1. Richard Zeiger, "Governor's Mansion May Be on Razors' Edge," The Evening Press-Enterprise of Riverside County (Calif.) Sep. 30, 1983. The townhouse eventually purchased for Deukmejian was owned and managed by a private foundation; Governor Pete Wilson has also lived in the Carmichael townhouse.

2. Claire Cooper, "Duke Asks New Power on Budget," The Sacramento Bee , Jan. 25, 1983.

3. Biographical details based on Dan Walters (ed.), California Political Almanac, 1989-1990 Edition , pp. 88-98; also Amy Chance, "Duke's Law-and-Order Leanings Started Early," The Sacramento Bee , Oct. 5, 1986; the author of this book covered Deukmejian during his 1986 reelection campaign for governor and has had numerous conversations with Deukmejian over the years.

4. Chance, "Duke's Law-and-Order Leanings Started Early."

5. Steve Merksamer, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Sep. 1, 1993.

6. Interviews, Steve Merksamer; George Deukmejian, telephone, June 27, 1995.

7. Dialogue based on Merksamer's recollection of his conversations with Unruh. Patrick Nolan, interview, Sacramento, Calif., May 6, 1993, also recalled having nearly the same dialogue with Unruh.

8. Steve Merksamer, interview.

9. George Deukmejian, interview.

10. Ibid.

11. Amy Chance, "Aloof Governor Leaves Lawmakers Scratching Heads," The Sacramento Bee , May 21, 1989; Brown was interviewed by Chance and Richardson for a two-part series entitled "California's Legislature: An Institution in Crisis."

12. George Deukmejian, interview.

13. Ibid.

14. Steve Merksamer, interview.

15. Claire Cooper, "Fiscal Crisis Talks Resume; Outlook for Resolution Dim," The Sacramento Bee , Feb. 15, 1983. Claire Cooper, "Governor Signs Budget Solution Bill," The Sacramento Bee , Feb. 18, 1983; Ed Salzman, "Everybody except New Right GOP Wins in Budget," The Sacramento Bee , Feb. 19, 1983.

16. Steve Merksamer, interview.

17. George Deukmejian, interview; Salzman, "Everybody except New Right GOP Wins in Budget."

18. Claire Cooper, "Legislature OKs Fiscal Crisis Solution," The Sacramento Bee , Feb. 17, 1983.

19. John Jacobs, A Rage for Justice: The Passion and Politics of Phillip Burton , p. 485. Burton was preparing for bed, and complained to his wife, "Jesus, Sala, I don't feel good." He collapsed and died. Jacobs writes that Burton's aneurysm could have been easily detected by a doctor, but Burton refused to get physical checkups.

20. Photograph from Phillip Burton memorial service, San Francisco, Calif., Apr. 1983, Phillip Burton Papers, photographic collection, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

21. Martin Smith, "Willie Brown's Worst Experience," The Sacramento Bee , July 7, 1983.

22. Jim Dufur, "Top Demos Warn Duke It's Time to 'Play Hardball' on Budget," The Sacramento Bee , May 10, 1983; Jeff Rabin and Thorne Gray, "Budget Battle Heats Up as Duke, Demos Collide Head-On," The Sacramento Bee , June 22, 1983.

23. Jeff Rabin, "Democrats Digging In for Long Budget Fight," The Sacramento Bee , July 3, 1983.

24. Jeff Rabin, "Duke Signs Pared-Down State Budget," The Sacramento Bee , July 22, 1983.

25. The line became Deukmejian's stump speech trademark. When Pete Wilson became governor and the state hit the fiscal skids, reporters joked that California went from "IOU to A-OK to DOA."

26. California Commission on State Finance, Impact of Defense Cuts on California , pp. 4, 5.

27. Steve Merksamer, interview.

28. Amy Chance, "Unbridgeable Gap at Capitol Split with Legislature Plagued Governor's Two Terms," The Sacramento Bee , Dec. 30, 1990.

29. Amy Chance, "Aloof Governor Leaves Lawmakers Scratching Heads," The Sacramento Bee , May 21, 1989.

30. James Richardson, "Roberti and Brown Switch 'Good Cop, Bad Cop' Roles," The Press-Enterprise of Riverside County (Calif.), Sep. 5, 1986.

31. Steve Merksamer, interview.

32. Claire Cooper, "Senate Committee OKs New Reapportionment Plan," The Sacramento Bee , Mar. 8, 1984.

33. Ed Salzman, "Naylor, Brown See No Chance for Compromise on Remap," The Sacramento Bee , Mar. 14, 1984.

34. Robert Naylor, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Jan. 18, 1993.

35. Democracy by Initiative: Report and Recommendations of the California Commission on Campaign Financing (Los Angeles: Center for Responsive Government, 1992), table 1, p. 2; passage rate table 2.2, p. 56; expenditure figures and lobbying spending versus initiative spending, p. 264. The commission concluded (p. 2): "An emerging culture of democracy by initiative is transforming the electorate into a fourth and new branch of state government."

36. "Brown Dumps Demo Caucus Chairman," The Sacramento Bee , May 18, 1984.

37. Jim Dufur, "Living with Proposition 24, Legislators Must Trim Salaries, Staffs," The Sacramento Bee , July 15, 1984; Stephen Green, "Brown, Gann Mix It Up over Prop. 24," The Sacramento Bee , Dec. 8, 1984.

38. "Legislators Spent $73.2 Million Doing Their Jobs," The Sacramento Bee , July 10, 1984.

39. Robert Forsyth, "Governor Rides to Rescue of Remap Initiative," The Sacramento Bee , Oct. 30, 1984.

40. "Assembly Demos to Hold Strategy Session," The Sacramento Bee , Sep. 4, 1984; Jim Dufur, "Twenty-Eight Assembly Demos Plan, Play in Yosemite," The Sacramento Bee , Sep. 11, 1984.

41. Richard A. Clucas, The Speaker's Electoral Connection: Willie Brown and the California Assembly , table 4, p. 51; Ronald W. Powell, "Black Voter Told They Can Be Difference," The Sacramento Bee , Oct. 28, 1984; Martin Smith, "Mondale Helped Brown," The Sacramento Bee , Nov. 6, 1984.

42. Robert Forsyth, "Money Was Major Weapon in Ballot Initiatives," The Sacramento Bee , Feb. 9, 1985; also Democracy by Initiative , p. 401.

43. Dan Walters, "Willie's Up, Duke's Down," The Sacramento Bee , Nov. 8, 1984.

44. Martin Smith, "Brown's Shocking Honesty," The Sacramento Bee , Nov. 27, 1984; Laura Mecoy, "Sebastiani to Push New Remap Initiative," The Sacramento Bee , Jan. 4, 1985.

45. Robert Naylor, interview.

46. "GOP Tries to Find Dirt in Receipts," The Sacramento Bee , July 6, 1984.

47. Patrick Nolan, interview, Sacramento, Calif., May 6, 1993.

48. Ibid.

49. James Richardson, "Toxic Waste Plan Fails, a Victim of Political Hardball," The Press-Enterprise of Riverside County (Calif.), Sep. 15, 1985; the author talked to all of the participants during the long night. Also Stephen Green, "Duke's Toxics Plan Taken Captive by Assembly Demos," The Sacramento Bee , Sep. 14, 1985; William Endicott, "A Winning Hand for Deukmejian," The Sacramento Bee , Sep. 15, 1985.

50. Steve Merksamer, interview.

51. Ibid.

52. AB 2595, by Assemblyman Byron Sher, was passed by the Legislature and signed in 1988; the two automatic weapon bills, AB 357 and SB 292, were by Democratic Assemblyman Michael Roos and Senate President Pro Tem David Roberti and were signed by Deukmejian in 1989.

53. Randy Shilts, And the Band Played On: Politics, People, and the AIDS Epidemic , pp. 281, 357.

54. Rick Rodriguez, "It's Duke Vs. Reagan on Sanctions, Divestment by State Is Law," The Sacramento Bee , Sep. 27, 1986.

55. William Pickens, notes from the Assembly Ways and Means Subcommittee on Education meeting from May 14, 1985. Pickens, an education consultant, was at the time deputy director of the California Postsecondary Education Commission. He graciously provided a copy.

54. Rick Rodriguez, "It's Duke Vs. Reagan on Sanctions, Divestment by State Is Law," The Sacramento Bee , Sep. 27, 1986.

57. Walters, (ed.), California Political Almanac 1989-1990 , p. 140; Jeff Rabin, "S. Africa Bill Gets Final OK," The Sacramento Bee , Aug. 28, 1986; the author of this book watched the debate in the chambers as a reporter for The Press-Enterprise of Riverside County (Calif.).

58. Gretchen Kell, "Mandela Vows 2nd U.S. Tour," The Sacramento Bee , July 1, 1990.