1. Robert Naylor, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Jan. 18, 1993.

2. Patrick Nolan, interview, Sacramento, Calif., May 6, 1993.

3. Ibid.

4. Robert Studer, "McCarthy as Speaker: 'Unique Ability to Persuade,'" California Journal , Nov. 1979, p. 382.

5. Patrick Nolan, interview.

6. Otto Kreisher, "How Carol Hallett Captured the GOP Leadership," California Journal , July 1979, p. 228.

7. Ibid., p. 228.

8. Richard Zeiger, "Ingalls Sees Berman Backing Him for Pro Tem," Riverside Press-Enterprise , Nov. 7, 1980.

9. Cynthia Willett, "The Next Speaker? Probably Howard Berman," California Journal , Nov. 1979, p. 380.

10. Interviews, Leo McCarthy, San Francisco, Calif., Mar. 2, 1993; Howard Berman, Washington, D.C., June 8, 1993; Jeff Raimundo, "Berman Imprint," The Sacramento Bee , Dec. 12, 1979.

11. Transcript of press conference by Howard Berman, Dec. 11, 1979, author's private collection.

12. Statement by Assembly Speaker Leo T. McCarthy, Dec. 12, 1979, author's private collection.

13. Leo McCarthy, interview.

14. Howard Berman, interview.

15. John Jacobs, A Rage for Justice: The Passion and Politics of Phillip Burton , p. 408.

16. Bill Lockyer, interview, Hayward, Calif., Nov. 23, 1993.

17. Abe Mellinkoff, "Sacramento Shootout," San Francisco Chronicle , Jan. 3, 1980.

18. Jerry Roberts, "Willie Brown and the Speakership War," San Francisco Chronicle , Jan. 19, 1980.

19. Art Torres, interview, Sacramento, Calif., May 26, 1993; Alatorre did not respond to requests for an interview.

20. John Balzar, "Willie Brown Gets No. 2 Assembly Post," San Francisco Chronicle , Jan. 4, 1980.

21. Leo McCarthy, interview.

22. Vic Pollard, "Will the Imperial Speakership Survive the Assault on Government?" California Journal , May 1980, p. 198.

23. "Key Speakership Fighters Top Fund-Raisers," The Sacramento Bee , May 22, 1980.

24. Robert Naylor, interview.

25. Ed Rollins, interview, Washington, D.C., Dec. 1, 1993.

26. Interviews, Robert Naylor; Carol Hallett, Washington, D.C., June 10, 1993; Willie Brown, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994.

27. Martin Smith, "Willie Brown and the GOP," The Sacramento Bee , Aug. 28, 1980; Gale Cook, "The Making of the Brown-Berman Speakership Battle," San Francisco Examiner , Nov. 26, 1980.

28. Smith, "Willie Brown and the GOP" Ed Rollins acknowledged that he was Smith's source in an interview, Washington, D.C., Dec. 1, 1993. Jacobs, A Rage for Justice , p. 411.

29. Art Torres, interview.

30. Interviews, Maxine Waters, Washington, D.C., June 10, 1993; Tom Hannigan, Sacramento, Calif., Aug. 24, 1993; Willie Brown, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994.

31. Tom Hannigan, interview.

32. Jerry Roberts, "The Prize That Eluded Howard Berman," San Francisco Chronicle , Dec. 6, 1980.

33. Louis J. Papan, oral history interview, p. 32, California State Archives, Sacramento.

34. Frank Vicencia, oral history interview, pp. 156-157, California State Archives, Sacramento.

35. Maxine Waters, interview.

36. Ross Johnson, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Aug. 26, 1993.

37. Ibid.

38. Claire Cooper, "Willie Brown Rocks Berman Bandwagon," The Sacramento Bee , Nov. 20, 1980; Larry Liebert, "Willie Brown Wants Assembly Speaker Job," San Francisco Chronicle , Nov. 21, 1980.

39. Interviews, Ross Johnson; Ed Rollins.

40. Carol Hallett, interview; editorial, "Willie Brown and Carol Hallett," The Sacramento Bee , Dec. 3, 1980. Hallett said that documents were traded with Brown, but she did not locate copies.

41. Carol Hallett, interview.

42. Ross Johnson, interview.

43. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994.

44. Ed Rollins, interview.

45. Claudia Luther and Tracy Wood, "Brown Claims Votes to Win Speakership," Los Angeles Times , Nov. 25, 1980.

46. Carol Hallett, interview.

47. Interview, confidential informant.

48. Interviews, Patrick Nolan; Carol Hallett.

49. Carol Hallett, interview.

50. Howard Berman, interview.

51. See Chapter 12, "Mice Milk."

52. Herb Michelson, "Treasurer Jesse Unruh, Waiting for Another Chance to Lead," California Journal , Apr. 1980, p. 145.

53. Carol Hallett, interview; Jacobs, A Rage for Justice , p. 412.

54. Ross Johnson, interview.

55. Larry Liebert, "Bargains and Egos," San Francisco Chronicle , Nov. 27, 1980.

56. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994.

57. Liebert, "Bargains and Egos."

58. Art Torres, interview.

59. Martin Smith, "Chavez and the Speakership," The Sacramento Bee , Dec. 4, 1980; Frank del Olmo, "For Chicanos, a Political Bloodletting," Los Angeles Times , Dec. 11, 1980.

60. Howard Berman, interview.

61. Tom Hannigan, interview.

62. Liebert, "Willie Brown Wants Assembly Speaker Job."

63. Austin Scott, "Speaker to Create Second Latino Seat in Congress," Los Angeles Times , Jan. 28, 1981.

64. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994.

65. Howard Berman, interview.

66. Ed Rollins, interview.

67. Jacobs, A Rage for Justice , p. 413; John Balzar and Jerry Roberts, "Willie Brown Wins Vote for Speaker," San Francisco Chronicle , Dec. 2, 1980.

68. Howard Berman, interview.