The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa

  Preface
  Notes on Contributors

 collapse sectionIntroduction: Ethnicity in Southern African History
 Interpretations
 A History
 A Model
 The Situation Today
 collapse section1—  The Beginnings of Afrikaner Ethnic Consciousness, 1850–1915
 Introduction
 Ambiguous Identities Before 1850
 Early Stimulants of Afrikaner Ethnic Consciousness
 The Culture Brokers of the Western Cape during the 1870s
 The Political Mobilization of Dutch Afrikaners after 1870
 The Faltering of Ethnic Consciousness in the 1880s
 The Institutionalization of Ethnic Consciousness in the Cape to 1915
 Ethnic Revivals in the Free State and the Transvaal 1890–1915
 Revived Ethnic Mobilization After 1910
 Conclusion
 collapse section2—  Afrikaner Women and the Creation of Ethnicity in a Small South African Town, 1902–1950
 Introduction
 Towards a Unified Afrikaner Community
 A Karoo Town with a Poor White Problem
 Afrikaner Women and Their Concerns After 1900
 Afrikaner Women Organize in Cradock
 The Social Concerns of the A C V V
 The A C V V and Afrikaner Education
 Women and the Maintenance of Ethnic Boundaries
 Conclusion
 collapse section3—  Exclusion, Classification and Internal Colonialism: The Emergence of Ethnicity Among the Tsonga-Speakers of South Africa
 Introduction
 The Migrations of Tsonga-speakers
 Missionaries and the Definition of the 'Tsonga Tribe'
 The African Mode of Self-Identification
 Africans and the Land
 The Erosion of the African Position
 The Waning of Chiefly Power
 The Consolidation of a Tsonga/Shangaan Ethnic Awareness
 The Role of the Apartheid System
 Conclusion
 collapse section4—  Missionaries, Migrants and the Manyika: The Invention of Ethnicity in Zimbabwe
 Introduction: Politics Through a Tribal Lens
 Ethnicity and History
 Ethnicity, History and the Early Colonial Administration
 Language and Ethnicity: the American Methodist Episcopal Church
 Language and Ethnicity: the Anglican Church
 Language and Ethnicity: the Roman Catholic Church
 Manyika Identity and the Migrant Labour Factor
 The Movement Towards a Shona Identity
 Conclusion
 collapse section5—  Tribalism in the Political History of Malawi
 Introduction
 An Ethnographic Mélange in the North
 The Seeds of Tumbuka Ethnic Identity
 Ethnic Ideology and the Livingstonia Mission
 Chiefly Powers and Social Control
 Ngoni Ethnic Consciousness
 Language Policy and the Creation of Northern Regionalism
 Chiefs, Planters, and Immigrants in the South
 Tribalism from Above: the Strengthening of the Yao Chiefs
 Dissatisfactions in the Central Province
 The Focusing of African Discontent
 Malawian Politics and the Rise of Chewa Ethnicity
 collapse section6—  History, Ethnicity and Change in the 'Christian Kingdom' of Southeastern Zaire
 Identity, Conflict and History
 Enclave of Order/ Seat of Dissent: a Christian Kingdom in Central Africa
 Two Culture Brokers for a 'Tabwa' Identity
 Conclusion
 collapse section7—  Patriotism, Patriarchy and Purity: Natal and the Politics of Zulu Ethnic Consciousness
 Introduction
 Ethnic Ideology in the Inter-war Years
 Social Disintegration and Changing Zulu Mores
 The Selection and Assembling of an Ethnic Ideology
 Neo-Traditionalism and the 'Proper' Conduct of Zulu Women
 'Bantu Dancing' as a Focus for Ethnic Ambiguity
 collapse section8—  Coloured Identity and Coloured Politics in the Western Cape Region of South Africa
 Introduction
 Bullets and Ballots
 The Critical Years (Circa 1890–1905)
 The Rear-guard
 Conclusion
 collapse section9—  'We are all Portuguese!' Challenging the Political Economy of Assimilation: Lourenco Marques, 1870–1933
 Introduction and Perspective
 Southern Mozambique in the Late Nineteenth Century Regional Economy
 The Origins of the Black Elite—Trade and Influence
 Changing Demography and Social Relations
 Portugal's Civilizing Mission: Engineering Inequality
 Challenging Assimilation: 'We are all Portuguese!'
 The Laws of Exception
 João Albasini and the Challenge to 'Assimilated' Status
 The Paralysis of Elite Black Opposition in the 1930s
 collapse section10—  A Nation Divided? The Swazi in Swaziland and the Transvaal, 1865–1986
 Introduction: The Swazi of South Africa
 The Partition of the Swazi People
 The Swazi Elite and the Changing Political Economy
 Whites and Blacks Press for 'Retribalization'
 Sobhuza II and Ethnic Mobilization
 Sobhuza II and the Swazi of South Africa
 Political Developments in Swaziland After World War II
 The Cultural Element in Swazi Politics
 Ethnic Mobilization Falters Amongst South African Swazi
 Politics and History in a Bantustan Under Apartheid
 Conclusion
 collapse section11—  The Formation of the Political Culture of Ethnicity in the Belgian Congo, 1920–1959
 A Prolegomenon
 The Invention of 'the Luba' in the Belgian Congo
 The Growth of a Common Luba Culture'
 The Entrenching of a New Luba Identity
 The Contradictions in being a Luba
 Women and Ethnicity
 Conclusion
 collapse section12—  The 'Wild' and 'Lazy' Lamba: Ethnic Stereotypes on the Central African Copperbelt
 Introduction
 The Lamba, Slave Raiding and the Advent of Colonial Rule
 Early Colonialism and Ethnic Stigmatization
 Poverty, Prestige and African Stigmatization 1930–1960
 The Lamba in the Northern Rhodesian Towns
 Lamba Resentment
 Conclusion
 collapse section13—  From Ethnic Identity to Tribalism: The Upper Zambezi Region of Zambia, 1830–1981
 Introduction
 The Luvale and the Lunda
 The Upper Zambezi Slave Trade, 1830–1907
 The Early Administration of Balovale Sub-District, C. 1907-C. 1930
 The Evolution of the Colonial Political Economy 1920–1960
 The Luvale History Project, 1938–1981
 Conclusion
 collapse section14—  Ethnicity and Pseudo-Ethnicity in the Ciskei
 Introduction: The Ciskei's Land and People
 The Ciskei Versus the Transkei in Historical Perspective
 Mfengu-Rharhabe Rivalry and the Rise of Lennox Sebe
 Resettlement and Ethnicity
 Lennox Sebe Changes His Tune
 The Threat From Transkei
 Pseudo-Ethnicity: The 'Making' of a 'Nation'
 Conclusion

 collapse sectionNotes
 Preface
 Introduction: Ethnicity in Southern African History
 1— The Beginnings of Afrikaner Ethnic Consciousness, 1850–1915
 2— Afrikaner Women and the Creation of Ethnicity in a Small South African Town, 1902–1950
 3— Exclusion, Classification and Internal Colonialism: The Emergence of Ethnicity Among the Tsonga-Speakers of South Africa
 4— Missionaries, Migrants and the Manyika: The Invention of Ethnicity in Zimbabwe
 5— Tribalism in the Political History of Malawi1
 6— History, Ethnicity and Change in the 'Christian Kingdom' of Southeastern Zaire
 7— Patriotism, Patriarchy and Purity: Natal and the Politics of Zulu Ethnic Consciousness1
 8— Coloured Identity and Coloured Politics in the Western Cape Region of South Africa
 9— 'We are all Portuguese!' Challenging the Political Economy of Assimilation: Lourenco Marques, 1870–1933
 10— A Nation Divided? The Swazi in Swaziland and the Transvaal, 1865–1986
 11— The Formation of the Political Culture of Ethnicity in the Belgian Congo, 1920–19591
 12— The 'Wild' and 'Lazy' Lamba: Ethnic Stereotypes on the Central African Copperbelt
 13— From Ethnic Identity to Tribalism: The Upper Zambezi Region of Zambia, 1830–1981
 14— Ethnicity and Pseudo-Ethnicity in the Ciskei
 collapse sectionIndex
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