paele (Fig. 45), 93 , 97 -99, 103 , 122 -23;

Portraits:

Dresden drawing of theso-called Cardinal Albergati, 89 ;

Man in a Red Turban,138 n.23;

Portrait of GiovanniArnolfini,137 n.4;

Portrait of Jan de Leeuw (Fig.61), 123 , 124 , 137 n.4;

Portrait of Margaret van Eyck,8 ;

"Timotheos" Portrait (Fig. 1), 2 , 136 n.2, 137 n.4.

See also Panofsky, Erwin

F

Fazio, Bartolomeo, 125 , 128 , 129 , 167 n.62

Ferraris, F. Lucius, Promptabibliotheca,70 , 155 n.52

Fides :

as betrothal oath, 64 , 152 n.29;

as betrothal promise of future marriage, 64 , 70 ;

bona fides as good faith in Roman law, 51 ;

as fidelity of spouses to one another, 14 ;

fides pactionis (betrothal promise of future marriage) distinguished from fides consensus (matrimonial consent), 51 , 65 , 68 , 149 n.5, 153 n.32, 154 n.39;

gestures used in giving betrothal fides,67 , 69 -70, 77 , 145 n.60;

other medieval meanings of fides,65 .

See also Mander, Karel van; Panofsky, Erwin; Vaernewyck, Marcus van

Fierens-Gevaert, Hippolyte, 138 n.21

Fourth Lateran Council, marriage legislation of, 25 , 26 , 29 , 30

Freud, Sigmund, 123 -24

Friedländer, Max:

on gestures in the Arnolfini double portrait, 47 ;

on signature inscription in the Arnolfini double portrait, 8 ;

as a source for Panofsky's theory of disguised symbolism, 95 , 124 , 159 n.2

Froissart, Jean, Chroniques (Fig. 33), 77 -79, 156 nn.58-60

Froment, Nicolas, The Burning Bush,119

Furniture of estate, 83 -85, 87 -88, 113 , 125 , 157 n.73

G

Ghirlandaio, Domenico, The Marriage of the Virgin (Plate 3), 35

Giotto, 35

Girart de Roussillon, Vienna manuscript of, 121 , 163 nn.27, 32

Gislebertus, 122

― 177 ―

Giunta, Lucantonio, Decretum, Decretales, Liber sextus decretalium, Venice, 1514 (Figs. 12,13, 25), 35

Goes, Hugo van der, Nativity (Berlin), 108 ;

Portinari Altarpiece, 107

Goffredus de Trano, 152 n.29

Gombrich, E. H., xx

Gospels of Otto III (Fig. 14), 37 -39

Gratian:

distinction between "initiated"and "ratified" marriage, 51 ;

marriage as "legitimate" or "notlegitimate," 25 , 142 n.33.

H

Hagia Sophia, narthex mosaic in (Fig.46), 97 -98

Hand gestures. See Arnolfini double portrait; Betrothal; Fides ; Friedländer, Max; Marriage ceremonies; Nicholas I; Oath; Traditio

Harbison, Craig, xviii -xix (quoted), 102 -3

Hay, Major General James, 6

Horenbout, Gerard, Spinola Hours (Plate13), 87

Hostiensis:

betrothals classified as nuda et simplex or firmata et duplex, 61 , 65 , 72 ;

on clandestine marriage, 142 nn.33, 36 ;

fides as a betrothal oath, 64 , 152 n.29;

ways to dissolve a betrothal, 152 n.27

Hugh of St. Victor, 149 n.5

I

Immixtio manuum gesture (Fig.14), 39 , 146 n.67

Innocent III, marriage legislation of, 25 -26, 142 n.36

Isabelle of France, 77 -79, 156 n.60

Isabel of Portugal:

dowry of, 90 -91, 158 n.80;

marriage of, 79

Iuramentum corporale. See Oath,corporal

Ives of Chartres, 149 n.5

J

Jean de Berry, 70 , 115

John the Fearless, 70

Jonas of Orleans, 141 n.26

Jongh, E. de, 135 n.2, 164 n.36

Justinian, 14 , 52 . See also Codex of; Digest

K

Kerver, Thielman, Heures à l'usage de Rome (Fig. 59), 119

Klapisch-Zuber, Christiane, 149 nn.7, 11, 150 n.12, 151 nn.17, 24, 154 n.44, 158 nn.78, 85, 87

L

Laborde, Léon de, 6 , 7

Larivey, Pierre de, La Constance,68 -69

Liber sententiarum of Brussels, marriage case in, 29 -31, 64

Liédet, Loyset (Fig. 54), 112

Limbourg Brothers, The Martyrdom of Saint Catherine of Alexandria, Belles Heures (Fig. 49), 106 , 107 ;

Très Riches Heures,115

Lombard, Peter, 32 , 149 n.5

Louis XI, king of France, 4 , 5

Louis XIV, king of France, 110

Louis d'Orléans, 90

M

Mâle, Emile, 114 , 164 n.36

Mander, Karel van, 5 -6

Mansel Master, 70 . See also Arsenal Decameron

― 178 ―

Margaret of Austria, 2 , 7 , 8 ;

inventory of 1516, 4 ;

inventory of 1523/24, 4 , 47 , 68 -69, 83

Marriage:

in barbarian law and society, 15 -17, 25 ;

consanguinity as impediment to, 23 , 25 -26, 27 ;

consummation of, 16 , 25 , 51 , 104 , 144 n.58, 149 -50n.12;

contracted by consent of spouses, xxi , 14 -15, 16 , 17 , 23 , 25 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 50 -55, 59 , 60 , 144 n.58, 149 nn.4, 11 , 150 n.13, 154 n.43;

iconography of, 37 -45;

presumptive marriage, 29 , 31 ;

in Roman law and society, 14 -15, 17 , 18 , 19 -20, 25 , 140 n.5;

as a sacrament (Plate 5, Fig. 21), xx -xxi, 13 , 23 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 37 , 43 , 44 , 46 , 50 , 52 , 54 , 55 , 57 , 60 , 139 n.1, 144 n.58, 150 n.13.

N

Niccolò di Buonaccorso, The Marriage of the Virgin (Plate 8), 57 -59, 60

Nicolò da Bologna, Marriage miniature (Plate 7), 55 -56, 57 , 60

Nicholas I:

marriage customs as described in the Bulgarian response, 17 -18, 23 , 24 , 34 , 53 ;

matrimonial linking of right hands not

― 179 ―

mentioned, 32 ;

religious marriage rites not necessary, 17 , 25 , 55 ;

ring as betrothal arrha,17 , 52

"Nights of Tobias," 23 , 25 , 53 , 141 n.27

Notary, medieval:

as persona publica,59 -60;

as redactor of betrothal contracts, 53 , 67 .

See also Marriage ceremonies, later northern European rites

Nozze,53 , 56 , 71 , 74 , 75 , 104 , 150 n.12, 155 n.54, 160 n.16

Nuptial mass, 17 , 23 , 24 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 121

O

Oath:

corporal, 79 -81, 90 , 156 nn.63, 65 , 157 n.68;

mixed, 156 n.62;

promissory, 79 ;

solemn, gestures used in swearing, 79 -83, 156 n.67, 157 nn.68, 69;

verbal, 79

Osculum, 15 , 56 , 150 n.16

Ovid, 6 , 137 n.9

P

Pacher, Michael, The Marriage of the Virgin (Plate 2), 34

Pamphilus, 167 n.62

Panofsky, Erwin:

disguised symbolism, theory of, xviii , 9 -10, 95 -96, 99 , 101 -2, 106 -8, 114 , 116 , 118 -19, 135 -36n.6, 165 n.46;

on double portrait as clandestine marriage, xvii , 1 , 8 , 64 -65, 94 ;

on fides levata and fides manualis,9 , 65 , 153 n.37, 155 n.49;

interpretations of, criticized, xx , xxi , 11 , 40 , 46 -47, 50 , 102 , 135 n.2, 138 n.23, 138 -39n.24, 158 -59n.1, 159 nn.2, 11 , 164 n.36, 164 -65n.41;

on Van Eyck's presumed erudition, 123 , 124 -25, 167 n.63

Passe the Elder, Crispijn van de, Concordia (Fig. 55), 112 -13

Paston Letters, 27 -28, 143 n.43

Pattens. See Clogs

Paur, Hans, Betrothal woodcut (Fig. 27), 62 -63, 91 , 99 , 121

Pepys, Samuel, 162 n.24

Philip II, king of Spain, 5

Philip the Good, 4 , 70 , 79 , 90 , 110 -11, 121 , 124 -25, 163 n.32

Pisano, Giovanni, 122

Pliny, Natural History,125 , 128 -29

Premierfait, Laurent de, Le livre cameron,70 , 71 , 75

Protogenes of Rhodes, 128 -29

Pseudo-Augustine:

matrimonial consent by words and intent, 22 , 141 n.24, 144 n.57, 149 n.5, 153 n.37

Pseudo-Isidorian forgeries, 23 , 24 -25, 142 n.32

Puyvelde, Leo van, 138 -39n.24

R

Raphael, Sposalizio,35 , 151 n.17

Raymond of Peñafort:

betrothal gestures, 69 , 155 n.50;

matrimonium, not sponsalia de praesenti, as proper word for marriage, 51 -52, 149 n.6

Recceswinth, Visigothic king, 17

Reims, provincial council of 1304, 26 , 148 n.3

René of Anjou, 115

Richard II, king of England, 77 -79, 91 , 156 n.60

Rituale romanum of Paul V, 34

Roskill, Mark, xviii , 160 n.16

Roubaix, Jehan de, 79

Ruskin, John, 7

S

Sacramentum, 14 , 32

Sandler, Lucy Freeman, 146 n.65

Schapiro, Meyer, 114

Schenk von Schenkenstein, Wilhelm and Agnes von Werdenberg, double portrait of (Plate 14), 91 -92

Scherhauff, Lienhard, The Marriage of the Virgin,145 n.63

― 180 ―

Seidel, Linda, xviii , 102 , 103 -4, 161 n.22, 161 -62n.24

Shakespeare, William, Henry V, betrothal gestures in, 68

Sixtus IV, 119

Smith, Alistair, xix (quoted), 136 nn.9-10

Sponsalia :

in Italian practice, 89 -90, 92 -93;

in Roman law, 15 , 16 , 18 ;

usage of related words in Germanic and Romance languages, 49 -50, 64 -65, 71 , 83

Sponsalia de futuro (verba de futuro ), distinguished from sponsalia de praesenti (verba de praesenti ), 50 , 52 , 61 , 149 n.4, 154 n.43. See also Betrothal

Sponsalia de praesenti, meaning marriage, 52 , 59 , 60 , 71 , 75 . See also Marriage

Subarrhatio (subarrhatio anuli ), 15 , 18 , 52 , 56 , 57 , 63 , 152 n.29. See also Betrothal, ring in context of

T

Traditio :

as consent gesture signifying mutual donation of the spouses to each other, 32 , 33 , 34 , 37 , 56 , 144 n.57;

as transfer of bride's guardianship from father to groom, 16 , 32 , 33 , 35 , 37 , 39 , 54 , 55 , 144 -45n.60;

as transfer of property in Roman law, 144 n.57

V

Vacarius, 144 n.57

Vaernewyck, Marcus van, 5 -6, 64 -65, 83 , 157 n.71

Verba de futuro . See Sponsalia de futuro

Verba de praesenti . See Sponsalia de praesenti

Vergil, Aeneid,125

Verneuil, synod of, 24

Viardot, Louis, 6

Virgin and Child, anonymous, Turin (Plate 12), 87 , 157 n.75, 167 n.70

Visscher, Claes Jansz., Prayer before a Meal (Fig. 42), 88

W

Waagen, Gustav Friedrich, 7 -8

Weale, W. H. James, 8 , 47

Weyden, Rogier van der, Annunciation (Fig. 57), 116 , 117 ;

Bladelin Altarpiece, 107 -8;

Columba Altarpiece, 107 , 166 n.58;

Pietà (London), 108 ;

Saint John the Baptist Altarpiece, 157 n.76;

Seven Sacraments Altarpiece (Figs. 21, 51), 44 , 105 -6, 108 , 109 , 116

William of Auvergne, 32