The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa
  Preface
  Notes on Contributors

 collapse sectionIntroduction: Ethnicity in Southern African History
 •Interpretations
 •A History
 •A Model
 •The Situation Today
 collapse section1—  The Beginnings of Afrikaner Ethnic Consciousness, 1850–1915
 •Introduction
 •Ambiguous Identities Before 1850
 •Early Stimulants of Afrikaner Ethnic Consciousness
 •The Culture Brokers of the Western Cape during the 1870s
 •The Political Mobilization of Dutch Afrikaners after 1870
 •The Faltering of Ethnic Consciousness in the 1880s
 •The Institutionalization of Ethnic Consciousness in the Cape to 1915
 •Ethnic Revivals in the Free State and the Transvaal 1890–1915
 •Revived Ethnic Mobilization After 1910
 •Conclusion
 collapse section2—  Afrikaner Women and the Creation of Ethnicity in a Small South African Town, 1902–1950
 •Introduction
 •Towards a Unified Afrikaner Community
 •A Karoo Town with a Poor White Problem
 •Afrikaner Women and Their Concerns After 1900
 •Afrikaner Women Organize in Cradock
 •The Social Concerns of the A C V V
 •The A C V V and Afrikaner Education
 •Women and the Maintenance of Ethnic Boundaries
 •Conclusion
 collapse section3—  Exclusion, Classification and Internal Colonialism: The Emergence of Ethnicity Among the Tsonga-Speakers of South Africa
 •Introduction
 •The Migrations of Tsonga-speakers
 •Missionaries and the Definition of the 'Tsonga Tribe'
 •The African Mode of Self-Identification
 •Africans and the Land
 •The Erosion of the African Position
 •The Waning of Chiefly Power
 •The Consolidation of a Tsonga/Shangaan Ethnic Awareness
 •The Role of the Apartheid System
 •Conclusion
 collapse section4—  Missionaries, Migrants and the Manyika: The Invention of Ethnicity in Zimbabwe
 •Introduction: Politics Through a Tribal Lens
 •Ethnicity and History
 •Ethnicity, History and the Early Colonial Administration
 •Language and Ethnicity: the American Methodist Episcopal Church
 •Language and Ethnicity: the Anglican Church
 •Language and Ethnicity: the Roman Catholic Church
 •Manyika Identity and the Migrant Labour Factor
 •The Movement Towards a Shona Identity
 •Conclusion
 collapse section5—  Tribalism in the Political History of Malawi
 •Introduction
 •An Ethnographic Mélange in the North
 •The Seeds of Tumbuka Ethnic Identity
 •Ethnic Ideology and the Livingstonia Mission
 •Chiefly Powers and Social Control
 •Ngoni Ethnic Consciousness
 •Language Policy and the Creation of Northern Regionalism
 •Chiefs, Planters, and Immigrants in the South
 •Tribalism from Above: the Strengthening of the Yao Chiefs
 •Dissatisfactions in the Central Province
 •The Focusing of African Discontent
 •Malawian Politics and the Rise of Chewa Ethnicity
 collapse section6—  History, Ethnicity and Change in the 'Christian Kingdom' of Southeastern Zaire
 •Identity, Conflict and History
 •Enclave of Order/ Seat of Dissent: a Christian Kingdom in Central Africa
 •Two Culture Brokers for a 'Tabwa' Identity
 •Conclusion
 collapse section7—  Patriotism, Patriarchy and Purity: Natal and the Politics of Zulu Ethnic Consciousness
 •Introduction
 •Ethnic Ideology in the Inter-war Years
 •Social Disintegration and Changing Zulu Mores
 •The Selection and Assembling of an Ethnic Ideology
 •Neo-Traditionalism and the 'Proper' Conduct of Zulu Women
 •'Bantu Dancing' as a Focus for Ethnic Ambiguity
 collapse section8—  Coloured Identity and Coloured Politics in the Western Cape Region of South Africa
 •Introduction
 •Bullets and Ballots
 •The Critical Years (Circa 1890–1905)
 •The Rear-guard
 •Conclusion
 collapse section9—  'We are all Portuguese!' Challenging the Political Economy of Assimilation: Lourenco Marques, 1870–1933
 •Introduction and Perspective
 •Southern Mozambique in the Late Nineteenth Century Regional Economy
 •The Origins of the Black Elite—Trade and Influence
 •Changing Demography and Social Relations
 •Portugal's Civilizing Mission: Engineering Inequality
 •Challenging Assimilation: 'We are all Portuguese!'
 •The Laws of Exception
 •João Albasini and the Challenge to 'Assimilated' Status
 •The Paralysis of Elite Black Opposition in the 1930s
 collapse section10—  A Nation Divided? The Swazi in Swaziland and the Transvaal, 1865–1986
 •Introduction: The Swazi of South Africa
 •The Partition of the Swazi People
 •The Swazi Elite and the Changing Political Economy
 •Whites and Blacks Press for 'Retribalization'
 •Sobhuza II and Ethnic Mobilization
 •Sobhuza II and the Swazi of South Africa
 •Political Developments in Swaziland After World War II
 •The Cultural Element in Swazi Politics
 •Ethnic Mobilization Falters Amongst South African Swazi
 •Politics and History in a Bantustan Under Apartheid
 •Conclusion
 collapse section11—  The Formation of the Political Culture of Ethnicity in the Belgian Congo, 1920–1959
 •A Prolegomenon
 •The Invention of 'the Luba' in the Belgian Congo
 •The Growth of a Common Luba Culture'
 •The Entrenching of a New Luba Identity
 •The Contradictions in being a Luba
 •Women and Ethnicity
 •Conclusion
 collapse section12—  The 'Wild' and 'Lazy' Lamba: Ethnic Stereotypes on the Central African Copperbelt
 •Introduction
 •The Lamba, Slave Raiding and the Advent of Colonial Rule
 •Early Colonialism and Ethnic Stigmatization
 •Poverty, Prestige and African Stigmatization 1930–1960
 •The Lamba in the Northern Rhodesian Towns
 •Lamba Resentment
 •Conclusion
 collapse section13—  From Ethnic Identity to Tribalism: The Upper Zambezi Region of Zambia, 1830–1981
 •Introduction
 •The Luvale and the Lunda
 •The Upper Zambezi Slave Trade, 1830–1907
 •The Early Administration of Balovale Sub-District, C. 1907-C. 1930
 •The Evolution of the Colonial Political Economy 1920–1960
 •The Luvale History Project, 1938–1981
 •Conclusion
 collapse section14—  Ethnicity and Pseudo-Ethnicity in the Ciskei
 •Introduction: The Ciskei's Land and People
 •The Ciskei Versus the Transkei in Historical Perspective
 •Mfengu-Rharhabe Rivalry and the Rise of Lennox Sebe
 •Resettlement and Ethnicity
 •Lennox Sebe Changes His Tune
 •The Threat From Transkei
 •Pseudo-Ethnicity: The 'Making' of a 'Nation'
 •Conclusion

 collapse sectionNotes
 •Preface
 •Introduction: Ethnicity in Southern African History
 •1— The Beginnings of Afrikaner Ethnic Consciousness, 1850–1915
 •2— Afrikaner Women and the Creation of Ethnicity in a Small South African Town, 1902–1950
 •3— Exclusion, Classification and Internal Colonialism: The Emergence of Ethnicity Among the Tsonga-Speakers of South Africa
 •4— Missionaries, Migrants and the Manyika: The Invention of Ethnicity in Zimbabwe
 •5— Tribalism in the Political History of Malawi1
 •6— History, Ethnicity and Change in the 'Christian Kingdom' of Southeastern Zaire
 •7— Patriotism, Patriarchy and Purity: Natal and the Politics of Zulu Ethnic Consciousness1
 •8— Coloured Identity and Coloured Politics in the Western Cape Region of South Africa
 •9— 'We are all Portuguese!' Challenging the Political Economy of Assimilation: Lourenco Marques, 1870–1933
 •10— A Nation Divided? The Swazi in Swaziland and the Transvaal, 1865–1986
 •11— The Formation of the Political Culture of Ethnicity in the Belgian Congo, 1920–19591
 •12— The 'Wild' and 'Lazy' Lamba: Ethnic Stereotypes on the Central African Copperbelt
 •13— From Ethnic Identity to Tribalism: The Upper Zambezi Region of Zambia, 1830–1981
 •14— Ethnicity and Pseudo-Ethnicity in the Ciskei
 collapse sectionIndex
 •A
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 •D
 •E
 •F
 •G
 •H
 •I
 •J
 •K
 •L
 •M
 •N
 •O
 •P
 •R
 •S
 •T
 •U
 •V
 •W
 •X
 •Y
 •Z
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