7— The North-South War and the Triumph of Warlordism
1. For details on the political conflicts of this period, see Li Chiennung, 352-67, or Tao Juyin, Beiyang junfa , 3: 53-133. [BACK]
2. For details on the activities of the dujuntuan , see Tao Juyin, Beiyang junfa , 3: 56-66, 85-87, 108-16.
3. Ibid., 120-32, 139-46. [BACK]
2. For details on the activities of the dujuntuan , see Tao Juyin, Beiyang junfa , 3: 56-66, 85-87, 108-16.
3. Ibid., 120-32, 139-46. [BACK]
4. Nathan, Peking Politics . [BACK]
5. USDS 893.00/2640 (Cunningham, June 2, 1917), and Central China Post , June 2, 1917, enclosed in the same; Guomin xinbao , June 2 and 3, 1917; Tao Juyin, Beiyang junfa , 3: 144. [BACK]
6. Central China Post , June 2, 1917, enclosed in USDS 893.00/2640 (Cunningham, June 2, 1917). [BACK]
7. This would become increasingly evident after Feng's death in 1920, when Wang tried to assume Feng's role as chief intermediary continue
between the north and south. In 1921, Wang even attempted to fashion a central China alliance of Beiyang and non-Beiyang provinces with himself as its leader. Liu Cuochen, 7; Shuntian ribao , June 5 and 8, 1921. [BACK]
8. Guomin xinbao , June 2 and 3, 1917. The U.S. consul at Hankou reported that pressure from the business community influenced Wang's position. USDS 893.00/2640 (Cunningham, June 2, 1917). [BACK]
9. Shibao , June 17 and 25, July 3, 1917; Central China Post , June 2, 1917, enclosed in USDS 893.00/2640 (Cunningham, June 2, 1917). [BACK]
10. Central China Post , June 2, 1917, enclosed in USDS 893.00/2640 (Cunningham, June 2, 1917). [BACK]
11. Guomin xinbao , May 27 and 29, 1917. [BACK]
12. See, e.g., Liu Cuochen, 4. [BACK]
13. Ch'i, 23, 33-34. [BACK]
14. Guomin xinbao , Aug. 11 and 12, 1917; Dagongbao , Aug. 10, 1917; Dai Yue, 103; Tao Juyin, "Ji Tan Yankai." [BACK]
15. Dagongbao , Aug. 10 and Sept. 10, 1917; Tao Juyin, "Ji Tan Yankai," 98-99. [BACK]
16. Tao Juyin, Beiyang junfa , 3: 169-70, 4: 6-7, 24-30. The southern provinces preserved some flexibility in their relationship to Beijing by declaring autonomy ( zizhu ) instead of independence ( duli ). Thus they acknowledged Li's legitimacy as president while rejecting the policies forced upon him by Zhang Xun. Retaining this "autonomy" allowed them to seek compromises with Feng Guozhang, whose succession to the presidency they accepted as legitimate, while opposing Duan Qirui, whom they saw as the source of the Beijing government's "illegal" policies. [BACK]
17. Tao Juyin, Beiyang junfa , 4: 15; Qiu Ao, "Liu Jianfan Lingling duli qianhou" [The beginning and end of Liu Jianfan's independence at Lingling], WZX, 26: 75-76. [BACK]
18. Qiu Ao, "Liu Jianfan," 76-77. Although Tan denied their authenticity, southern 
newspapers 
printed telegrams he allegedly sent to other provincial leaders seeking military assistance.
Dagongbao
, Aug. 26, 1917. [BACK]
19. Tao Juyin, "Ji Tan Yankai," 96, 99; Qiu Ao, "Liu Jianfan," 77; Dai Yue, 108; Guomin xinbao , Aug. 15, 1917; Dagongbao , Aug. 23, 1917. [BACK]
20. Dagongbao , Aug. 27 and 31, Sept. 1, 1917; USDS 893.00/2797 (Johnson, Jan. 5, 1918); Tao Juyin, "Ji Tan Yankai," 99; Huang Yi'ou, "Liu Jianfan shiji huiyi" [Memoir of the deeds of Liu Jianfan], HWZ, 8: 177. [BACK]
21. Dagongbao , Aug. 30 and Sept. 20, 1917. [BACK]
22. Huang Yi'ou, "Liu Jianfan," 172-77; Guomin xinbao , Oct. 5, 1917. break [BACK]
23. Tao Juyin, Beiyang junfa , 4: 14; Dagongbao , Aug. 15, Sept. 5 and 18, 1917. [BACK]
24. Tao Juyin, "Ji Tan Yankai," 100. [BACK]
25. Dagongbao , Aug. 23, Sept. 3 and 10, 1917. [BACK]
26. Dagongbao , Aug. 23, 28, and 30, Sept. 1 and 2, 1917; Guomin xinbao , Sept. 5, 1917; Tao Juyin, "Ji Tan Yankai," 100. [BACK]
27. Dagongbao , Sept. 10 and 11, Oct. 8, 1917; Guomin xinbao , Sept. 13, 1917. [BACK]
28. Dagongbao , Sept. 19 and 21, 1917; Guomin xinbao , Sept. 22, 24, and 28, 1917; HJDJ, 361-62. [BACK]
29. Guomin xinbao , Oct. 3 and 19, 1917; Dagongbao , Sept. 10, 21, and 22, Oct. 3 and 16, 1917; Dai Yue, 104. [BACK]
30. Guomin xinbao , Oct. 9, 1917; Dagongbao , Oct. 5 and 7, 1917; Ou Jinlin, 9; Ningxiang xianzhi, xinzhi , 1: 5. [BACK]
31. Zhong Boyi, section 11; Tao Juyin, "Ji Tan Yankai," 98. [BACK]
32. Dagongbao , Aug. 28, Sept. 10 and 13, 1917; Guomin xinbao , Aug. 25, Oct. 9 and 16, 1917; Dai Yue, 105. [BACK]
33. Yang Shiji, 246; Tao Juyin, Beiyang junfa , 4: 36-37. [BACK]
34. Tao Juyin, Beiyang junfa , 4: 31-32. [BACK]
35. Guomin xinbao , Oct. 14 and 15, 1917. [BACK]
36. Dagongbao , Nov. 17, 18, and 19, 1917; Guomin xinbao , Nov. 17, 20, and 22, 1917. [BACK]
37. Dai Yue, 108; Yang Siyi, "Hufa shiqi de Xiangxi dongxiang" [West Hunan's tendencies in the constitutional protection period], HWZ, 8: 120; Guomin xinbao , Nov. 26, 1917. [BACK]
41. Chan, 15-17. [BACK]
42. Tao Juyin, Beiyang junfa , 4: 62. [BACK]
43. Zhang Lianfen, "1918 nian beiyangjun dui Xiang zuozhan jingguo" [The Beiyang Army's 1918 war experience against Hunan], WZX, 26: 95, 103.
44. Ibid., 100-101. [BACK]
43. Zhang Lianfen, "1918 nian beiyangjun dui Xiang zuozhan jingguo" [The Beiyang Army's 1918 war experience against Hunan], WZX, 26: 95, 103.
44. Ibid., 100-101. [BACK]
45. Tao Juyin, Beiyang junfa , 4: 73; Shibao , Dec. 5, 7, and 23, 1917. [BACK]
46. Shi Xingchuan specifically mentioned this grievance in his declaration of independence. Zhang Lianfen, 101-2. [BACK]
47. Shibao , Dec. 10, 1917; Guomin Xinbao , Jan. 15, 1918. These sources incorrectly identify Zhang Liansheng as a Shandong native. Official sources list Zhang as a native of the Beijing metropolitan area. However, both of Zhang's subordinate regiment commanders, Sun Jianbing and Zhao Ronghua, were Shandong men. Zhiyuanlu , 1916, no. 1: lujun guanzuo 18-19. break [BACK]
48. Shibao , Dec. 31, 1917; Guomin xinbao , Jan. 11, 1918. [BACK]
49. Zhang Lianfen, 101-2; Guomin xinbao , Jan. 3 and 4, 1918; Shibao , Jan. 11, 1918. [BACK]
50. Guomin xinbao , Jan. 4 and 13, 1918. [BACK]
51. Tao Juyin, Beiyang junfa , 4: 79; Zhang Lianfen, 96-97; Guomin xinbao , Jan. 20, 22, 26, and 28, Apr. 18, 1918; Hubei wenxian ziliao shi [Hubei documents reference room], "Xia Douyin xiansheng zhuanlue" [A biographical sketch of Mr. Xia Douyin], Hubei wenxian 8 (July 10, 1968): 5. [BACK]
52. Tao Juyin, Beiyang junfa , 4: 74, 82; HJDJ, 367-69; Qiu Ao, "Liu Jianfan," 83-85. [BACK]
53. Tao Juyin, Beiyang junfa , 4: 75, 82-85, 109.
54. Ibid., 105; Zhang Lianfen, 95. Many accounts give highly exaggerated figures for the number of northern troops involved in the Hunan campaign. For example, Yang Shiji, 248, and HJDJ, 369, report a half million men. The smaller figure used here is based on a detailed unit-by-unit contemporary accounting in Hunan shanhou xiehui [Hunan rehabilitation association], Xiangzai jilue [A record of Hunan's calamity] (n.p., 1919), 59-61. [BACK]
53. Tao Juyin, Beiyang junfa , 4: 75, 82-85, 109.
54. Ibid., 105; Zhang Lianfen, 95. Many accounts give highly exaggerated figures for the number of northern troops involved in the Hunan campaign. For example, Yang Shiji, 248, and HJDJ, 369, report a half million men. The smaller figure used here is based on a detailed unit-by-unit contemporary accounting in Hunan shanhou xiehui [Hunan rehabilitation association], Xiangzai jilue [A record of Hunan's calamity] (n.p., 1919), 59-61. [BACK]
55. HJDJ, 370-76; Hunan shanhou xiehui, 33-44. [BACK]
56. Zhang Lianfen, 98; HJDJ, 372, 375-76. [BACK]
57. Hunan shanhou xiehui, 63. [BACK]
58. Lin Xiumei, Lin Xiumei yizhu [Lin Xiumei's bequeathed writings] (n.p., 1921), 23. [BACK]
59. See, e.g., Yang Shiji, 244-45. [BACK]
60. Dagongbao , Oct. 25, 1917. [BACK]
61. Hsieh, "Ideas and Ideals of a Warlord." [BACK]
62. Pye, Warlord Politics , viii. [BACK]