Index
A
Abantu-Batho (newspaper), 295
Abdallah, Rev., Yohanna B., 171
Abdurahman, 249 -51
Adams College (Natal), 224 , 233
African National Congress (ANC), 16 , 215 -7, 219 , 298 , 308 , 313 , 315 -6, 396 , 404 , 410
African Peoples' Organization (APO), 248 -51
Afrikaans Christian Women's Association (ACV), 62 -76
Afrikaans language, 33 -5, 38 , 41 , 43 , 45 -6, 48 , 50 , 61 , 63 , 71 -2, 81 n
Afrikaner Bond, 36 -42, 44 , 245
Agriculture, African, 95 -7, 171 , 174 -8, 330 , 333 , 355 , 357 , 359 , see also labour tenancy and thangata
Agriculture, European, 30 , 58 , 167 -8, 171 , 174 , 181 , 218
Albasini, João (the elder), 84 , 91 -2
Albasini, João dos Santos, 275 , 280
Albasini, José, 271 , 274 -5, 277 -8, 280
alcoholism, 273
amakholwa ('converted ones'), 217 , 223 -4, 230 , 302 , see also petty bourgeoisie American Methodist Episcopal Church
Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902), 43 , 46 -7, 49 -50, 55 -8, 61 , 71 , 74 -5, 94 , 96 , 243 -5, 268 , 293
anthropologists, as definers of 'tribal' borders, 82 , 98 , 301
assimilado status (Mozambique), 256 , 258 , 269 -70, 272 , 274 , 277 , 280
Athlone, Lord, High Commissioner in South Africa, 297
B
Banda, Hastings Kamuzu, President of Malawi, x , 166 , 179 -83
Bandawe, Lewis, 172
Bantu Administration Act (1951) (South Africa), 305
Bantu Authorities Act (1951) (South Africa), 103 -4, 398
Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act (1970) (South Africa), 106 , 314
Bantu Purity League, 228
Bantustans:
Bophuthatswana, 395 -6;
Gazankulu, 106 -9;
KaNgwane, 289 , 304 -5, 308 -16;
Lebowa, 106 ;
Transkei, 312 -3, 396 -8, 401 -4, 409 -10;
Bantustan policy, 82 , 104 -110, 305 , 308 -14, 395 , see also names of individual bantustans
Belgian Congo, 324 -42
Bemba language, 153 , 193 , 329
Bemba people (Zambia), 17 , 362 , 382 -3
Bhila, H.H.K., 122
Bhunu, King of Swaziland, 293
Bible, 32 -4, 126 -8, 130 -3, 154 , 166 , 172 , 351
Biko, Steve, 396
Bisho (Ciskei), 405 , 407 -8, 410
black consciousness movement, 396
Bophuthatswana, (Bantustan), 395 -6
Botha, Louis, Prime Minister of South Africa, 47 -9, 64 , 71 , 296
Botha, Roloef (Pik), 313
Brand, J.H., President of Orange Free State, 29 , 37
bridewealth, 8 , 153 , 158 , 222 , 291 , 360
British South African Company (BSAC), 123 , 352 , 354 , 377 , 392 n
Burgers, T.F., President of the Transvaal, 29
Burns-Ncamashe, Chief S.M. (Ciskei), 401 , 403
Buthelezi, Chief Gatsha, Chief Minister of the KwaZulu Bantustan, 107 , 110 , 215 -6, 240 n, 289 , 312 , 410
Buxton, Lord, High Commissioner for South Africa, 295
bywoners, 24 , 32 , 38 -9, 47 -9, 59 -60, 68 , 92 , 96 , see also poor white problem
C
Cabinet Crisis, in Malawi (1964-5), ix -x, 151 , 179 -80, 182 , 184
Cape African Teachers' Association (CATA), 233 -4
Cape Colony, 22 -50
Cape Coloureds, 9 , 35 , 60 , 73 -4, 139 , 241 -51, 263
Cape liberalism, 31 , 242 , 398
Carnegie Commission on the Poor White Problem, 59 , 69 -70, 72 , 74
Champion, Allison Wessels George, 218 , 223 , 236 n, 237 n, 299
Chavuma area (Zambia), 372 -3, 375 , 378 -80, 383 -9
Chewa language, 173 , 181 , 183
Chewa-speaking peoples (Malawi), ix , 151 , 173 -85
Chibambo, Rev. Yesaya, 160 , 182
chibaro, see forced labour
chieftainship, 15 , 90 -91, 97 -100, 103 , 108 , 155 -9, 292 , 295 , 297 , 307 , 332 -4, 338 -9, 373 , 376 -9, 384 , 392 n, see also indirect rule
Chikulamayembe, Chief (Malawi), 152 , 155 -6, 159
Chikunda traders, 351
Chilembwe Rising (1915), 168 -9, 171 , 180
Chilembwe, Rev. John, 166 , 168 -9, 174 -5
Chimurenga Uprising (1896), 131 -2
Chinula, Rev. Charles, 160 , 165
Chinyama, Thomas, 383 , 388 -9
Chiwala, Chief (Zambia), 352 -3, 355
Chokwe people (Angola), 375 , 379 , 384 , 387
Christian Mission in Many Lands, see Plymouth Brethren, 377 , 380 , 388
Ciskei (Bantustan), 313 , 395 -413
Ciskei Central Intelligence Service, 397 , 410
Ciskei National Independence Party (CNIP), 397 , 399 , 402 -3
Ciskei People's Rights Protection Party, 397
civilized labour policy, 69 , 218
class, social, 55 -7;
identity, 62 ;
conflict, 14 , 76 , 226 , 325 ;
formation, 32 , 48 -9, 96 -7, 235 n, 299 , 327 , 337 -9
Coloured People's Vigilance Society, 248
Congo Free State, 197 -9
Copperbelt, 194 , 350 -66, 375
Cradock (South Africa), 58 -76
Credit Trade With Natives Ordinance (Nyasaland), 175
cultuce brokers, 11 , 17 , 73 , 152 , 156 , 162 -3, 181 , 256 , 312 , 330 -32
Cunnision, Ian, 194 -5
D
dancing, African, 102 , 182 , 229 -32, 409
Depression, Great, 97 , 138 , 172 , 175 , 218 , 227 , 256 , 279 -81, 300 , 329 , 356 , 359
Dhlomo, Rolfes, 224 -5
Dias, Estacio, 257 , 275 , 280
District Administration (Natives) Act (DANO) (1912) (Nyasaland), 158 , 162 , 169 -71
divide and rule policies, 3 , 83 , 99 , 102 , 104 -5, 110 , 146 , 164 , 169 , 241 -2, 249 , 261 , 373 , 378
Diamini, Dumisa, 305 -6
Doke, Clement Martyn, 127 , 351 , 368 n
Dual Economy model, 337
Dube, John, 100 , 216 , 219 , 221 -4, 227 , 236 n, 295
Dutch language, 27 -8, 30 , 38 , 43 , 45
Dutch Reformed Church, 25 , 27 , 33 -5, 41 -2, 44 , 47 , 49 , 64 , 75 , 165 , 174
Du Toit, S.J., 33 -4, 36 -8, 41 , 50
E
ecological degredation, 160 -61, 176 -8
education, in Swaziland, 301
educational policy, 68 -70, 159 , 167 , 249 , 384 -5
English language, 27 -8, 30 , 34 , 38 , 48 , 50 , 63 , 71 , 81 n, 143 , 153 , 165
évolués (Zaire), 338 -9, 341 -2
F
faction fights, 141 , 143 , 215 , 225 , 232 -3, 238 n
Farnana, Panda, 204
forced labour, 199 , 271 , 273 , 277 , 280 , 354 , 380
Forminiere company, 328 -9
Fort Hare, University of, 396 , 404 , 407 , 409
Freedom Charter, 110
Freire de Andrade, A.A., 266 , 268 , 277
G
Gaza Nguni people (Mozambique), 83 -4, 121 , 260 -62
Gazankulu (Bantustan), 106 -9
Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners (Fellowship of True Afrikaners), 34
German Lutheran missionaries, 91 -2
Gondwe, Chilongozi, 155 , 159 , see also Chikulainayembe
Gondwe, John, 159 , see also Chikulainayembe
Great Trek of 1835-38, 22 , 36 , 76
Greeley, Rev. E.H., 26 -28
Grêmio Africano, 256 -7, 260 , 268 -72, 275 , 280 , 287 n
Gumede, J.T., 299
Gwede, Focus, 151
H
Hamelberg, H.A.L., 25
Hansen, Arthur, 389
Healdtown school (Ciskei), 396 , 404
Hebe, S., 403
Henga people (Malawi), 153 -4, 165 , 186 n
Henricks, Katie, 139
Hertzog, James Barry, Prime Minister of South Africa, 44 , 46 , 219 , 298 -9, 303 -4
Het Volk Party (Transvaal), 47 -8
history, as ideological construct, 48 , 76 , 155 -7, 159 , 162 , 166 , 173 , 180 -3, 204 -6, 224 , 301 , 312 , 331 -2, 335 , 387 -90, 398 , 400 -1, 405 -6
Hoernlé, Winifred, 301
Hofmeyr (Onze) Jan, 26 , 31 , 35 -41, 63 , 245
Hofstede, H.J., 29
Hoogenhout, C.P., 33 -4
I
Imbokodvo National Movement (Swaziland), 306 -7
Indians, in Mozambique, 264 -5, 268 ;
in South Africa, 215 , 223 , 240 n
indígna status (Mozambique), 256 , 258 , 269 , 272 , 274
indigène status (Belgian Congo), 328 , 336 , 339 -40
Indirect Rule, 11 , 13 -15, 158 , 165 , 169 , 172 , 300 , 304 -5, 328 , 331 -2, 373 , 377 -9, 384 -5
Industrial and Commercial Workers Union (ICU), 138 , 216 , 218 -9, 222 , 250 , 277 , 298 -9
industrialization, 33 , 327 , 331 -2, 334 -5, 339
Inkatha movement (among Zulu), 215 -7, 222 , 234 , 240 n, 312
Institute Negrofilo,257 , 280 , 287 n
International African Association (IAA), 196 -7, 207
Intsika yeSizwe movement (Ciskei), 408
Inyanda National Movement (of KaNgwane), 311
Ishinde, Chief (Zambia), 372 , 375 , 377 , 379 , 383 , 388 -9
J
Jabavu, J.T., 396
Jere, Chief Chimtunga (Malawi), 162 -3, 170
Jordaan, Elizabeth, 62 -7, 69 , 75
Joubert, Leopold-Louis, 197 -9, 207
K
kaDinizulu, Chief Solomon (Zulu), 217 -8, 225
Kalanga people (Zimbabwe), 118 , 121
KaNgwane (Bantustan), 289 , 304 -5, 308 -16
Kaoze, Rev. Stefano, 195 -6, 198 , 200 -7
Karanga people (Zimbabwe), 118 -21, 127 , 133 -4
Katanga (Shaba), 329 -31, 351 -5
Khambashe 'people', in Ciskei, 400 -1
Kimberley diamond fields, 28 -31, 247
Kimpinde, Msgr., 196 , 201 , 204
King William's Town (South Africa), 395 -6, 404 , 407
Kitendwe, Chief (Zaire), 199
Koopmans de Wet, Marie, 61 -3, 71
Koornhof, Piet, 313
Korekore people (Zimbabwe), 118 -21, 134
Kruger, Paul, President of the Transvaal, 36 -41, 46 -7
KwaZulu (Bantustan), 289 , 395 , 410
L
Labotsibeni, Queen Regent of Swaziland, 294 -6
labour migrancy, 8 -10, 14 -16, 102 -3, 107 , 137 -41, 156 , 158 -9, 161 , 163 , 176 -7, 226 , 228 -9, 262 , 264 , 292 , 294 , 300 , 305 , 315 , 329 -30, 381 -2
labour recruitment, forced, see forced labour
labour tenancy, 93 -5, 97 , 104 , 291 , 293 , see also thangata
Lake Tanganyika, 194 , 196 -8, 200 , 202 , 204
Lakeside Tonga people (Malawi), 152 -4, 156 -7
Lamba language, 364
Lamba people (Zambia), 350 -66
Land Speculation Act (1971) (Swaziland), 306
language, 4 , 11 -13, 34 , 333 ;
policy, 164 -6;
research, 129 -33,
see also names of individual languages
Lavigerie, Cardinal, 197 , 200 -1
Lebowa (Bantustan), 106
Lechaptois, Msgr., 200
Lebombo mountains (South Africa), 83 , 93 , 291
legislation, Malawi :
Malawi Land Act, (1965), 181 ;
Mozambique:Regulamento de Serviçais e Trabalhadores Indigenas (1904), 273 -4;
Nyasalasd : Credit Trade With Natives Ordinance, 175 ;
District Administration (Natives) Act (DANO) (1912), 158 , 162 , 169 -71;
Native Foodstuffs Ordinance, 175 ;
South Africa : Bantu Administration Act (1951), 305 ;
Bantu Authorities Act (1951), 103 -4, 398 ;
Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act (1970), 106 , 314 ;
Native Administration Act (1927), 218 , 290 , 297 ;
Natives Land Act (1913), 16 , 94 , 222 , 295 , 298 ;
Native Service Contract Act (1932), 297 ;
Native Trust and Land Act (1936), 98 , 303 , 309 ;
Proclamation R143 (1968), 397 , 399 ;
Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act (1959), 104 -5, 396 ;
Riotous Assemblies (Amendment) Act (1930), 218 ;
Urban Areas Act (1923), 227 ;
Union of South Africa Act (1909), 72 , 76 , 293 -4;
Wine and Spirits Control Act (1924), 45 ;
Swaziland : Land Speculation Act (1971), 306
Leihlo lo Babatsho (newspaper), 100 -1
Lemana college, 100
Lewanika, King of the Lozi (Zambia), 352 , 377 , 392 n
liberal tendency, in Cape Colony intellectual life, 27 -8
Linden, Ian, 182
Livingstonia Mission (Malawi), 153 -7, 159 -60, 162 -6
lobola, see bridewealth
Lomwe people (Malawi), 167 -73, 180 , 182 -3, 191 n, see also Nguru people
Lourenço-Marques (Maputo), 255 -81
Lovedale School (Ciskei), 396 , 401 , 404
Lozi people (Zambia), 352
Luanshya (Zambia), 354 , 356 , 358 -60, 363 , 365
Luapula area (Zambia), 194 -5
Luba people (Zaire and Zambia), 324 -42
Luchazi people (Angola and Zambia), 372 , 375 , 379 , 384 , 390
Lukhele, David, 308 , 310 -11, 313 -4, 316 , 323 n
Luluabourg mutiny (1944) (Zaire), 338
Lunda language, 384
Lunda people (Zaire and Zambia), 330 , 372 -90
Luso-Africans (Mozambique), 9 , 255 -81
Lutherans, see German Lutheran missionaries
Luthuli, Albert, 217 , 222 -4, 235 n, 237 n, 316
Luvale people (Zambia), 372 -90
M
Mabandia, Justice, 397 , 399 -400, 402 , 404
Mabandla, Prince of Swaziland and Prime Minister, 315
Mabuza, Enos, Chief Minister of KaNgwane Bantustan, 289 , 303 , 310 -16
MacDonnel Commission (1938-41), 383 -5
Makhanya, Violet Sibusisiwe, 227 -9
Makhosini, Prince of Swaziland, 307
Makololo chiefs (Malawi), 166 , 180
Makoni, Chief (Zimbabwe), 122 -5, 128 -9, 131 -2, 134 , 139 -41, 143
Malan, D.F., 41 , 43 -5, 49 , 63 -4, 68 , 96
Malawi Congress Party (MCP), ix , 151 , 178
Malawi Land Act (1965), 181
Malawi, 151 -84
Mahnowski, Bronislaw, 301
Malunge, Prince of Swaziland, 294 -5
Manda, Chief (Zaire), 201 , 205 -7
Manda, Rev. Edward Bote, 156 -7, 159 , 162 , 172 , 182 , 187 n
Mandela, Nelson, 396
Mang'anja language, 166 , see also Nyanja language
Mang'anja people (Malawi), 166 , 180
Manyika people (Zimbabwe), 118 -46
Maqoma, Chief Lent W. (Ciskei), 397 , 401 , 403 , 406 , 409
Marais, J.H. (Jannie), 44
Mashangana Territorial Authority, 105 -6, see also Gazankulu
Matanzima, Kaiser, Chief Minister of Transkei Bantustan, 396 -7, 403 , 409
Matsebula, J.S.M., 302
Maungwe, chiefdom of (Zimbabwe), 122 -4, 134
Mbandzeni, King of Swaziland, 291 , 293
Mbeki, Govan, 396
Mbunda people (Angola), 372 , 379 , 384 , 390
Mdantsane (Ciskei), 395 ;
bus boycott in 1983, 397 , 404 , 408
Merriman, J.X., 49 , 55 -6, 61
Mfanasabili, Prince of Swaziland and nephew of Sobhuza II, 307 , 316
Mfengu people (Ciskei), 397 -404, 409
Mhola, Chief, 297 -8, 300 , 304
Milner, Lord Alfred, British High Commissioner in South Africa, 47 , 57 , 244
missionary organizations:
American Methodist Episcopal (AMEC), 125 -29, 144 ;
Anglican (UMCA), 125 , 129 -34, 143 , 171 ;
Christian Mission in Many Lands (Plymouth Brethren), 377 , 380 , 388 ;
Dutch Reformed, 127 ;
Roman Catholic, 165 , 174 , 196 -201, 328 -9, 336 , 338 -40;
Scottish Presbyterian Blantyre Mission, 166 , 172 ;
Scottish Presbyterian Livingstonia Mission, 153 -7, 159 -60, 162 -6;
South African Baptists, 356 , 359 , 361 ;
German Lutherans, 91 -2;
Swiss Presbyterians, 91 -2;
Trappist/ Mariannhill, 125 , 134 -7;
White Fathers, 196 -200, 202 -7
missionaries, as culture brokers, 331 , 335 ;
as definers of ethnic borders, 11 -13, 85 -9, 91 , 125 -37, 204 , 328 -9, 335 ;
as educators, 12 , 100 , 133 , 139 , 154 , 174 , 202 , 249 , 275 , 278 , 301 , 329 , 331 , 338 -40, 361 , 380 -1;
as local rulers, 197 -200
Mitchell, Clyde, 193 , 356 -7, 360 -2
Mkolishi, Chief, 310 -11, 313 , 316
Mobutu, Sese Seko, President of Zaire, 207 -8
modernization theory, x , 1 -2, 4 , 82 , 109 , 151 -2
Moinet, Rev. Isaac, 197
Mombera Native Association, 162 -3
Mphahlele, Zeke, 233
Mshiyeni, Zulu Regent, 219 , 223 , 227 , 229
Mswati I, King of Swaziland, 290 -1, 314
Mswati II, King of Swaziland, 314
Mugabe, Robert, President of Zimbabwe, 119
Mumba, Levi, 165
Mushili, Chief (Zambia), 352 , 354 , 356 , 358 -60, 364
Mutasa, Chief (Zimbabwe), 122 -5, 128 , 131 , 138
Muwalo, A.N., see Nqumayo Muwalo
Muzorewa, Bishop Abel, 119 , 145
Mwaant Yaav, Chief (Zaire), 385 -7
Mwase, George Simeon, 175
Mwondela, John, 388
Mwondela, Willie, 388
N
Natal Bantu Teachers' Association, 219 , 224 , 233
'nation-building', 1 , 3 -4, 7 , 404 -9
National Party (South Africa), 44 , 49 -50, 398
Native Administration Act (1927) (South Africa), 218 , 290 , 297
Native Foodstuffs Ordinance (Nyasaland), 175
Natives Land Act (1913) (South Africa), 16 , 94 , 222 , 295 , 298
native reserves, 8 , 92 -4, 98 -9, 103 -5, 223 , 293 , 295 -6, 298 , 303 -4, 308 -9, 352 , 354 -5, 358 , 363 , see also Indirect Rule
Native Service Contract Act (1932) (South Africa), 297
Native Trust and Land Act (1936) (South Africa), 98 , 303 , 309
Ncwala, ceremony of Swazi people, 290 , 296 , 301 , 307 , 311 -2
Ndaba, Lloyd, 308
Ndau people (Zimbabwe), 119 , 121 , 134
Ndebele (Matabele) people (Zimbabwe), 118 -9, 133 , 141 -43
Ndevana resettlement camp (in Ciskei), 400 -1
Ndola (Zambia), 354 , 356 , 358 -60, 364
Ngidi, A.H., 223
Ngonde-speaking peoples (Malawi), 152 -6, 165 , 186 n
Ngoni people, of Chief Gomani (Malawi), 173
Ngoni people, of Chief Mbelwa (Malawi), 152 -65
Ngoni language, 154
Nguru people (Mozambique and Malawi), 167 -73, 180
Ngwane National Liberation Congress, 306 -7
Ngwenya, T.B., 307 -8, 310 , 315
Nicholls, G.N. Heaton, 217 , 222 , 235 n
Ninth Frontier War, in Cape Colony (1877-8), 400 , 402
Nkhonjera, Andrew, 155
Nkomati Accord (1984), 313
Nogueira, A.F., 265 -6
North Nyasa Native Association, 157 , 162
Nqumayo Muwalo, Albert, 151
Ntaba kaNdoda (Ciskei), 403 -8
Ntsanwisi, Hudson, Chief Minister of Gazankulu Bantustan, 107 -10
Ntsikana Day (amongst Xhosa), 398 , 405
Nxumalo, Allen, 306
Nxumalo, Benjamin, 295 , 299 -300, 306
Nxumalo, Simon, 306
Nyanja language, 153 -4, 164 -5, see also Chewa language
Nyirenda, Saulos, 155 -6
O
O Africano (newspaper), 256 , 271 , 273 -5, 277
O Brado Africano (newspaper), 256 , 271 , 273 , 278
one-party system, 2
Orange Free State, 23 -5, 29 , 37 -41, 45 -50
Ovimbundu traders, 376 -7
P
Pennevis, A., 33 -4
Peregrino, F.Z., 248
petty bourgeoisie, 82 , 96 , 100 -1, 108 , 128 -9, 143 , 154 , 156 , 168 -9, 175 -6, 180 -2, 204 , 218 , 222 , 230 , 242 , 244 -8, 250 , 255 -81, 299 -300, 315 , 326 -8, 336 , 396 , see also amakholwa, culture brokers and é.volué.s
Plaatje, Sol, 295
Plymouth Brethren mission, 377 , 380 , 388
poor white problem, 8 -9, 32 -3, 39 , 48 , 56 -76, 78 n, 92 -3, 96 , 246
primordialism, 5 -6, 14 , 82 , 109
Proclamation R143 (1968) (South Africa), 397 , 399
Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act (1959) (South Africa), 104 -5, 396
prostitution, 23 , 333 , 340 -1, 359 -60, 362 -4
R
railways, 261 -2
regionalism, in Katanga, 330
Regulamento de Servicais e Trabalhadores Indigenes (1904) (Mozambique), 273 -4
resettlement policy, 105 , 107 , 170 , 172 , 308 -9, 311 , 315 , 332 -3, 335 , 358 -9, 378 , 398 -401, 407 , see also Bantustan policy
retribalization policy, 217 , 220 -1, 290 , 297 , 304 , 332 -3, 336 , 346 n, 399 , see also indirect rule
Rharhabe Xhosa people, 398 -405, 409
Rhodes, Cecil, J., 40 , 351 -2
rinderpest epizoötic (1890s), 8 , 93 , 160 , 352
Riotous Assemblies (Amendment) Act (1930) (South Africa), 218
Roelens, Msgr, Victor, 200 -3, 205 -6
Roman Catholic Church, 165 , 174 , 196 -201, 328 -9, 336 , 338 -40
Rubusana, W.B., 396
Ruund State (Zaire), 385 -7, 389
S
Sandile, Chief Bazindhlovu (Ciskei), 399 , 401 -2
Sandile, Maxhoba, 403
Sanga clan (Zaire), 195 , 198 , 207
Sangambo, Mose K., 375 , 386 , 388 -90
Sangotsha, Isaac, 403
Schapera, Prof. Isaac, 98 -9, 301
Schoffeleers, Rev. Matthew, 182
Scottish Presbyterian Livingstonia Mission, see Livingstonia Mission
Scottish Presbyterian Blantyre Mission, see Blantyre Mission
Sebe, Charles, 397 , 401 , 410
Sebe, Khwane, 397
Sebe, Lennox, L. W., President of Ciskei Bantustan, 395 , 397 -401, 403 -9
Selborne, Lord High Commissioner in South Africa, 94 , 249 , 293
Seme, Pixley, 100 , 295 -6, 299 -301, 303 , 318 n
Shangaans (Mozambique and South Africa), 86 , 91 , 102 -3, 289
Shona, language, 120 , 129 -30, 133 , 142 -3
Shona identity, 142
Sigcawu, Chief Xolilizwe (Transkei), 402
Sithole, Masipula, 119
Sithole, Ndabaningi, 118 -19
slave trade, 153 , 196 -8, 201 , 207 , 351 , 357 , 373 -4, 376 -7, 391 n
smuggling, 258
Smuts, Jan, Prime Minister of South Africa, 46 -9, 65 , 71 , 304
Sobhuza II, King of Swaziland, 293 , 295 -307, 309 -15
Sobukwe, Robert, 396
Solomon kaDinizulu, King of the Zulu, 299
Sonandi, Charity, 406
Soshangane, King of Gaza people (Mozambique), 83 , 86
South African Allied Workers Union (SAAWU), 396
South African Baptist Mission, 356 , 359 , 361
South African Party, 44 , 46 -7
South African Natives' National Congress, 295 -7
Soweto Rising (1976), 404
Spelonken hills (South Africa), 84 -6, 92 , 94 , 97
Spring, Anita, 389
squatters, 104 , 296 , 311 , see also labour tenancy
Stellenbosch, University of, 42 , 44 , 50
Stephenson, J.E., 'Chirupula', 354
stereotypes, ethnic, 82 , 95 , 109 , 140 -41, 151 , 231 , 247 , 257 , 267 -70, 350 -66, 382 -3, 388
Steyn, M.T., President of the Orange Free State, 45 -6
Storms, Emile, 196 -8
Suckling, Rev. George, 380 -81
Swahili language, 153 , 202 , 329 -30
Swahili people, 336 , 353 , 355 , 364
Swahili traders, 351 -2
Swazi language, 290 , 302 -3, 307 , 312
Swaziland Democratic Party, 306
Swaziland Progressive Party, 306
Swaziland, 289 -316
Swiss Presbyterian mission, 91 -2
T
Tabwa language, 204
Tabwa people (Zaire), 193 -214
Tambo, Oliver, 396
Tapa, A.M., 403
taxes, 8 , 27 , 33 , 42 , 96 , 113 n, 158 -9, 161 , 170 , 173 , 199 -200, 271 , 297 , 354
Tempels, Rev. Placide, 331 , 345 n
thangata (labour rent system) (Malawi), 167 , 170 , 174 , 176 , 179 -80, 183
The Patriot (newspaper), 34 -7, 38 , 40 -1
Thompson, Joseph, 352
Tomlinson Commission, 305 , 308 , 312
Transkei (Bantustan), 312 -3, 396 -8, 401 -4, 409 -10
Transvaal, 23 -5, 29 , 36 -41, 45 -50, 82 -110, 258 , 261 , 277 , 289 -316
Trappist/Mariannhill missionaries, 125 , 134 -7
tribalism, ix -xi, 1 -2, 295 , 372 -4, 385 , 390
Tsonga people (Mozambique), 82 -110
Tumbuka language, x , 154 , 164 -6, 183
Tumbuka-speaking people (Malawi), 152 -65, 178
U
ukukhonta, Swazi custom, 307 -8
Union Minière du Haut Katanga (UMHK), 329
Union of South Africa Act (1909), 72 , 76 , 293 -4
United Democratic Front (UDF), 215
University of Malawi, 182 -3
Urban Areas Act (1923) (South Africa), 227
urbanization, 8 , 57 , 60 , 67 -8, 73 , 218 , 220 , 229 , 243 -4, 299 , 340 -1, 357
V
van der Lingen, Rev. G.W.A., 28
van Jaarsveld, Prof. F.A., 21 , 36
Venda (Bantustan), 106 -7, 395
Venda language, 106
Venda people (South Africa), 89 , 92 , 105 -6
venereal diseases, 219 , 228 -9, 235 n, 236 n
Verwoerd, Hendrik, Prime Minister of South Africa, 305 , 396
W
West Nyasa Native Association, 157
White Fathers mission, 196 -200, 202 -7
Wine and Spirits Control Act (1924) (South Africa), 45
Wine industry, in Cape Colony, 30 , 33 , 35 , 42 , 44 -5
Witwatersrand, 289 , 303 , 314
Witwatersrand gold industry, 7 , 10 , 31 , 45 , 92 , 158 , 258 -9, 262 , 264 , 293 -4, 306 , 393 n
Witwatersrand Native Labour Association (WNLA), 8 , 264 -5, 374 , 382 , 393 n
women, as culture brokers, 56 -76;
as dancers, 409 ;
as mothers, 339 -41;
as workers, 69 ;
control of, 14 -15, 140 , 158 , 163 , 220 -1, 225 -30, 331 -2, 339 -41;
education of, 69 -70, 275 , 277 ;
proletarianization of, 339 -41, 349 n;
World War I, 8 , 12 -13, 60 , 155 , 158 , 162 , 170 -1, 173 , 200 , 203 , 272 , 279 , 291 , 296 , 298 , 368 n
World War II, 177 , 302 , 304 -5, 308 , 340 -1
writing, reduction of African to, 126 -7, 132 , 135 -6, 142 , 144
X
Xaba, Wilson, 403 -4
Xhosa language, 395
Xhosa-speaking people, see Rharhabe Xhosa
Y
Yao-speaking people (Malawi), 151 , 166 -73, 180 -2
Yeke state (Zaire), 351 -2
Young, Rev. Thomas Cullen, 156 , 159 , 164 , 181 -2, 186 n
Z
Zaire, 193 -208
Zambezi district (Zambia), 372 -90
Zezuru people (Zimbabwe), 118 -21, 127 , 129 , 134 -5, 139 , 359 , 363 -5
Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU), 118 -9
Zimbabwe, 118 -46
Zuid-Afrikaansche Boeren Beschermings Vereeaiging (BBV), 35 -8, 41
Zuid-Afrikaan (newspaper), 22 , 27 , 31 , 33 -5, 38 , 40
Zulu (Cultural) Society, 216 -7, 219 , 222 -3, 225 , 228 , 230 , 233 -4
Zulu language, 302