1. California Legislature at Sacramento , 1969 (Sacramento: California Legislature, 1969), member charts, pp. 218-225.

2. Veneman became undersecretary of Health Education and Welfare, the top assistant to Robert H. Finch. "President Appoints Veneman Health, Education, Welfare Aide," The Sacramento Bee , Feb. 7, 1969.

3. Before Robert Monagan, the last Republican Speaker of the Assembly was Luther H. Lincoln (1955-1958). Stephen Green (ed.), California Political Almanac 1995-1996 , p. 98; Monagan was the last Republican Speaker elected until 1995, when Doris Allen was elected with Democratic votes and no Republican votes other than her own.

4. Legislators could have looked to the Assembly of 1969-70 for lessons on how little they could accomplish when the house stood at a tie and was knotted up over leadership issues. In 1995-96 the Assembly stood at a 39-39 tie, and again nothing major was accomplished.

5. "Willie Brown Sums It Up—'A Disaster,'" San Francisco Chronicle , Aug. 11, 1969.

6. Richard Rodda, "S. F.'s Willie Brown Takes Over Demo Whip Post in Assembly, First Negro So Honored," The Sacramento Bee , Jan. 31, 1969.

7. Sherry Bebitch Jeffe, "The Modern Speakership of the California State Assembly: Typologies of State Legislative Leadership," p. 29.

8. Ibid., p. 28. Jeffe assigned percentage indicators for how much each Speaker placed emphasis on administrative chores and legislative programs. Unruh was assigned 92 percent administrative and 100 percent programmatic; Monagan was assigned 100 percent administrative and 14 percent programmatic.

9. California Legislature at Sacramento , 1970 (Sacramento: California Legislature, 1970), p. 178.

10. Field report from Virna Canson, legislative advocate, Feb. 9-Mar. 14, 1969, NAACP West Coast Region Office Papers (1946-1970), file "O.A. Reports—Legislative Advocate—Field Director (Virna Canson) Monthly Reports December 1968-May 1969," carton 26, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

11. Field report from Virna Canson, legislative advocate, Apr. 14-May 16, 1969, NAACP West Coast Region Office Papers (1946-1970), file "O.A. Reports—Legislative Advocate—Field Director (Virna Canson) Monthly Reports December 1968-May 1969," carton 26, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

12. Field report from Virna Canson, legislative advocate, undated, NAACP West Coast Region Office Papers (1946-1970), file "O.A. Reports—Legislative Advocate—Field Director (Virna Canson) Legislative Report 1969," carton 26, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

13. John Burton, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Apr. 26, 1993.

14. "Low-Cost Housing Need Is Critical," The Sacramento Bee , Mar. 11, 1969.

15. "Brown Wins Ovation from Planners," San Francisco Chronicle , Mar. 15, 1969.

16. "Warning by Willie Brown on Tensions," San Francisco Chronicle , Dec. 12, 1968.

17. Lester Kinsolving, "State Demands Called 'Symbolic,'" San Francisco Chronicle , Dec. 16, 1968.

18. Michael Harris, "Hayakawa vs. Willie Brown at Publishers' Seminar," San Francisco Chronicle , Feb. 8, 1969; "Solon Brown Charges Hayakawa Let Radicals Control Black Student Union," The Sacramento Bee , Feb. 8, 1969.

19. Hugh Pearson, The Shadow of the Panther: Huey Newton and the Price of Black Power in America , p. 178.

20. Lou Cannon, Ronnie and Jesse: A Political Odyssey , p. 254. Cannon's description and analysis of the San Francisco State upheavals is the best and most complete.

21. David Hilliard and Lewis Cole, This Side of Glory: The Autobiography of David Hilliard and the Story of the Black Panther Party , p. 247.

22. Report of the Select Committee on Campus Disturbances , California Assembly, May 1969, pp. 4, 21-24, 26.

23. Ibid., page ii (foreword).

24. "SF Solon Urges Greater Negro Role in Education," The Sacramento Bee , Mar. 5, 1969.

25. "Assemblyman Brown Predicts in UCD Talk He May Be Next Majority Leader," The Sacramento Bee , Apr. 24, 1969.

26. Victor Veysey, oral history interview, California State Archives, pp. 194-195.

27. John Mockler, interview, Sacramento, July 29, 1993.

28. "Findings," and "Recommendations," Report of the Select Committee on Campus Disturbances , pp. 1-8.

29. "Statement by Willie L. Brown, Jr.," Report of the Select Committee on Campus Disturbances , pp. 168-170.

30. Letter, John Vasconcellos to Victor Veysey, chairman, Select Committee on Campus Disturbances, May 9, 1969. Greene also wrote a one-page statement included as the last page of the final report. Report of the Select Committee on Campus Disturbances .

31. "Statement by Willie L. Brown, Jr.," Report of the Select Committee on Campus Disturbances .

32. John Mockler, interview, Sacramento, Calif., July 29, 1993.

33. "Brown Says Everyone Can Enjoy His Sex Bill," San Francisco Chronicle , Apr. 17, 1969.

34. Randy Shilts, The Mayor of Castro Street: The Life and Times of Harvey Milk , pp. 59-60.

35. Jerry Roberts, Dianne Feinstein: Never Let Them See You Cry , p. 72.

36. "Bill to Legalize Homosexuality," San Francisco Chronicle , Mar. 4, 1969; "Brown Says Everyone Can Enjoy His Sex Bill."

37. "Willie Brown Sums It Up—'A Disaster.'"

38. Cannon, Ronnie and Jesse , p. 219.

39. "New Urban League Director Will Seek Unity, Grass-Roots Control," The Sacramento Bee , May 4, 1969.

40. Phillip Isenberg, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Oct. 20, 1993.

41. Willie L. Brown Jr., "Blacks, Browns, and Reds—Colors Far Apart."

42. "Assemblyman Brown Predicts in UCD Talk He May Be Next Majority Leader," The Sacramento Bee , Apr. 24, 1969.

43. Martin Smith, "The Moral of an Earlier Vote for Assembly Speaker," The Sacramento Bee , Dec. 31, 1994.

44. Memorandum from George N. Zenovich, chairman of the Assembly Democratic Caucus, to members of the Assembly Democratic Caucus, Jan. 21, 1970, Jesse M. Unruh Papers, folder "Correspondence, Democratic Caucus 1965-1967," carton LP236:189; California State Archives, Sacramento.

45. "Good morning, Jess" letter from Robert Moretti to Jesse M. Unruh, undated, probably 1970, Robert Moretti Papers, LP 162:97, box 4: 1966-74, California State Archives, Sacramento.

46. John A. FitzRandolph, oral history interview, p. 82, California State Archives, Sacramento.

47. "Brown's Bid for Unruh Job," San Francisco Chronicle , Feb. 11, 1970.

48. William Lockyer, interview, Hayward, Calif., Nov. 23, 1993.

49. "Two Solons Visit London for Parley," The Sacramento Bee , Mar. 14, 1970; Richard Rodda, "Jess Unruh Will Quit as Assembly Demo Leader; Fight for Position Opens," The Sacramento Bee , Mar. 16, 1970.

50. "A Deadlock on Unruh's Successor," San Francisco Chronicle , Apr. 2, 1970; "Reports of Coalition in Demo Fight," San Francisco Chronicle , Apr. 3, 1970.

51. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 15, 1993.

52. John Burton, interview.

53. Descriptions of John Miller based on interviews with Willie Brown, San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 15, 1993; John Burton, Apr. 26, 1993; Leo McCarthy, San Francisco, Calif., Mar. 2, 1993; and Julian Dixon, Washington, D.C., June 9, 1993.

54. California Legislature at Sacramento , 1970, p. 178.

55. John Burton, interview.

56. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 15, 1993.

57. Tom Arden, "Assembly Demos Pick Negro Leader," The Sacramento Bee , Apr. 7, 1970.

58. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 15, 1993.

59. Robert Monagan, interview, Sacramento, Calif., May 30, 1995.

60. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 15, 1993.

61. Robert Monagan, interview.

62. Ed Salzman, "The Constant Quest for the Speakership," California Journal , Mar. 1974, p. 96.

63. "Good morning, Jess" letter from Robert Moretti to Jesse M. Unruh.

64. John A. FitzRandolph, oral history interview, p. 91.

65. "Sex Law Reform," The Sacramento Bee , Apr. 9, 1970; John V. Hurst, "Vagaries of Auto Insurance Attract California's Attention," The Sacramento Bee , Apr. 19, 1970.

66. "A Future Mayoral Candidate," San Francisco Chronicle , July 22, 1970; "Assemblyman Brown May Run for SF Mayor," The Sacramento Bee , July 22, 1970.

67. "Harsh Report on Soledad Conditions," San Francisco Chronicle , Aug. 3, 1970; "Soledad Chief Blasts Critical Report on Institution Issues by Solons," The Sacramento Bee , Aug. 4, 1970.

68. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 15, 1993.

69. Jeffe, "The Modern Speakership of the California State Assembly."

70. John A. FitzRandolph, oral history interview, p. 66.

71. Ibid., p. 108.

72. California Legislature at Sacramento , 1971 (Sacramento: California Legislature, 1971), pp. 212-220.

73. John A. FitzRandolph, oral history interview, p. 109.

74. California Legislature at Sacramento , 1971, p. 454.

75. "Brown Attacks Ouster of Black from Bridge Board," San Francisco Chronicle , Dec. 16, 1970.

76. John Dearman, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994.

77. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 15, 1993.

78. Earl C. Behrens, "Demos Vie for Assembly Leadership," San Francisco Chronicle , Nov. 14, 1970.

79. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994.

80. "Brown Is Likely to Get Assembly Ways, Means Post in Shuffle," The Sacramento Bee , Dec. 16, 1970; "Moretti Picks Willie Brown to Chair Assembly Ways, Means Committee," The Sacramento Bee , Jan. 7, 1971.