1. Hal Foster, interview with Mary Kelly, in Interim (New York: The New Museum of Contemporary Art, 1990), 55. [BACK]

2. Hèléne Cixous and Catherine Clément, The Newly Born Woman , trans. Betsy Wing (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987), 47. [BACK]

3. Edward Tilt, A Handbook of Uterine Therapeutics and of Diseases of Women , 4th ed. (New York: William Wood, 1881), 85. [BACK]

4. Paul Chodoff, "Hysteria and Women," American Journal of Psychiatry 139 (May 1982): 546. [BACK]

5. A. Fabre, L'hystérie viscérale — nouveaux fragments de clinique médicale (Paris: A. Delahaye & E. Lecrosnier, 1883), 3. [BACK]

6. Mark S. Micale, "Hysteria and Its Historiography: A Review of Past and Present Writings, II," History of Science 27 (1989): 320. [BACK]

7. Gregorio Kohon, "Reflections on Dora: The Case of Hysteria," International Journal of Psychoanalysis 65 (1984): 73-84. [BACK]

8. Chodoff, "Hysteria and Women," 545. [BACK]

9. See P. Chodoff and H. Lyons, "Hysterical Personality: A Re-evaluation," Psychoanalytic Quarterly 34 (1965): 390-405; and Harriet A. Lerner, "The Hysterical Personality: A 'Woman's Disease,'" in Women and Mental Health , ed. Elizabeth Howell and Marjorie Bayes (New York: Basic Books, 1981), 196-206. [BACK]

10. For an overview and critique of this work, see Mark S. Micale, "Feminist Historiography of Hysteria," in "Hysteria and Its Historiography, II," 319-331. See also Elaine Showalter, The Female Malady (New York: Pantheon Press, 1985). [BACK]

11. Micale, "Hysteria and Its Historiography, II," 331. [BACK]

12. See Juliet Mitchell, "Femininity, Narrative, and Psychoanalysis," in Women: The Longest Revolution (London: Virago, 1984). [BACK]

13. Jane Gallop, "Nurse Freud: Class Struggle in the Family," unpublished paper, Miami University, 1983. [BACK]

14. Claire Kahane, In Dora's Case: Freud-Hysteria-Feminism , ed. Claire Kahane and Charles Bernheimer (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985), 22. [BACK]

15. See Joan W. Scott, "Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis," American Historical Review 91 (December 1986): 1053-1075. [BACK]

16. J. Russell Reynolds, "Hysteria," in A System of Medicine , ed. J. Russell Reynolds (London: Macmillan, 1866-1879), 2:307; quoted in Mark Micale, "Charcot and the Idea of Hysteria in the Male: A Study of Gender, Mental Science, and Medical Diagnostics in Late Nineteenth-Century France," Medical History 34 (October 1990). [BACK]

17. Emile Batault, Contribution à l'étude de l'hystérie chez l'homme (Paris, 1885), 48. [BACK]

18. D. M. Berger, "Hysteria: In Search of the Animus," Comprehensive Psychiatry 12 (1971): 277. [BACK]

19. Wilhelm Reich, Character-Analysis , 3d ed., trans. Theodore P. Wolfe (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1949), 189. [BACK]

20. Chodoff and Lyons, "Hysterical Personality," 739. [BACK]

21. Lucien Israël, L'hystérique, le sexe, et le médecin (Paris: Masson, 1983), 60, 197 (my translation).

22. Ibid., 60. [BACK]

21. Lucien Israël, L'hystérique, le sexe, et le médecin (Paris: Masson, 1983), 60, 197 (my translation).

22. Ibid., 60. [BACK]

23. See Evelyn Fox Keller, Reflections on Gender and Science (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1985); Ludmilla Jordanova, Sexual Visions: Images of Gender in Science and Medicine between the Eighteenth and Twentieth Centuries (Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1989); Emily Martin, The Woman in the Body: A Cultural Analysis of Reproduction (Boston: Beacon Press, 1987); and Cynthia Eagle Russett, Sexual Science: The Victorian Construction of Womanhood (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989). [BACK]

24. Jordanova, Sexual Visions , 5. [BACK]

25. Etienne Trillat, L'histoire de l'hystérie (Paris: Seghers, 1986). [BACK]

26. Josef Breuer and Sigmund Freud, "Studies on Hysteria," Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud , ed. J. and A. Strachey (London: The Hogarth Press, 1955), 2:240 (hereafter cited as SE). [BACK]

27. Olive Schreiner, letter to Karl Pearson, in The Letters of Olive Schreiner , ed. Richard Rive (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987), 86. [BACK]

28. Neil Bartlett, Who Was That Man? (London: Serpent's Tail, 1989), 46. [BACK]

29. Vieda Skultans, English Madness: Ideas on Insanity, 1580-1890 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1978), 81. [BACK]

30. Thomas Sydenham, Works of Thomas Sydenham , 1848, 2:85, quoted in Ilza Veith, Hysteria: The History of a Disease (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965), 141. [BACK]

31. Jordanova, Sexual Visions , 59. [BACK]

32. Jean-Baptiste Louyer-Villermay, Recherches historiques et médicales sur l'hypochondrie (1802), quoted in Trillat, L'histoire de l'hystérie , 103. [BACK]

33. M. Jeanne Peterson, "Dr. Acton's Enemy: Medicine, Sex, and Society in Victorian England," Victorian Studies 29 (Summer 1986): 578 n. 29. [BACK]

34. Stephen Heath, The Sexual Fix (London: Macmillan Publishers, 1982), 30. [BACK]

35. Ernst von Feuchtersleben, The Principles of Medical Psychology , trans. H. E. Lloyd, ed. B. G. Babington (London: Sydenham Society, 1847), 228. [BACK]

36. John H. Smith, "Abulia: Sexuality and Diseases of the Will in the Late Nineteenth Century," Genders 6 (Fall 1989): 110. [BACK]

37. George M. Beard, American Nervousness: Its Causes and Consequences , 1881; reprint (New York: Arno Press, 1972); and Sexual Neurasthenia: Its Hygiene, Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment (New York: Treat, 1884). [BACK]

38. Beard, Sexual Neurasthenia , 204. [BACK]

39. Spencer, quoted in Howard M. Feinstein, "The Use and Abuse of Illness in the James Family Circle," in Ourselves, Our Past: Psychological Approaches to American History , ed. Robert J. Brugger (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981), 230. [BACK]

40. Jan Goldstein, Console and Classify: The French Psychiatric Profession in the Nineteenth Century (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 336. [BACK]

41. See the case of M. Defly and the discussion in Micale, "Charcot and the Idea of Hysteria in the Male." [BACK]

42. See Russett, Sexual Science , 116. [BACK]

43. Beard, Sexual Neurasthenia , 59. [BACK]

44. Herbert Spencer, "A Theory of Population Deduced from the General Law of Animal Fertility," Westminster Review , n.s. 1 (1852): 263. [BACK]

45. Gordon Haight, George Eliot: A Biography (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1968), 118-119. [BACK]

46. F. S. Gosling, Before Freud: Neurasthenia and the American Medical Community (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987), 34.

47. Ibid., 47, 55.

48. Ibid., 47, 63. [BACK]

46. F. S. Gosling, Before Freud: Neurasthenia and the American Medical Community (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987), 34.

47. Ibid., 47, 55.

48. Ibid., 47, 63. [BACK]

46. F. S. Gosling, Before Freud: Neurasthenia and the American Medical Community (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987), 34.

47. Ibid., 47, 55.

48. Ibid., 47, 63. [BACK]

49. See Edward Clarke, Sex in Education (Boston: J. R. Osgood, 1873); and Henry Maudsley, "Sex in Mind and Education," Fortnightly Review 15 (1874): 466-483. [BACK]

50. Ernest Earnest, S. Weir Mitchell, Novelist and Physician (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1950), 51. [BACK]

51. Silas Weir Mitchell, Doctor and Patient (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1888), 48. [BACK]

52. S. Weir Mitchell, Lectures on Diseases of the Nervous System Especially in Women , 2d ed. (London: J. & A. Churchill, 1885), 15. [BACK]

53. S. Weir Mitchell, Wear and Tear: Hints for the Overworked , 4th ed. (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1872), 38-39. [BACK]

54. Mitchell, Doctor and Patient , 139. [BACK]

55. Mitchell, Lectures on Diseases of the Nervous System , 14. [BACK]

56. Mitchell, Doctor and Patient , 48. [BACK]

57. Mitchell, Lectures on Diseases of the Nervous System , 76. [BACK]

58. Quoted in Gosling, Before Freud , 115. [BACK]

59. See Ann D. Wood, "The Fashionable Diseases: Women's Complaints and Their Treatment in Nineteenth-Century America," in Clio's Consciousness Raised: New Perspectives on the History of Women , ed. Mary Hartman and Lois W. Banner (New York: Harper & Row, 1971), 9; G. Barker-Benfield, The Horrors of the Half-Known Life (New York: Harper Colophon, 1976), 130; and Suzanne Poirier, "The Weir Mitchell Rest Cure: Doctor and Patients," Women's Studies 10 (1983): 15-40. [BACK]

60. Gilman, The Living of Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1935), reprint (New York: Arno Press, 1972), 96. [BACK]

61. Margaret Cleaves, The Autobiography of a Neurasthenic (Boston: Gorham, 1910), 198. See also Poirier, "Weir Mitchell Rest Cure," 28-29; and Constance M. McGovern, "Doctors or Ladies? Women Physicians in Psychiatric Institutions, 1872,-1900," in Women and Health in America , ed. Judith Walker-Leavitt (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984), 442-443. [BACK]

62. Breuer and Freud, "Studies on Hysteria," SE 2:311. [BACK]

63. Robert Brudenell Carter, On the Pathology and Treatment of Hysteria (London: John Churchill, 1853), 25, 53.

64. Ibid., 97-98. [BACK]

63. Robert Brudenell Carter, On the Pathology and Treatment of Hysteria (London: John Churchill, 1853), 25, 53.

64. Ibid., 97-98. [BACK]

65. Henry Maudsley, The Pathology of Mind (London: Macmillan, 1879), 450. [BACK]

66. Charles Mercier, Sanity and Insanity (New York: Scribner & Welford, 1890), 213. [BACK]

67. H. B. Donkin, "Hysteria," in Dictionary of Psychological Medicine , by D. H. Tuke (Philadelphia: P. Blakiston, 1982), 619-620. [BACK]

68. F. C. Skey, Hysteria , 2d ed. (London: Longmans, Greem, Reader & Dyer, 1867), 77-84. [BACK]

69. Maudsley, Pathology of Mind , 397-398. [BACK]

70. Skey, Hysteria , 60. [BACK]

71. Robert Thornton, The Hysterical Woman: Trials, Tears, Tricks, and Tantrums (Chicago: Donohue & Hennebery, 1893). [BACK]

72. Jules Falret, Etudes cliniques sur les maladies mentales et nerveuses (Paris: Librairie Baillière et Fils, 1890), 502. [BACK]

73. Smith-Rosenberg, "The Hysterical Woman: Sex Roles and Role Conflict in Nineteenth-Century America," Social Research 39 (1972); reprinted in Smith-Rosenberg, Disorderly Conduct , 197-216. [BACK]

74. Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality , trans. Robert Hurley (New York: Vintage, 1980), 104.

75. Ibid., 121. [BACK]

74. Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality , trans. Robert Hurley (New York: Vintage, 1980), 104.

75. Ibid., 121. [BACK]

76. Smith-Rosenberg, Disorderly Conduct , 331 n. 5. [BACK]

77. Foucault, History of Sexuality , 112. [BACK]

78. Smith-Rosenberg, Disorderly Conduct , 200. [BACK]

79. Van Deusen, "Observations on a Form of Nervous Prostration," American Journal of Insanity 25 (1869): 447; cited in Smith-Rosenberg, Disorderly Conduct , 332 n. 14. [BACK]

80. Lisa Tickner, The Spectacle of Women (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), 196. [BACK]

81. Smith-Rosenberg, Disorderly Conduct , 259-260. [BACK]

82. See Debora Silverman, "The 'New Woman,' Feminism, and the Decorative Arts in Fin-de-Siècle France," in Eroticism and the Body Politic , ed. Lynn Hunt (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991), 144-163. [BACK]

83. [William Barry], "The Strike of a Sex," Quarterly Review 179 (1894): 312. [BACK]

84. Ian Fletcher, Introduction, British Poetry and Prose 1870-1905 (London: Oxford University Press, 1987), xvii. [BACK]

85. Tickner, Spectacle of Women , 194. [BACK]

86. Linton, The Girl of the Period and Other Essays (London: Macmillan, 1883). [BACK]

87. See Mark S. Micale, "The Salpêtrière in the Age of Charcot: An Institutional Perspective on Medical History in the Late Nineteenth Century," Journal of Contemporary History 20 (October 1985): 709. [BACK]

88. Charcot, "A propos de six cas d'hystérie chez l'homme," in J. M. Charcot: L'Hystérie , ed. E. Trillat (Toulouse: Privat, 1971), 156. [BACK]

89. Batault, Contribution à l'étude de l'hystérie chez l'homme , 110. [BACK]

90. Charcot, "A propos de six cas d'hystérie chez l'homme," 157-158. [BACK]

91. Micale, "Charcot and the Idea of Hysteria in the Male," 66. [BACK]

92. See Micale, "The Salpêtrière in the Age of Charcot," 703-731. [BACK]

93. Goldstein, Console and Classify , 322. [BACK]

94. Cited in Elisabeth Roudinesco, La Bataille de cent ans: Histoire de la psychanalyse en France (Paris: Ramsay, 1982), 1:35. [BACK]

95. Quoted in Ruth Harris, Murders and Madness: Medicine, Law, and Society in the "Fin de Siècle" (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989), 162. [BACK]

96. Quoted in Fielding H. Garrison, Introduction to the History of Medicine (Philadelphia: Saunders, 1924), 640. [BACK]

97. Batault, Contribution à l'étude de l'hystérie chez l'homme . [BACK]

98. See Roudinesco, La Bataille de cent ans , 1:76. [BACK]

99. Griselda Pollock, Vision & Difference: Femininity, Feminism, and the Histories of Art (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1988), 189-190. [BACK]

101. Silverman, "'New Woman,' Feminism, and the Decorative Arts in Fin-de-Siècle France," 147-148. [BACK]

102. See Toby Gelfand, "Medical Nemesis, Paris 1894: Leon Daudet's 'Les Morticoles,'" Bulletin of the History of Medicine 60 (1986): 155-176. [BACK]

103. Axel Munthe, The Story of San Michele (London: John Murray, 1930), 296. [BACK]

104. Zoöphilist 7 (November 1887): 110; quoted in Mary Ann Elston, "Women and Anti-Vivisection in Victorian England, 1870-1900," in Vivisection in Historical Perspective , ed. Nicolaas A. Ruphe (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1987), 281. [BACK]

105. Goldstein, Console and Classify , 375. [BACK]

106. See the accounts of Augustine, also called "Louise" and "X. . ." in D. M. Bourneville, Iconographie photographique de la Salpêtrière , Vol. II (1878): 124-167; and Vol. III (1879-80): 187-199. I am grateful to the staff of the Library of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia for assistance with these materials. [BACK]

107. Louis Aragon and André Breton, "Le cinquantenaire de l'hystérie," La Révolution surréaliste , no. 11 (1928): 20. [BACK]

108. See Georges Didi-Huberman, Invention de l'Hystérie: Charcot et l'Iconographie Photographique de la Salpêtrière (Paris: Macula, 1982). [BACK]

109. The critic Dianne Hunter is active in this group. See also Showalter, Female Malady , chap. 6; and Coral Houtman, Augustine , unpublished television play, London, 1989. [BACK]

110. At least one woman, however, attacked his hostility toward women doctors. See the comments of C. R., "Charcot dévoilé," in Goldstein, Console and Classify , 375. [BACK]

111. L'hystérie aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles (Paris: Steinhel, 1897). [BACK]

112. Georgette Déga, Essai sur la cure préventive de l'hystérie féminine par l'édu-cation (Felix Alcan, 1898), 29. See also Jacqueline Carroy, "Le noviciat de l'hystérie selon Georgette Déga," Psychanalyse Universitaire 12 (1987): 141-152. [BACK]

113. Mark Micale, "Hysteria Male/Hysteria Female: Reflections in Comparative Gender Construction in Nineteenth-Century France and Britain," in Science and Sensibility: Essays in the History of Gender, Science, and Medicine in Nineteenth-Century Britain , ed. Marina Benjamin (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, forthcoming). [BACK]

114. See Trillat, Histoire de l'hystérie , 199-204. [BACK]

115. Pierre Janet, The Major Symptoms of Hysteria (New York: Macmillan, 1920), 10-11. [BACK]

116. Freud, "Paris Report," SE 3:10. [BACK]

117. Cited by Ernest Jones, The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud , edited and abridged by Lionel Trilling and Steven Marcus (New York: Basic Books, 1961), 207n. [BACK]

118. Freud, "Hystérie," SE 1:41, 52. [BACK]

119. See Dianne Hunter, "Hysteria, Psychoanalysis, and Feminism: The Case of Anna O," Feminist Studies 9 (1983): 467-468. [BACK]

120. A significant contribution to this work was made by Hunter in her essay "Hysteria, Psychoanalysis, and Feminism." [BACK]

121. See Diane Price Herndl, "The Writing Cure: Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Anna O, and 'Hysterical' Writing," NWSA Journal 1 (1988): 64-68. [BACK]

122. Sigmund Freud, Dora: An Analysis of a Case of Hysteria (New York: Collins, 1964). See also In Dora's Case: Freud — Hysteria — Feminism , ed. Charles Bernheimer and Claire Kahane (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985). [BACK]

123. Jeffrey Masson, Against Therapy (London: Fontana, 1990), 101. [BACK]

124. See Susan Katz, "Speaking Out against the 'Talking Cure': Unmarried Women in Freud's Early Case Studies," Women's Studies 13 (1987): 297-324. [BACK]

125. Toril Moi, "Representations of Patriarchy: Sexuality and Epistemology in Freud's Dora," in In Dora's Case , ed. Kahane and Bernheimer, 196. [BACK]

126. Breuer and Freud, "Studies on Hysteria," SE , 2:254. [BACK]

127. Freud, "Remembering, Repeating, and Working Through," SE 12:151. [BACK]

128. Freud, "The Dynamics of Transference," SE 12:108. [BACK]

129. The British School of Psychoanalysis , ed. Gregorio Kohon (London: Free Association Books, 1986), 386. [BACK]

130. Kurt Eissler, "The Effect of the Structure of the Ego in Psychoanalytic Technique," J. of American Psychoanalytic Association , Vol. I (1953): 114. [BACK]

131. Dubois, Les psychonévroses et leur traitement moral (Paris: Masson, 1904), 14. [BACK]

132. Tickner, Spectacle of Women , 203.

133. Ibid., 316 n. 198. [BACK]

132. Tickner, Spectacle of Women , 203.

133. Ibid., 316 n. 198. [BACK]

134. P. Guriaud, Hystérie et folie hystérique (AMP 1914), in Trillat, L'histoire de l'hystérie , 241. [BACK]

135. Claude Barrois, Les révroses traumatiques (Paris: Bardas, 1988), 20-21. [BACK]

136. "Deux types de névroses de guerre," Oeuvres complètes (Paris: Payot, 1970), 2:238-252. [BACK]

137. On W. H. R. Rivers, see the biography by Richard Sloboden, W. H. R. Rivers (New York: Columbia University Press, 1978); and Showalter, Female Malady , chap. 7. [BACK]

138. See Charles S. Myers, Shell-Shock in France (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1940), 25, 37, 66. [BACK]

139. Myers, Shell-Shock in France , 83; and W. McDougall, An Outline of Abnormal Psychology (London: Methuen, 1926), 2. [BACK]

140. Martin Stone, "Shellshock and the Psychologists," in The Anatomy of Madness , ed. W. F. Bynum, Roy Porter, and Michael Shepherd (London: Tavistock, 1985), 261. [BACK]

141. Myers, Shell-Shock in France , 40. [BACK]

142. Quoted in Eric Leed, No Man's Land: Combat and Identity in World War I (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979), 179. [BACK]

143. Frederick W. Mott, War Neuroses and Shell Shock (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1919), 171. [BACK]

144. H. Stern, "Evolution du problème des psychoneuroses de guerre," An-nales médico-psychologiques (1947) 2:249-270. [BACK]

145. Jones, Life and Work of Sigmund Freud , 494-495. [BACK]

146. Quoted in Thomas Salmon, The Care and Treatment of Mental Diseases and War Neuroses ("Shell Shock") in the British Army (New York: War Work Committee of the National Committee for Mental Hygiene, 1917), 40. [BACK]

147. G. Elliot-Smith and T. H. Pear, Shellshock and Its Lessons , 4th ed. (London: Longman, Green, 1919), 32-33. [BACK]

148. R. D. Gillespie, The Psychological Effects of War on Citizen and Soldier (New York: Norton, 1942), 21; quoted in Stone, "Shellshock and the Psychologists," 21. [BACK]

149. Crichton-Miller, quoted in Salmon, Care and Treatment , 40. [BACK]

150. Thomas A. Ross, Lectures on War Neurosis (Baltimore: Williams, 1941), 78. [BACK]

151. Paul Fussell, The Great War and Modern Memory (New York: Oxford University Press, 1975), 22-29. [BACK]

152. Karl Abraham, in Psycho-analysis and the War Neuroses , ed. Sándor Ferenczi (London: International Psycho-analytical Press, 1921), 24. [BACK]

153. See The Lancet , 25 December 1915; 15 January 1916; 22 January 1916; and 19 February 1916. [BACK]

154. P. S. Lynch, "The Exploitation of Courage," M.Phil. thesis, University of London, 1977. [BACK]

155. Stone, "Shellshock and the Psychologists," 261, 263. [BACK]

156. Fussell, The Great War and Modern Memory , 273-274. [BACK]

157. Stone, "Shellshock and the Psychologists," 262. [BACK]

158. Stone, "Shellshock and the Psychologists," 245. [BACK]

159. W. H. R. Rivers, Instinct and the Unconscious (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1922), 252. [BACK]

160. Rivers, "Psycho-Therapeutics," in Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics , ed. James Hastings, 13 vols. (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1918), 10:440. [BACK]

161. See, for example, the case study of a claustrophobic officer who stammered in Rivers, Instinct and the Unconscious . [BACK]

162. Rivers, Instinct and the Unconscious , 133, 135, 136. [BACK]

163. Edward Shorter, "Mania, Hysteria, and Gender in Lower Austria, 1891-1905," History of Psychiatry 1 (1990): 4. See also Shorter, "Paralysis: The Rise and Fall of a 'Hysterical Symptom,'" Journal of Social History 19 (1986): 549-582. [BACK]

164. Interview with Monique David-Ménard in Women Analyze Women , ed. Elaine Hoffman Baruch and Lucienne J. Serrano (New York: New York University Press, 1988), 54-55. [BACK]

165. David-Ménard in Women Analyze Women , ed. Baruch and Serrano, 54. [BACK]

166. Elizabeth Zetzel, The Capacity for Emotional Growth (New York: International Universities Press, 1970), 14.

167. Ibid. 236-238.

168. Ibid., 245. [BACK]

166. Elizabeth Zetzel, The Capacity for Emotional Growth (New York: International Universities Press, 1970), 14.

167. Ibid. 236-238.

168. Ibid., 245. [BACK]

166. Elizabeth Zetzel, The Capacity for Emotional Growth (New York: International Universities Press, 1970), 14.

167. Ibid. 236-238.

168. Ibid., 245. [BACK]

169. Baruch and Serrano, Women Analyze Women , 55.

170. Ibid., 49. [BACK]

169. Baruch and Serrano, Women Analyze Women , 55.

170. Ibid., 49. [BACK]

171. Micale, "Hysteria and Its Historiography, I," 227. [BACK]

172. Ilza Veith, Can You Hear the Clapping of One Hand? Learning to Live with a Stroke (Berkeley, Los Angeles, Oxford: University of California Press, 1989), 94.

173. Ibid., 274. [BACK]

172. Ilza Veith, Can You Hear the Clapping of One Hand? Learning to Live with a Stroke (Berkeley, Los Angeles, Oxford: University of California Press, 1989), 94.

173. Ibid., 274. [BACK]

174. Micale, "Hysteria and Its Historiography, II," 319. [BACK]

175. Veith, Hysteria , viii. [BACK]

176. See, for example, Carol F. Karlson, The Devil in the Shape of a Woman: Witchcraft in Colonial New England (New York: Vintage Books, 1989). [BACK]

177. Veith, Hysteria , 208, 210.

178. Ibid., 209. [BACK]

177. Veith, Hysteria , 208, 210.

178. Ibid., 209. [BACK]

179. Joan W. Scott, "American Women Historians, 1884-1984," in Gender and the Politics of History (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988), 186. [BACK]

180. Nancy J. Chodorow, Feminism and Psychoanalytic Theory (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1989), 215, 219. [BACK]

181. Kahane, In Dora's Case , 31. [BACK]

182. Mary Jacobus, Reading Woman: Essays in Feminist Criticism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986), 200. [BACK]

183. Hélène Cixous, "The Laugh of the Medusa," in New French Feminisms , ed. Elaine Marks and Isabelle de Courtivron (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1980), 257. [BACK]

184. Cixous and Clement, Newly-Born Woman , 154.

185. Ibid., 5, 9, 15, 157. [BACK]

184. Cixous and Clement, Newly-Born Woman , 154.

185. Ibid., 5, 9, 15, 157. [BACK]

186. On hysterical narrative see Madelon Sprengnether, "Enforcing Oedipus: Freud and Dora," in In Dora's Case , ed. Kahane and Bernheimer, 267-271. [BACK]

187. Toril Moi, Feminist Theory and Simone de Beauvoir (London: Basil Blackwell Publisher, 1990), 82. [BACK]

188. Lisa K. Gornick, "Developing a New Narrative: The Woman Therapist and the Male Patient," in Psychoanalysis and Women: Contemporary Reappraisals , ed. Judith L. Alpert (Hillsdale, N.J.: Analytic Press, 1986), 257-286. [BACK]

189. Gornick, "Developing a New Narrative," 258. [BACK]

190. Herndl, "Writing Cure," 53-54. [BACK]

191. Mitchell, Women: The Longest Revolution: Essays in Feminism, Literature and Psychoanalysis (London: Virago, 1984), 117. [BACK]

192. Quoted in Elisabeth Roudinesco, Histoire de la psychanalyse en France , I: 82-83. [BACK]

193. Anne Stevenson, "The Hysterical Women's Movement," Times Literary Supplement (9 September 1983), 961. There are interesting correspondences between Sylvia Plath's most famous poem, "Daddy," and the case of Anna O., although this textual connection is not at all the kind of hysterical parallel Stevenson had in mind. [BACK]

194. "The Storming of St. Pat's," New York Times (12 December 1989), Sec. A, 24. [BACK]

195. Lena Williams, "Psychotherapy Gaining Favor among Blacks," New York Times , (22 November 1989), Sec. I, 1. [BACK]

196. Quoted in Arnold Rampersad, "Psychology and Afro-American Biography," The Yale Review (1989): 7. [BACK]

197. Hunter, "Hysteria, Psychoanalysis, and Feminism," 485. [BACK]

198. Trillat, L'histoire de l'hystérie , 274. [BACK]

199. Phillip R. Slavney, Perspectives on "Hysteria" (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990), 190. [BACK]