Five— The Image of the Hysteric
1. Howard W. Telson, "Une leçon du Docteur Charcot à la Salpêtrière," Journal of the History of Medicine 35 (1980): 58. To contextualize this image see the discussion by Anne Harrington, Medicine, Mind, and the Double Brain: A Study in Nineteenth-Century Thought (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1987), 266-170. On the historiography of hysteria see Mark S. Micale, "Hysteria and Its Historiography," History of Science 27 (1989): 223-261, 319-351. See also the work on the early history of hysteria by Ilza Veith, Hysteria: The History of a Disease (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1965); H. Merskey, "Hysteria: The History of an Idea," Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 28 (1983): 428-433 as well as his "The Importance of Hysteria,'' British Journal of Psychiatry 149 (1986): 23-28; Annemarie Leibbrand and Werner Leibbrand, "Die 'koperni-kanische Wendung' des Hysteriebegriffes bei Paracelsus," Paracelsus Werk und Wirkung. Festgabe für Kurt Goldammer zum 60. Geburtstag , ed. Sepp Domandl (Vienna: Verband der Wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaften Österreichs, 1975); Helmut-Johannes Lorentz, "Si mulier obticuerit: Ein Hysterierezept des Pseudo-Apuleius," Sudhoffs Archiv 38 (1954): 20-28; Umberto de Martini, "L'isterismo: De Ippocrate a Charcot," Pagine di storia della medicina 12.6 (1968): 42-49; John Mullan, "Hypochondria and Hysteria: Sensibility and the Physicians," Eighteenth Century 25 (1983): 141-173; John R. Wright, "Hysteria and Mechanical Man," Journal of the History of Ideas 41 (1980): 233-247; Phillip R. Slavney, Perspectives on "Hysteria " (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990). [BACK]
2. J.-M. Charcot, Lectures on the Disease of the Nervous System delivered at La Salpêrière , trans. George Sigerson (London: New Sydenham Society, 1877), 271. [BACK]
3. Among the figures are Charcot beside the patient (Blanche Wittman?), Joseph Babinski in back of her, then fight to left from the back of the picture are Prof. V. Cornil, unknown, Prof. M. Debove, Prof. Mathias-Duval, Al. Londe (the head of the photographic service), Prof. Joffroy (with his head in his hand); second row from the right are Dr. Guinon, Dr. Ribot (in the foreground), Dr. Jules Clarétie, Dr. Naquet, Dr. D.-M. Bourneville, Prof. E. Brissaud, Prof. Pierre-Marie, Dr. Georges Gilles de la Tourette, Dr. Ferré, and Dr. Paul Richer (with a pencil in his hand). [BACK]
4. Oscar Wilde, "The Decay of Lying," in The Soul of Man under Socialism and Other Essays , ed. Philip Reiff (New York: Harper and Row, 1970), 72. [BACK]
5. I am aware that various names were used for the various processes developed and that "photography" was but one of them. I shall use all of these terms (or at least "photograph" and "Daguerreotype") interchangeably as I am more interested in the reaction to the object than the means by which the object was produced. On the naming of the "photograph" see Wolfgang Baier, Quellen-darstellungen zur Geschichte der Fotographie (Leipzig: Fotokinoverlag, 1965), 119-120. On the centrality of the photograph in the history of medical representation in the late nineteenth century see Renata Taureck, Die Bedeutung der Photographie für die medizinische Abbildung im 19. Jahrhundert (Cologne: Arbeiten der Forschungsstelle des Instituts für Geschichte der Medizin, 1980). [BACK]
6. On the problem of the relationship between the shift in the symptomatic structure of hysteria and the nature of the perception of this disease entity see Annemarie Leibbrand and Werner Leibbrand, "Gestaltwandel medizinischer Begriffe am Beispiel der Hysterie und der Perversion," Medizinische Klinik 69 (1974): 761-765; Robert Satow, "Where Has All the Hysteria Gone?" Psychoanalytic Review 66 (1979-80): 463-480 and the exchange of letters under the title "Why No Cases of Hysterical Psychosis?" in the American Journal of Psychiatry 143 (1986): 1070-1071. My thesis is at variance with the view of Carol Smith-Rosenberg, "The Hysterical Woman: Sex Roles in Nineteenth-Century America," Social Research 39 (1972): 652-678 as I believe that the role of medical science in shaping the "idea" of the hysteric is certainly of equal importance to the representation of the assigned social roles of the patient. See also Edward Shorter, "Paralysis: The Rise and Fall of a 'Hysterical' Symptom," Journal of Social History 19 (1986): 549-582; S. Mouchly Small, ''Concept of Hysteria: History and Reevaluation," New York State Journal of Medicine 69 (1969): 1866-1872. [BACK]
7. This plate is reproduced in Etienne Trillat, Histoire de l'hystérie (Paris: Seghers, 1986). The picture is to be found in the Musée de Reims, collection Roger-Viollet. [BACK]
8. J.-B. Luys, Iconographie photographiques des centres nerveux (Paris: Baillière, 1873). [BACK]
9. See Sander L. Gilman, Seeing the Insane (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1982), for the broader context of the image of the hysteric. [BACK]
10. J.-B. Luys, Les émotion chez sujet en état d'hypnotisme (Paris: Baillière, 1887). The photographic images of his patients at the Salpêtrière are reproduced in the exhibition catalogue by Jacqueline Sonolet, ed., J. M. Charcot et l'hysterie au xixe siècle (Chapelle de la Salpêtrière, 2-18 juin 1982,), 33 (plate 74). [BACK]
11. Luys, Les émotions chez les sujets . [BACK]
12. Gilman, Seeing the Insane , 83. [BACK]
13. Louis Battaille, "Deux Cas d'Anorexie Hystérique," Nouvelle Iconographie de la Salpêtrière 5 (1892): 276-278 (plate opposite p. 277). [BACK]
14. Arthur Gamgee, "An Account of a Demonstration on the Phenomena of Hystero-epilepsy," British Medical Journal 2 (1878): 544-548. Cited by E. M. Thornton, Hypnotism, Hysteria and Epilepsy: An Historical Synthesis (London: William Heinemann, 1976), 144. [BACK]
15. A lithographed plate based on a photograph representing the type of patient described is to be found in the image from Paul Regnard, Les maladies épidémiques de l'esprit: Sorcellerie magnétisrae, morphinisme, délire des grandeurs (Paris: E. Plon, Nourrit et Cie., 1887), 359. Other such evocations of hysterical symptoms using the tuning fork are represented by the disembodied hand of the physician and the face of the patient. See Paul Richer, "Gonflement du cou chez un hystérique," Nouvelle Iconographie de la Salpêtrière 2 (1889): 17-20 (plate 34). See also the photograph of a similar patient taken from the Iconographie de la Salpêtrière , reproduced in the exhibition catalogue by Sonolet, J. M. Charcot et l'hysterie au xixe siècle , 36. [BACK]
16. In this context see Esther Fischer-Homburger, Krankheit Frau und andere Arbeiten zur Medizingeschichte der Frau (Bern: Hans Huber, 1979); Wendy Mitchinson, "Hysteria and Insanity in Women: A Nineteenth-Century Canadian Perspective," Journal of Canadian Studies 21 (1980): 87-104; Regina Schaps, Hysterie und Weiblichkeit: Wissenschaft über die Frau (Frankfurt/Main and New York: Campus Verlag, 1982). [BACK]
17. Charcot, Lectures on the Disease of the Nervous System , pp. 230 and 264. [BACK]
18. Purves Stewart, "Two Lectures on the Diagnosis of Hysteria," The Practitioner 72 (1903): 457. [BACK]
19. See the review of the first volume of the Iconographie photographique de la Salpêtrière in Progrès médical 7 (1879): 331. On the general background of these concepts see Léon Chertok, "Hysteria, Hypnosis, Psychopathology," Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 161 (1975): 367-378; Maurice Dongier, "Briquet and Briquet's Syndrome Viewed from France," Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 28 (1983): 422-427; François M. Mai, "Pierre Briquet: Nineteenth Century Savant with Twentieth Century Ideas," Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 28 (1983): 418-421; Jean-Jacques Goblot, ''Extase, hystérie, possession: Les théories d'Alexandre Bertrand," Romantisme 24 (1979): 53-59; E. Gordon, "The Development of Hysteria as a Psychiatric Concept," Comprehensive Psychiatry 25 (1984): 532-537; Leston L. Havens, "Charcot and Hysteria," Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 141 (1965): 505-516. [BACK]
20. On the problem of the metaphor of the "germ theory" and its role in the evolution of the depiction of the hysteric see K. Codell Carter, "Germ Theory, Hysteria, and Freud's Early Work in Psychopathology," Medical History 24 (1980): 259-274. [BACK]
21. Georges Canguilhem, The Normal and the Pathological , trans. Carolyn R. Fawcett (New York: Zone, 1989), 40. [BACK]
22. See the development of the redefinition of hysteria from the 1952 DSM discussions of "psychoneurotic disorders" ( Diagnostic and Statistical Manual: Mental Disorders [Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association, 1952], 31-35) to the discussion of the representation of the hysteric in DSM-III-R ( Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , 3d ed. revised [Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association, 1987], 205-207, 257-259, 269-277, 318-320, 348-349). [BACK]
23. Friedrich Nietzsche, The Will to Power , trans. Walter Kaufmann and R. J. Hollingdale (New York: Vintage, 1968), 33. [BACK]
24. Sander L. Gilman, ed., The Face of Madness: Hugh W. Diamond and the Origin of Psychiatric Photography (New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1976), 21. [BACK]
25. Gilman, Face of Madness , 23.
26. Ibid., 10. [BACK]
25. Gilman, Face of Madness , 23.
26. Ibid., 10. [BACK]
27. I am discounting at present the recent work on the physiology of stress and anxiety which may, however, provide a future basis for an understanding of the psychological "startle effect" of innovative art. The incorporation of new experiences and their articulation in terms of existing models of perception may be our means of dealing with such stress. See Jeffrey A. Gray, The Neurophysiology of Anxiety: An Inquiry into the Functions of the Septo-Hippocampal System (New York: Clarendon Press, 1982). [BACK]
28. George S. Layne, "Kirkbride-Langenheim Collection: Early Use of Photography in Psychiatric Treatment in Philadelphia," The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 55 (1981): 182-202. [BACK]
29. Betty Miller, ed., Elizabeth Barrett to Miss Mitford: The Unpublished Letters of Elizabeth Barrett Browning to Mary Russell Mitford (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1954), 208-209. [BACK]
30. Cited by Hermann Glaser, ed., The German Mind of the Nineteenth Century (New York: Continuum, 1981), 16. [BACK]
31. Edgar Allan Poe, "The Daguerreotype," reprinted in Classic Essays on Photography , ed. Alan Trachtenberg (New Haven, Conn.: Leete's Island Books, 1980), 37-38. [BACK]
32. Sander L. Gilman, "Heine's Photographs," Hebrew University Studies in Literature and Art 13 (1985): 293-350. [BACK]
33. On the background for Freud and hysteria see K. Codell Carter, "Infantile Hysteria and Infantile Sexuality in Late Nineteenth-Century German-Language Medical Literature," Medical History 27 (1983): 186-196; Isabel F. Knight, "Freud's 'Project': A Theory for Studies on Hysteria," Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 20 (1984): 340-358; Russell Meares et al., "Whose Hysteria: Briquet's, Janet's, or Freud's," Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 19 (1985): 256-263; Jean G. Schimek, "Fact and Fantasy in the Seduction Theory: A Historical Review," Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 35 (1987): 937-965; Ernest S. Wolf, ''Artistic Aspects of Freud's 'The Aetiology of Hysteria,'" Psychoanalytic Studies of the Child 26 (1971): 535-554; Monique David-Ménard, Hysteria from Freud to Lacan , trans. Catherine Porter (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1989). [BACK]
34. George Didi-Huberman, Invention de l'hystérie: Charcot et l'iconographie photographique de la Salpêtrière (Paris: Macula, 1982). [BACK]
35. This general discussion is rooted in the work (and images) in Robert Darnton, Mesmerism and the End of the Enlightenment in France (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1968). All his images are from the Bibliothéque nationale cabinet of prints, E.R.L. Paris. [BACK]
36. Darnton, Mesmerism and the End of the Enlightenment , 53.
37. Ibid., 63. [BACK]
36. Darnton, Mesmerism and the End of the Enlightenment , 53.
37. Ibid., 63. [BACK]
38. Reproduced in Trillat, Histoire de l'hystérie . From the Bibliothéque nation-ale cabinet of prints, E.R.L. Paris. [BACK]
39. As in Paul Richer's reproduction of an engraving of "la phase d'immobilté ou tétanisme," in his Études cliniques sur la grande hystérie ou hystéro-épilepsie (Paris: Delahaye & Lecrosnier, 1881). Plate reproduced in Didi-Huberman, Invention de l'hystérie , 121. [BACK]
40. Sir Charles Bell's Essays on the Anatomy and Philosophy of Expression (London: John Murray, 1824), 101. Plate is on the same page. On Bell's image see Klaus Knecht, Charles Bell, The Anatomy of Expression (1806) (Cologne: Arbeiten der Forschungstelle des Instituts für Geschichte der Medizin, 1978), 121. [BACK]
41. On the background of the history of hysteria in the context see Urs Boschung, "Albrecht von Hailer als Arzt: Zur Geschichte des Elixir acidum Halleri," Gesnerus 34 (1977): 267-293; Jeffrey M. N. Boss, "The Seventeenth-Century Transformation of the Hysteric Affection and Sydenham's Baconian Medicine," Psychological Medicine 9 (1979): 221-234; Walter Russell Barow Brain, "The Concept of Hysteria in the Time of William Harvey," Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 56 (1963): 317-324. [BACK]
42. F. de Havilland Hall, Differential Diagnosis: A Manual of the Comparative Semeiology of the More Important Diseases (Philadelphia: D. G. Brinton, 1887), 134-135. [BACK]
43. See the discussion of the hospital and its patients in Jean-Martin Charcot, Hospice de la Salpêtrière (Paris: Aux bureau du progrès médical, 1892-1893). [BACK]
44. On Jackson see Oswei Temkin, The Falling Sickness: A History of Epilepsy from the Greeks to the Beginnings of Modern Neurology (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1972,), 305-316, 347-350. [BACK]
45. Sigmund Freud, Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud , ed. and trans. J. Strachey, A. Freud, A Strachey, and A. Tyson, 24 vols. (London: Hogarth, 1955-1974), 1:58. (Hereafter cited as SE .) On the background see Henri Ellenberger, The Discovery of the Unconscious: The History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry (New York: Basic Books, 1970). [BACK]
46. Freud, SE , 9:234. [BACK]
47. The Clinical Diary of Sándor Ferenczi , ed. Judith Dupont (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1985), 63. [BACK]
48. Arthur F. Hurst, "War Contractures—Localized Tetanus, A Reflex Disorder, or Hysteria?" Seale Hayne Neurological Studies 1 (1918): 43-52. Hurst's collected papers on hysteria appeared as The Croonian Lectures on the Psychology of the Special Senses and Their Functional Disorders (London: Henry Frowde/Hodder & Stoughton, 1920) with 29 plates, some taken from Charcot. [BACK]
49. Joseph Babinski and Jules Froment, Hystérie-pithiatisme et troubles nerveux d'ordre réflexe en neurologie de guerre (Paris: Masson et Cie., 1917). [BACK]
50. Elaine Showalter, The Female Malady: Women, Madness, and English Culture, 1830-1980 (New York: Pantheon Books, 1985), 189-194. [BACK]
51. Les Démoniaques dans l'art (Paris: Adrien Delahaye et Émile Lecrosnier, 1887). The later, expanded version of this study, Les difformes et les malades dans l'art (Paris: Lecrosnier et Babé, 1889), attempts to parallel all visual images of "difference." See also Louis Langlet, Une possession au XVIe siêcle: Étude medicale de la vie et de l'hystérie de Nicol Obry, Dite Nicole de Vervins 1566 (Reims: Matot-Braine, 1910), and Henri Ey, "Introduction a l'étude actuelle de l'hystérie," Revue du practicien 14 (1964): 1417-1431. [BACK]
52. A detailed account of the stages of hysteria that are documented in the historical study can be found in J.-M. Charcot, "Lemon d'ouverture," Progrès méd-ical 10 (1882): here, 336. The most detailed visual representation of the stages is to be found in Richer, Études cliniques sur la grande hystérie . [BACK]
53. Compare Jan Goldstein, Console and Classify: The French Psychiatric Profession in the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), esp. her chapter "Hysteria, Anticlerical Politics, and the View beyond the Asylum," 322-377. [BACK]
54. The plates are found on p. 99 lower and p. 100 lower. [BACK]
55. The plate is found on p. 94 upper. [BACK]
56. Louis Basile Carré de Montgeron, La verité des miracles operas par l'intercession de M. de Pâris et autres appellans demontrée contre M. L'archevêque de Sens ., 3 vols. (Cologne: Chez les libraires de la Campagnie, 1745-47).
The Montgeron plates reproduced by Regnard (see n. 15) are on the following unnumbered pages:
Reftnard, vol. 1 | Montgeron, vol. 1 | |
113 | Frontispiece | |
120, 123 | Prior to p. 1 of the "II Demonstration" | |
127, 129 | Prior to p. 1 of the "III Demonstration" | |
133, 134 | Prior to p. 1 of the "IV Demonstration" | |
141, 143 | Prior to p. 1 of the "VII Demonstration" | |
149, 151 | Prior to p. 1 of the "VIII Demonstration" | |
Regnard, vol. 2 | Montgeron, vol. 2 | |
169, 176 | Prior to p. 1 of the "Miracle operé sur Marie Jeanne Fourcroy" | |
161, 163 | Prior to p. 1 of "pieces justificatives sur . . . Catherine Bigot" | |
172 | Prior to p. 1 of "Relation du miracle sur l'auteur" |
See also the essay by Georges Gilles de la Tourette, "Le Sein Hystérique," Nouvelle Iconographie de la Salpêtrière 8 (1895): 107-121, for the further use of images from this source. [BACK]
57. See the second edition of Philippe Pinel, Traité médico-philosophique sur l'aliénation mentale, ou la manie (Paris: Brosson, 1809), 268. See also Theodore Zeldin, "The Conflict of Moralities: Confession, Sin and Pleasure in the Nineteenth Century," in Conflicts in French Society: Anticlericalism, Education, and Morals in the Nineteenth Century , ed. Theodore Zeldin (London: Allen & Unwin, 1970), 22-30. [BACK]
58. This association of forms of "extravagant" and "visible" religions may well be a reaction to the charge lodged against the school of Charcot that it was "Jewish" as it advocated the laicization of the nursing staff at the major psychiatric hospitals in Paris. See Goldstein, Console and Classify , 364. [BACK]
59. Regnard, Les maladies épidémiques de l'esprit , 95. [BACK]
60. Désire-Magloire Bourneville and Paul Regnard, Iconographie photographique de la Salpêtrière (service de M. Charcot) (Paris: Progrès médical, 1877-80), 3 vols., vol. 2. Plates are reproduced in Didi-Huberman, Invention de l'hystérie , 139-145. [BACK]
61. The idea of tracing a linear history of hysteria through examining the history of religion is not solely a "French" tradition. William A. Hammond documents the development of hysteria from the religious manifestation in the middle ages (saints as well as witches) through the "fasting girls" of the late nineteenth century and the rise of a medicalized hysteria in his Spiritualism and Other Causes and Conditions of Nervous Derangement (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1876), here p. 122. This is clearly part of what seems to be a "French" tradition—at least as manifested in Charcot and his influence on the Salpêtrière, since Hammond's visual sources are primarily from the Salpêtrière. [BACK]
62. Jean Heitz, "Un possédée de Rubens," Nouvelle iconographie de la Salpê-trière 14 (1901): 274-276; Henry Meige, "Documents compléméntares sur les possédés dans l'art," Nouvelle iconographie de la Salpétriére 16 (1903): 319-320, 411-412. [BACK]
63. Eugen Holländer, Die Medizin in der klassischen Malerei (Stuttgart: Enke, 1923). [BACK]
64. Jean Rousselot, ed., Medicine in Art: A Cultural History (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967). [BACK]
65. Andrew Dickson White, A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom (New York: D. Appleton, 1896). [BACK]
66. Regnard, Maladies épidémiques de l'esprit . [BACK]
67. Bourneville and Regnard, Iconographie photographique de la Salpêtrière . [BACK]
68. Paul Regnard and M. H. Johnson, Planches murales d'anatomie et de physiologie (Paris: Delagrave, 1885). [BACK]
69. Abraham Palingh, 't Afgeruckt Mom-Aansight der Tooverye: Daar in het bedrogh der gewaande Toverye, naakt ontdeckt, en emt gezone Redenen en exemplen dezer Eeuwe aangewezen wort (Amsterdam: Andries van Damme, 1725). The plates from Regnard are to be found in the original as follows: Regnard p. 19 = Palingh p. 50; 16 = 250; 17 = 268; 21 = 270; 18 (both) = 284 (both); 20 = 298. (Original in the Cornell University Witchcraft collection, BF/1565/P16/1725.) [BACK]
70. On the general history of epilepsy see Temkin, Falling Sickness . [BACK]
71. On the history of "hystero-epilepsy" see Thornton, Hypnotism, Hysteria, and Epilepsy , and U. H. Peters, "Hysteroepilepsie: Die Kombination von epileptischen und hysterischen Anfällen," Fortschritte der Neurologie, Psychiatrie, und ihrer Grenzgebiete 46 (1978): 430-439. [BACK]
72. Cesare Lombroso, Criminal Man (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1911), 62. See the plate accompanying summary of Lombroso's views on p. 62. [BACK]
73. As in M. Gonzalez Echeverria, On Epilepsy: Anatomo-Pathological and Clinical Notes (New York: William Wood, 1870) in which all of the images are cystological. [BACK]
74. Charles Féré, "Note sur un cas de mélanodermie récurrente chez un épileptique apathique," Nouvelle iconographie de la Salpêtrière 10 N.F. (1897): 332-339. [BACK]
75. I. Valobra, "Contribution a l'étude des gangrènes cutanées spontanées chez les sujets hystériques," Nouvelle iconographie de la Salpêtrière 21 (1908): 481-505 (plate opposite p. 484). [BACK]
76. L. Pierce Clark, "Tetanoid Seizures in Epilepsy," American Journal of Insanity 55 (1898-99): 583-593 (plate opposite 589). [BACK]
77. See the image of the brain in a case of "Jacksonian" epilepsy in Byrom Bramwell, Studies in Clinical Medicine: A Record of Some of the More Interesting Cases Observed, and of Some of the Remarks Made, at the Author's Out-patient Clinic in the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary (Edinburgh/London: Young J. Pentland, 1880): plate opposite p. 322. Such images even appear in the work generated at the Salpê-trière, as S.-F. Danillo, "Encéphalite parenchymateuse limitée de la substance grise, avec épilepsie partielle (Jacksonienne) comme syndrome clinique," Archives de neurologie 6 (1883): 217-236 with cytological images. [BACK]
78. On the misshapen hands (as a sign of inherited capacity for epilepsy) see F. Raymond and Pierre Janet, "Malformations des mains en 'pinces de humard,'" Nouvelle iconographie de la Salpêtrière 10 (1897): 369-373 (an extract from their book Nécroses et idées fixes [Paris: F. Alcan, 1898]); and in the same essay (plate 41) the plate "Asymetrie du corps chez une epileptique." [BACK]
79. William Alexander, The Treatment of Epilepsy (Edinburgh and London: Young J. Pentland, 1889), 107. [BACK]
80. On baldness see Charles Féré, "La pelade post-épileptique," Nouvelle iconographie de la Salpêtrière 8 (1895): 214-217 (plate opposite p. 216). [BACK]
81. Dr. Räiuber, "Ein Fall von periodisch wiederkehrender Haarveränderung bei einem Epileptiker," [ Virchows ] Archiv für pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie 97 (1884): 50-83 (plate no. 2). [BACK]
82. See for example, A. Maberly, "Epilepsy: A Brief Historical Overview," Alberta Medical Bulletin 29 (1964): 65-72; the "Antrittsvorlesung" of the professor for pediatrics at the University of Kiel, H. Doose, "Aus der Geschichte der Epilepsie," Münchener medizinische Wochenschrift 107 (1965): 189-196; anon., ''Ancient Ailment," MD 19 (1975): 151-160; F. L. Glötzner, "Die Behandlung der Epilepsien in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart," Medizinische Wochenschrift 30 (1976): 123-128. [BACK]
83. J.-M. Charcot and P. Richer, "Note on Certain Facts of Cerebral Automatism Observed in Hysteria during the Cataleptic Period of Hypnotism," Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 10 (1883): 1-13, here p. 9 (plates opposite p. 10). [BACK]
84. Walter Benjamin, Illuminationen (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1961), 148-184. [BACK]
85. H. V. Eggeling, "Die Leistungsfähigkeit physiognomischer Rekonstruktionsversuche auf Grundlage des Schädels," Archiv für Anthropologie 12 (1913): 44-46 (with extensive plates), and Franz Stadtmüller, "Zur Beurteilund der plastischen Rekonstruktionsmethode der Physiognomie auf dem Schädel," Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Anthropologie 22 (1921-22): 227-272. [BACK]
86. Francis Warner, "The Study of the Face as an Index of the Brain," The British Medical Journal 2 (1882): 314-315. [BACK]
87. James Shaw, The Physiognomy of Mental Disease and Degeneracy (Bristol: John Wright, 1903), p. 40. [BACK]
88. Gilman, Seeing the Insane , 204. [BACK]
89. Hermann Heinrich Ploss, Das Weib in der Natur- und Völkerkunde: Anthropologische Studien , 2 vols. (Leipzig: T. Grieben, 1885). [BACK]
90. Arthur F. Hurst, "Hysterical Left Facial Paralysis, Right Facial Spasm, Left Ptosis, Strabismus, Aphonia, Dysarthria, Paralysis of the Tongue, Paralysis of Right Arm and Both Legs, and Amblyopia following Gassing, Rapidly Cured by Persuasion and Re-education," Seale-Hayne Neurological Studies 1 (1918): 78-80. [BACK]
91. Walter Baer Weidler, "Some Ocular Manifestations of Hysteria," International Clinics , 22d ser. 2 (1912): 249-261 (plate [fig. 5] opposite p. 252). [BACK]
92. L. Lattes and A. Sacerdote, "Un caso di sindrome isterica oculare con simulazione di emorragia," Archivo di Antropologia Criminale, Psichiatira, Medicina legale e Scienze Affini 47 (1927): 21-47. [BACK]
93. Jules Luys, "Recherches nouvelles sur les hémiplégies émotives," L'En-cephale: Journal des Maladies Mentales et Nerveuses 1 (1881): 378-398 (plate 7). [BACK]
94. E. Siemerling, "Ueber einen mit Geistesstörung complicirten Fall von schwerer Hysterie, welcher durch congenitale Anomaliern des Centralnervensystem ausgezeichnet war," Charité-Annalen 15 (1890): 325-348 (plate p. 349), and Grasset, "Des associations hystéro-organiques: Un cas de sclérose en plaques et hystérie associées avec autopsie," Nouveau montpellier médical , n.s. Suppl. 1 (1892): 227-252 (plate 7). [BACK]
95. Paul Steffens, "Obductionsbefund bei einem Fall von Hystero-Epilepsie," Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten 35 (1902): 542-546 (plate 12). [BACK]
96. C. yon Hößlin and A. Alzheimer, "Ein Beitrag zur Klinik und pathologischen Anatomie der Westphal-Strümpellschen Pseudosklerose," Zeitschrift für die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie 8 (1911): 183-209 (plate, p. 203). [BACK]
97. See Sander L. Gilman, Sexuality: An Illustrated History (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1989), 205-210. [BACK]
98. Dr. Mesnet, "Autographisme et Stigmates," Revue de l'hypnotisme et de la psychologie physiologique 4 (1889-90): 321-335 (plate 2). [BACK]
99. Jeannot Hackel, "Über einen schweren Fall von Hysterie," St. Petersberger Medizinische Wochenschrift 11 (1894): 163-165. [BACK]
100. S. Weir Mitchell, "Hysterical Rapid Respiration, With Cases; Peculiar Form of Rupial Skin Disease in an Hysterical Woman," Transactions of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia 14 (1892): 228-237 (plate, p. 233). See also Kenneth Levin, "S. Weir Mitchell: Investigation and Insights into Neurasthenia and Hysteria," Transactions and Studies of the College of Physicians, Philadelphia 38 (1971): 168-173. [BACK]
101. S. Róna, "Über 'Herpes zoster gangrænosus hystericus—Kaposi,'" Fest-schrift gewidmet Moriz Kaposi zum fünfundzwanzigjähringen Professoren Jubiläum (Vienna and Leipzig: W. Braumüller, 1900), 209-221 (plate 12). [BACK]
102. Thomas D. Savill, "A Clinical Lecture on Hysterical Skin Symptoms and Eruptions," The Lancet (January 30, 1904): 273-278. [BACK]
103. Dr. Bettmann, "Über die Hautaffectionen, der Hysterischen und den atypischen Zoster," Deutsche Zeitschrift für Nervenheilkunde 18 (1900): 345-388; Grover William Wende, "Dermatitis Vesico-Bullosa et Gangrenosa Mutilans," Transactions of the American Dermatological Association 15 (1901): 29-50; Giuseppe Bertolini, ''Due casi di gangrena cutanea in sogetto isterico," Giornale italiano delle malattie veneree e della pelle 60 (1919): 311-322; Roberto Casazza, "Sull'importanza di fattori psichici in dermatologia," Bollentino della societa medico-chirurgia, Pavia 44 (1930): 115-162. [BACK]
104. Dr. De Sinéty, "Examen des organes génitaux d'une hystérique," Archives de physiologie normale et pathologique , 2d ser. 3 (1876): 803-807; idem, "Examen des organes génitaux d'un hystérique," Bulletins de la société anatomique de Paris , 4th ser. 1 (1876): 679-684; idem, "Examen anatomique des organes génitaux d'une hystérique," Le progrès nédical 5 (1877): 113-114. [BACK]
105. Jose M. Jorge, "Coxalgia histérica," Revista de la Asociacion Medica Argentina 32 (1920): 18-29 (plate opposite p. 80). [BACK]
106. Paul Bercherie, "Le concept de folie hystérique avant Charcot," Revue international d'histoire de la psychiatrie 1 (1983): 47-58. [BACK]
107. Eliogoro Guitti, "Osservazioni Cliniche," Giornale per Servire ai Progressi della Patologia e della Terapeutica , 2d ser. 22 (1847): 229-258 (plate following p. 258). [BACK]
108. Paul Sollier, "Contracture volontaire chez un hystérique," Nouvelle iconographie de la Salpêtrière 4 (1891): 100-106 (plate opposite p. 106). [BACK]
109. Georges Gilles de la Tourette and A. Dutil, "Contribution a l'étude des troubles trophiques dans l'hystérie," Nouvelle iconographie de la Salpêtrière 2 (1889): 251-282. [BACK]
110. Arthur F. Hurst and S. H. Wilkinson, "Hysterical Anæsthesia, With Special Reference to the Hysterical Element in the Symptoms Arising from Injuries to the Peripheral Nerves," Seale-Hayne Neurological Studies 1 (1918-19): 171-184 (plate 38); Walter Riese, "Zwei Fäille yon hysterischcn Oedem," Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten 56 (1916): 228-234 (plates 3-4). [BACK]
111. Stewart, "Two Lectures on the Diagnosis of Hysteria," 457-471, 657-665 (plate 17). [BACK]
112. Vittorio Codeluppi, "Sopra un caso di grande isterismo maschile attachi d'istero epilessa cessati per suggestlone," Rivista sperimentale di freniatria e medicina legale delle alienazioni mentali 13 (1887-88): 414-424. See also M. Carrieu, "Syndrome Vaso-Moteur dans l'Hystérie," Montpelier médicale , ser. 2A 1 (1892): 544-553, 566-572, 583-589; Luigi Abbamondi, "Su di un caso d'isterismo mashile," Annall di medicina navale 1 (1895): 185-204; D. Ferrier, "Hémip-légie et mutisme hystériques," Congres français de médicine 3 (1896-97): 370-375; Motta Rezende, ''Reflexes na histeria," Arquivas brasileros de medicina 16 (1926): 53-74. [BACK]
113. Henri Lamarque and Émile Bitot, "Sur un cas d'hystérotraumatisme chez l'homme," Bulletins de la société d'anatomie et de physiologie normales et pathologiques de bordeaux 9 (1888): 242-257 (plate with figs. 6 and 8). [BACK]
114. Georges Gilles de la Tourette, "L'Attitude et la marche dans l'hemiplégie hystérique," Nouvelle iconographie de la Salpêrière 1 (1888): 1-12 (plates opposite p. 8 and p. 11). [BACK]
115. Byrom Bramwell, "Clinical Lecture on a Case of Hysterical Contracture," Edinburgh Medical Journal , n.s. 1 (1897): 128-138 (plate v). [BACK]
116. A. Steindler, "On Hysterical Contractures," International Clinics , 4th ser. 45 (1935): 221-229 (fig. 2, opposite p. 222). [BACK]
117. Peter Davidson, "Unusual Cases at the Infirmary for Children," Liverpool Medico-Chirurgical Journal 35 (1915): 297-308 (plate 4). [BACK]
118. Prince P. Barker, "The Diagnosis and Treatment of Hysterical Paralysis," United States Veteran's Bureau Medical Bulletin 6 (1930): 663-670 (three plates following p. 670). [BACK]
119. See, for example, the visual representation of the unconscious in the essay by L. Laurent, "De l'état mental des hystériques," Archives clinique de Bordeaux 1 (1892): 416-433 (plate opposite p. 430). [BACK]
120. As in the image of psychic forces in H. Nishi, "Male Hysteria Cured by Suggestion" (in Japanese), Chugai Iji Shinpo 405 (1897): 5-9; 406 (1897): 11-16 (image on p. 9). [BACK]
121. See the evaluation of operations on the hearing of the hysteric in K. Rudolphy, "Ohroperationen bei Hysterischen," Zeitschrift für Ohrenheilkunde und für die Krankheiten der Luftwege 44 (1903): 209-221 (plate 17, opposite p. 220). [BACK]
122. This is the "myth" that Frank Sulloway ( Freud: Biologist of the Mind [New York: Basic, 1979], P. 592) wishes to identify as "Myth One," the primal myth, in Freud's falsification of his own history. It is clear that this (and the other ''myths") are fascinating insights into Freud's understanding of his own career and provide the material for interpretation, not censure. [BACK]
123. Freud, SE 20:15. [BACK]
124. In this context see John Marshall Townsend, "Stereotypes of Mental Illness: A Comparison with Ethnic Stereotypes," Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 3 (1979): 205-229. See M. J. Gutmann, Über den heutigen Stand der Rasse- und Krankheitsfrage der Juden (München: Rudolph Müller & Steinicke, 1920), and Heinrich Singer, Allgemeine und spezielle Krankheitslehre der Juden (Leipzig: Benno Konegen, 1904). For a more modern analysis of the "myths" and "realities" of the diseases attributed to the Jews see Richard M. Goodman, Genetic Disorders among the Jewish People (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979). [BACK]
125. Maurice Fishberg, The Jews: A Study of Race and Environment (New York: Walter Scott, 1911), 6. Compare his statement in The Jewish Encyclopedia , 12 vols. (New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1904), s.v. "Nervous Diseases," 9:225-227, here p. 225: "Some physicians of large experience among Jews have even gone so far as to state that most of them are neurasthenic and hysterical." [BACK]
129. Fishberg, The Jews , 324-325. [BACK]
130. "La population israélite fournit à elle seule presque tout le contingent des hystériques mâdes," Fulgence Raymond, L'Étude des Maladies du Système Nerveux en Russie (Paris: O. Doin, 1889), 71. [BACK]
131. As quoted, for example, in Hugo Hoppe, Krankheiten und Sterblichkeit bei Juden und Nichtjuden (Berlin: S. Calvary & Co., 1903), 26. [BACK]
132. Protokolle der Wiener Psychoanalytischen Vereinigung , ed. Herman Nunberg and Ernst Federn, 4 vols. (Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1976-81), 2:40; translation from Minutes of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society , trans. M. Nunberg, 4 vols. (New York: International Universities Press, 1962-75), 2:44. [BACK]
133. J.-M. Charcot, Leçons du mardi a la Salpêtrière , 2 vols. (Paris: Progrès médical, 1889), 2:347-353. See the translation of the Poliklinische Vorträge von Prof. J. M. Charcot , trans. Sigmund Freud [vol. 1] and Max Kahane [vol. 2] (Leipzig: Deuticke, 1892-95), 2:299-304. [BACK]
134. H. Strauss, "Erkrankungen durch Alkohol und Syphilis bei den Juden," Zeitschrift für Demographie und Statistik der Juden , 4 N.F. (1927): 33-39, chart on P. 35. [BACK]
135. Moriz Benedikt, Die Seelenkunde des Menschen als reine Erfahrungswissenschaft (Leipzig: O. R. Reisland, 1895), 186-187, 223-226. [BACK]
136. Cecil F. Beadles, "The Insane Jew," Journal of Mental Science 46 (1900): 736. [BACK]
137. Frank G. Hyde, "Notes on the Hebrew Insane," American Journal of Insanity 58 (1901-1902): 470. [BACK]
138. William Thackeray, Works , 10 vols. (New York: International Book Co., n.d.), 10:16-28, here p. 17. [BACK]
139. Cited (with photograph) in Joseph Jacobs, Studies in Jewish Statistics (London: D. Nutt, 1891), xl. [BACK]
140. Robert Burton, The Anatomy of Melancholy , ed. Holbrook Jackson (New York: Vintage, 1977): 211-212. [BACK]
141. Redcliffe N. Salaman, M. D., "Heredity and the Jew," Eugenics Review 3 (1912): 190. [BACK]
142. Gutmann, Über den heutigen Stand , 17. [BACK]
143. Freud, SE 5:649; 4:293; 4:139; 5:494. [BACK]
144. Henry Meige, Etude sur certains néuropathes voyageurs: Le juif-errant a la Salpêtrière (Paris: L. Battaille, 1893). On Meige and this text see Jan Goldstein, "The Wandering Jew and the Problem of Psychiatric Anti-Semitism in Fin-de-Siècle France," Journal of Contemporary History 20 (1985): 521-552. [BACK]
145. Richard Andree, Zur Volkskunde der Juden (Leipzig: Velhagen & Klasing, 1881), 24-25, cited by Maurice Fishberg, "Materials for the Physical Anthropology of the Eastern European Jew," Memoires of the American Anthropological Association 1 (1905-1907): 6-7. [BACK]
146. Beadles, "Insane Jew," 732. [BACK]
147. Fishberg, The Jews , 349. [BACK]
148. See L. Chertok, "On Objectivity in the History of Psychotherapy: The Dawn of Dynamic Psychology (Sigmund Freud, J. M. Charcot)," Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases 153 (1971):71-80, as well as Charles Coulston Gillispie, The Edge of Objectivity: An Essay in the History of Scientific Ideas (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1960). [BACK]
149. George Herbert Mead, Movements of Thought in the Nineteenth Century (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1936), 176. [BACK]
150. Freud, SE 1:17. [BACK]
151. Toby Gelfand, "'Mon Cher Docteur Freud': Charcot's Unpublished Correspondence to Freud, 1888-1893," Bulletin of the History of Medicine 62 (1988): 563-588, here p. 571. [BACK]
152. Freud, SE 26:29-43. While this paper was published only in 1893, it was conceptualized if not written before Freud left Paris in 1886. [BACK]
153. Toby Gelfand, "Charcot's Response to Freud's Rebellion," Journal of the History of Ideas 50 (1989): 293-307. [BACK]
154. See the discussion in my Difference and Pathology: Stereotypes of Sexuality, Race, and Madness (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1985), 15o-162. See also Yves Chevalier, "Freud et l'antisemitisme—jalousie," Amitié judéo-chretienne de France 37 (1985): 45-50. [BACK]
155. Wesley G. Morgan, "Freud's Lithograph of Charcot: A Historical Note," Bulletin of the History of Medicine 63 (1989): 268-272. [BACK]
156. Freud, SE 1:98. [BACK]
157. See, for example, George Frederick Drinka, The Birth of Neurosis: Myth, Malady and the Victorians (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1984), 108-122. See also Esther Fischer-Homburger, Die traumatische Neurose: Vom somatischen zum sozialen Leiden (Bern: Hans Huber, 1975). [BACK]
158. Sir Clifford Allbutt, "Nervous Disease and Modern Life," Contemporary Review 67 (1895): 214-215. [BACK]
159. C. E. Brown-Séquard, "On the Hereditary Transmission of Effects of Certain Injuries to the Nervous System," The Lancet (January 2, 1875): 7-8. [BACK]
160. As in John Eric Erichsen, On Concussion of the Spine, Nervous Shock, and Other Obscure Injuries to the Nervous System in their Clinical and Medico-Legal Aspects (New York: William Wood, 1886), 2, or in Hans Schmaus, "Zur Casuistik und pathologischen Anatomie der Rückenmarkserschütterung," Archiv für klinische Chirurgie 42 (1891): 112-122 with plates. [BACK]
161. Compare Otto Binswanger, Hysterie (Vienna: Deuticke, 1904), 82. [BACK]
162. Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Psychopathia Sexualis: A Medico-Forensic Study , red. ed., trans. Harry E. Wedeck (New York: Putnam, 1965), 24. [BACK]
163. August Forel, The Sexual Question: A Scientific, Psychological, Hygienic and Sociological Study , trans. D. F. Marshall (New York: Physicians & Surgeons Book Co., 1925), 331-332. [BACK]
164. Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Text-Book of Insanity , trans. Charles Gilbert Chaddock (Philadelphia: F. A. Davis, 1904), 143. [BACK]
165. Martin Engländer, Die auffallend häufigen Krankheitserscheinungen der jü-dischen Rasse (Vienna: J. L. Pollak, 1902), 12. [BACK]
166. Gilman, Difference and Pathology , 182-184. [BACK]
167. The discussion of this case is documented in Charles Bernheimer and Claire Kahane, eds., In Dora's Case: Freud—Hysteria—Feminism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985). See also Dianne Hunter, "Hysteria, Psychoanalysis, and Feminism: The Case of Anna O.," Feminist Studies 9 (1983): 465-488; Maria Ramas, "Freud's Dora, Dora's Hysteria: The Negation of a Woman's Rebellion," Feminist Studies 6 (1980): 472-510; Arnold A. Rogow, "A Further Footnote to Freud's 'Fragment of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria,'" Journal of the American Psychoanalytical Association 26 (1978): 330-356; Hannah S. Decker, Freud, Dora and Vienna 1900 (New York: Free Press, 1990). [BACK]
168. Catherine Clément and Hélène Cixous, La jeune née (Paris: 10/18, 1975), 283. [BACK]
169. Freud, SE 2:134, n. 2 (added in 1924). [BACK]
170. See the discussion in Robert S. Wistrich, The Jews of Vienna in the Age of Franz Joseph (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), 483-485. [BACK]
171. Bertha Pappenheim (writing as P. Bertold), Zur Judenfrage in Galizien (Frankfurt am Main: Knauer, 1900), 23. [BACK]
172. Jacques Lacan, "Intervention on Transference," reprinted in Bernheimer and Kahane, In Dora's Case , 92-105. On the working out of the implications of this theme see the essays by Neil Hertz, "Dora's Secrets, Freud's Techniques" (pp. 221-242) and Toril Moi, "Representation of Patriarchy" (pp. 181-199), reprinted in Bernheimer and Kahane, In Dora's Case . [BACK]
177. See the discussion of the inheritance of disease in the seventeenth chapter of Paolo Mantegazza's study of the hygiene of love, in the German translation, Die Hygiene der Liebe , trans. R. Teutscher (Jena: Hermann Costenoble, [1877]), 366. [BACK]
178. Freud, SE 7:78. [BACK]
179. Mantegazza notes this quite literally, stating that diseases such as syphilis, cancer, and madness can merge one into the other through the power of the inherited characteristics; see his Die Hygiene der Liebe , trans. Teutscher, 369. [BACK]
180. Freud, SE 7:16-17.
181. Ibid., n. 2. [BACK]
180. Freud, SE 7:16-17.
181. Ibid., n. 2. [BACK]
182. Joseph Babinski, "Sur le réflexe cutané plantaire dans certains affections organiques du système nerveux central," Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de la Societé de biologie (Paris) 48 (1896): 207-208. [BACK]
183. On the history of this concept see W. Erb, "Über das 'intermittirende Hinken' und andere nervöse Störungen in Folge von Gefässerkrankungen," Deutsche Zeitschrift für Nervenheilkunde 13 (1898): 1-77. [BACK]
184. P. Olivier and A. Halipré, "Claudication intermittente chez un homme hystérique atteint de pouls lent permanent," La Normandie Médicale 11 (1896): 21-28 (plate on p. 23). [BACK]
185. Freud, SE 7:101-102.
186. Ibid., 7:102. [BACK]
185. Freud, SE 7:101-102.
186. Ibid., 7:102. [BACK]
187. Felix Deutsch, "A Footnote to Freud's 'Fragment of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria,'" reprinted in Bernheimer and Kahane, In Dora's Case , 41. [BACK]
188. Joseph Rohrer, Versuch über die jüdischen Bewohnener der österreichischen Monarchie (Vienna: n.p., 1804), 26. [BACK]
189. Freud, SE 7:84.
190. Ibid.
191. Ibid.
192. Ibid.
193. Ibid., 7:64.
194. Ibid., 7:90.
195. Ibid., 7:91. [BACK]
189. Freud, SE 7:84.
190. Ibid.
191. Ibid.
192. Ibid.
193. Ibid., 7:64.
194. Ibid., 7:90.
195. Ibid., 7:91. [BACK]
189. Freud, SE 7:84.
190. Ibid.
191. Ibid.
192. Ibid.
193. Ibid., 7:64.
194. Ibid., 7:90.
195. Ibid., 7:91. [BACK]
189. Freud, SE 7:84.
190. Ibid.
191. Ibid.
192. Ibid.
193. Ibid., 7:64.
194. Ibid., 7:90.
195. Ibid., 7:91. [BACK]
189. Freud, SE 7:84.
190. Ibid.
191. Ibid.
192. Ibid.
193. Ibid., 7:64.
194. Ibid., 7:90.
195. Ibid., 7:91. [BACK]
189. Freud, SE 7:84.
190. Ibid.
191. Ibid.
192. Ibid.
193. Ibid., 7:64.
194. Ibid., 7:90.
195. Ibid., 7:91. [BACK]
189. Freud, SE 7:84.
190. Ibid.
191. Ibid.
192. Ibid.
193. Ibid., 7:64.
194. Ibid., 7:90.
195. Ibid., 7:91. [BACK]
196. Sigmund Freud, "Some Early Unpublished Letters," trans. Ilse Scheier, International Journal of Psychoanalysis 50 (1969): 420. [BACK]
197. See my Jewish Self-Hatred: Anti-Semitism and the Hidden Language of the Jews (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986). [BACK]
198. Cited by Saul Friedländer, Kurt Gerstein: The Ambiguity of Good , trans. Charles Fullman (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1969), 148-149. [BACK]
199. Martin Freud, "Who Was Freud?" in Josef Fraenkel, ed., The Jews of Austria: Essays on Their Life, History and Destruction (London: Vallentine, Mitchell, 1967), 202. See also Franz Kobler, "Die Mutter Sigmund Freuds," Bulletin des Leo Baeck Instituts 19 (1962): 149-170. [BACK]
203. On Mantegazza see Giovanni Landucci, Darwinismo a Firenze: Tra scienza e ideologia (1860-1900 ) (Florence: Leo S. Olschki, 1977), 107-128. [BACK]
204. The authorized German editions of Mantegazza that Freud and Ida Bauer could have read are: Die Physiologie der Liebe , trans. Eduard Engel (Jena: Hermann Costenoble, 1877); Die Hygiene der Liebe , trans. R. Teutscher (Jena: Hermann Costenoble, 1877); Anthropologisch-kulturhistorische Studien über die Geschlechtsverhältnisse des Menschen (Jena: Hermann Costenoble, 1891). [BACK]
205. Reprinted in Bernheimer and Kahane, In Dora's Case , 273. [BACK]
206. The relevant passages in the German edition, Anthropologisch-kulturhis-torische Studien are on pp. 132-137. All the quotations from Mantegazza are from the English translation: Paolo Mantegazza, The Sexual Relations of Mankind , trans. Samuel Putnam (New York: Eugenics Publishing Co., 1938). [BACK]
207. Armand-Louis-Joseph Béraud, Étude de Pathologie Comparée: Essai sur la pathologie des sémites (Bordeaux: Paul Cassignol, 1897), 55. [BACK]
208. There is no comprehensive study of the German debates on circumcision. See J. Alkvist, "Geschichte der Circumcision," Janus 30 (1926): 86-104, 152-171. [BACK]
209. See the discussion by Dr. Bamberger, "Die Hygiene der Beschneidung," in Die Hygiene der Juden: Im Anschlu b an die internationale Hygiene-Ausstellung, ed. Max Grunwald (Dresden: Verlag der historischen Abtteilung der internationale Hygiene-Ausstellung, 1911), 103-112 (on the Jewish side), and W. Hammer, "Zur Beschneidungsfrage," Zeitschrift für Bahnärzte 1 (1926): 254 (on the non-Jewish side). [BACK]
210. See for example the discussion by Em. Kohn in the Mittheilung des Ärtz-lichen Vereines in Wien 3 (1874): 169-172 (on the Jewish side), and Dr. Klein, "Die rituelle Circumcision, eine sanitätspolizeiliche Frage," Allgemeine Medizinische Central-Zeitung 22, (1853): 368-369 (on the non-Jewish side). [BACK]
211. Max Grunwald, Vienna , Jewish Communities Series (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1936), 376. [BACK]
212. See the letter to Sándor Ferenczi of 6 October 1910 in which Freud wrote: "Since Fliess's case, with the overcoming of which you recently saw me occupied, that need has been extinguished. A part of my homosexual cathexis has been withdrawn and made use of to enlarge my own ego. I have succeeded where the paranoiac fails." Cited in Ernst Jones, The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud , 3 vols. (New York: Basic Books, 1955), 2:83. [BACK]
213. See the discussion in Gilman, Jewish Self-Hatred , 293-294. [BACK]
214. Ludwik Fleck, Entstehung und Entwicklung einer wissenschaftlichen Tatsache (1935; Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1980). I am indebted to Fleck's work for the basic conceptual structure presented in this essay. [BACK]
215. Theodor Fritsch, Handbuch der Judenfrage (Leipzig: Hammer, 1935), 408. [BACK]
216. Bertha Pappenheim with Sara Rabinowitsch, Zur Lage der jüdischen Be-völkerung in Galizien: Reise-Eindrücke und Vorschläge zur Besserung der Verhältnisse (Frankfurt am Main: Neuer Frankfurter Verlag, 1904), 46-51. [BACK]
217. Adolph Hitler, Mein Kampf , trans. Ralph Manheim (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1943), 247. [BACK]
218. Compare Edward J. Bristow, Prostitution and Prejudice: The Jewish Fight against White Slavery, 1870-1939 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1982). [BACK]
219. N. Balaban and A. Molotschek, "Progressive Paralyse bei den Bevö1-kerungen der Krim," Allgemeine Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie 94 (1931): 373-383. [BACK]
220. H. Budul, "Beitrag zur vergleichenden Rassenpsychiatrie," Monatsschrift für Psychiatrie und Neurologie 37 (1915): 199-204. [BACK]
221. Max Sichel, "Die Paralyse der Juden in sexuologischer Beleuchtung," Zeitschrift für Sexualwissenschaft 7 (1919-20): 98-114. [BACK]
222. H. Strauss, "Erkrankungen durch Alkohol und Syphilis bei den Juden," Zeitschrift für Demographie und Statistik der Juden 4 (1927): 33-39. [BACK]
223. Houston Stewart Chamberlain, Foundations of the Nineteenth Century , trans. John Lees, 2 vols. (London: John Lane, 1910), 1:388-389. [BACK]
224. Nathan Birnbaum, "Über Houston Stewart Chamberlain," in his Aus-gewählte Schriften zur jüdischen Frage , vol. 2 (Czernowitz: Verlag der Buchhandlung Dr. Birnbaum & Dr. Kohut, 1910), 201. [BACK]
225. Adam G. de Gurowski, America and Europe (New York: D. Appleton, 1857), 177. [BACK]
226. Saul K. Padover, ed. and trans., The Letters of Karl Marx (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1979), 459. [BACK]
227. W. W. Kopp, "Beobachtung an Halbjuden in Berliner Schulen," Volk und Rasse 10 (1935): 392. [BACK]
228. M. Lerche, "Beobachtung deutsch-jüdischer Rassenkreuzung an Berliner Schulen," Die medizinische Welt (17 September 1927): 1222. [BACK]
229. Wertphilosophie und Ethik: Die Frage nach den Sinn des Lebens als Grundlage einer Wertordnung (Vienna: W. Braumüller, 1939), 29. [BACK]