1. Descriptions of Brown's birth and Chaney Gunter based on interviews with Itsie Collins, San Francisco, Calif., Feb. 3 and 9, 1993; Lewis Brown, Huntington Park, Calif., Mar. 15, 1993; and Lovia Brown Boyd, Ennis, Tex., Feb. 22, 1993. Much of this chapter is based on the descriptions of Mineola by Collins and Lewis Brown, as well as by Willie Brown's sisters, Baby Dalle Hancock, Lovia Brown Boyd, and Gwendolyn Brown Hill; his brother, James Walton; and a number of former and current Mineola residents.

2. Popular lore put the Sabine River as the dividing line between the Old South and the new Southwest. See, for example, the fictional West of the Sabine: The Pioneers' Last Heritage , by Robert Emmet Caudle (San Antonio: Naylor, 1938).

3. "Mineola Goes after Water Again," The Dallas Morning News , July 2, 1939. The well was sunk in 1892, and the pump was powered by a windmill until 1906, when it was replaced by an electric motor. The well sanded up in 1918, and efforts to revive it were made in 1922 and 1939.

4. Details about Mineola when Brown was born from Mineola Monitor , Feb. 22, 1934; Mar. 8, 15, 22, 29, 1934.

5. The author traveled to Mineola in February and March 1993 and in July 1993, spending a total of four weeks in Mineola and the surrounding region; material in this chapter based largely on observations, primary and secondary sources, and interviews, where cited, from those trips. Historical sources were also used in the Dallas Public Library, Texas Collection.

6. Census and other demographic and economic data based on University of Texas, An Economic Survey of Wood County .

7. An Economic Survey of Wood County , p. 3.0102. The study reported that only 152 of Mineola's 1,850 adults had any education beyond high school. Only 263 adults had even graduated from high school.

8. Art Turk, interview, Mineola, Tex., Feb. 24, 1993.

9. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 15, 1993.

10. Wood County Historical Society, Wood County, 1850-1900 (Quitman, Tex.: Wood County Historical Society, 1976), p. 2.

11. An Economic Survey of Wood County , p. 1.03.

15. The names of the Confederate pensioners are listed in Wood County, 1850-1900 , pp. 178-181.

12. Early history of Wood County and Mineola based on Wood County, 1850-1900 , pp. 1-8. Statistics and other historical detail based on An Economic Survey of Wood County .

13. Wood County, 1850-1900 , p. 37.

14. Ibid., p. 37.

16. Gwendolyn Brown Hill, interview, Dallas, Tex., Feb. 20, 1993.

17. Lawrence D. Rice, The Negro in Texas, 1874-1900 , pp. 95, 133-139.

18. Alwyn Barr, Black Texans: A History of Negroes in Texas, 1528-1971 , pp. 136-138.

19. Ibid., p. 136; East Texas led the state in lynchings. The peak year was 1908, with twenty-four deaths. Texas ranked third in the nation between 1900 and 1910 in lynchings, with more than one hundred, mostly in East Texas.

20. Rice, The Negro in Texas , p. 253.

21. Ibid., p. 253.

22. Barr, Black Texans , p. 136.

23. Confidential informant, Mineola, Tex., Feb. 23, 1993.

24. Barr, Black Texans , p. 139.

25. East Texas did present opportunities for blacks to own their own farms. By 1925 there were 181 blacks who fully owned their own farm in Wood County. But black tenant farmers and sharecroppers were more common, with 353 tenants and 114 sharecroppers. Farming declined throughout the Depression for both blacks and whites, but black farming nearly collapsed in World War II. By 1945 there were 135 blacks left who owned their farms, 98 tenant farmers, and 19 sharecroppers. An Economic Survey of Wood County , table 9, p. 4.0101-03.

26. Ella Robert's age and birthplace are listed on the birth certificate of her son, Lewis Brown; Bureau of Vital Statistics, Wood County Clerk, Oct. 7, 1941.

27. Interviews, Itsie Collins, San Francisco, Calif., Feb. 9, 1993; Gwendolyn Brown Hill, Dallas, Tex., Feb. 20, 1993; Pauline Ricker, Mineola, Tex., July 9, 1993.

28. Itsie Collins, interview, San Francisco, California, Feb. 9, 1993.

29. See, for example, Robert Scheer, "Mr. Speaker: The Flash," Los Angeles Times Magazine , June 23, 1991.

30. Gwendolyn Brown Hill, interview.

31. James Walton, interview, Tacoma, Wash., Nov. 15, 1993. Descriptions of Anna Lee Collins also based on interviews with all of her grandchildren and many of her former neighbors elsewhere noted.

32. Associated Press photo caption of Willie Brown and Minnie Collins Boyd, May 23, 1970.

33. Marcus McCalla, interview, Mineola, Tex., Feb. 23, 1993.

34. Patty Ruth Newsome, interview, Mineola, Tex., Feb. 23, 1993.

35. Gwendolyn Brown Hill, interview.

36. Interviews, Gwendolyn Brown Hill; Lovia Brown Boyd, Ennis, Tex., Feb. 22, 1993.

37. Itsie Collins, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Feb. 9, 1993.

38. Family Census Blank. For Negro Scholastics Only , Mar. 27, 1944, signed by "Mrs. Anna Collins," Wood County Clerk, Quitman, Tex. The form listed Minnie Collins as mother, and three children: Brown, Willie Lewis; Brown, Gwendolyn; Brown, Lovia C. The school form listed his birth date as Mar. 20, 1934.

39. Probate Court Record of Births Not Previously Listed , Texas Bureau of Vital Statistics, Apr. 28, 1952, Wood County Clerk, Quitman, Tex.

40. Lewis Brown, interview, Huntington Park, Calif., Mar. 15, 1993.

41. Nicknames based on interviews with each of the "I. E. Boys": Willie "Brookie" Brown, Clarence "Cookie" Slayton, Frank "Jackie" Crawford, and Edward "Bootie" Dickie, all in Mineola at their high school reunion, July 9, 1993. Not everyone could recall that Brown was nicknamed "Pete," but Brown confirmed use of the name in an interview.

42. Frank Crawford, interview, Mineola, Tex., July 9, 1993.

43. Ibid.

44. Itsie Collins, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Feb. 3, 1993.

45. Ibid.

46. Interviews, Gwendolyn Brown Hill; Lovia Brown Boyd.

47. Confidential informant, Mineola, Tex., Feb. 1993.

48. The author extensively searched court records in Quitman and all existing microfilmed editions of the Mineola Monitor and the Wood County Record from 1934 to 1951 and could find no record or newspaper account of Chrieztberg standing trial.

49. Descriptions of the Shack based on interviews with Itsie Collins, San Francisco, Calif., Feb. 3 and 9, 1993.; Marcus McCalla Jr. and his aunt Jewel McCalla, Mineola, Tex., Feb. 23, 1993; Patty Ruth Newsome, Mineola, Tex., Feb. 23, 1993. Marcus McCalla played guide to the author, showing various landmarks including the site of the shack. See also Rice, The Negro in Texas , p. 268: "The press constantly complained of intemperate habits among Negroes, particularly whisky drinking, probably from illicit stills, although beer or home brew and wines were also favorites. Negroes owned and operated saloons in most of the towns and cities, and it was here that blacks congregated on Saturdays and at night."

50. Patty Ruth Newsome, interview.

51. Jewel McCalla, interview.

52. Susan F. Rasky, "In California, Political Prestidigitation," The New York Times , Jan. 8, 1995.

53. Itsie Collins, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Feb. 3, 1993.

54. Confidential informant, Mineola, Tex., Feb. 26, 1993.

55. The State of Texas vs. Son Collins , Case No. 6216, Wood County District Court. Charge filed May 17, 1933; Collins stood trial in the February 1934 term.

56. Details on the illicit whiskey business based on interviews with Itsie Collins, San Francisco, Calif., Feb. 3 and 9, 1993; Marcus McCalla, Mineola, Tex., Feb. 23, 1993.

57. Marcus McCalla Jr., interview.

58. Baby Dalle Hancock, interview, Mineola, Tex., July 9, 1993.

59. James Walton, interview, Tacoma, Wash., Nov. 15, 1993.

60. Rick Kushman, "What Does Willie Brown Want?" The Sacramento Bee , Aug. 8, 1993.

1. The postcards of Al's Place were graciously shared with the author by a Mineola resident who requested anonymity. The author wishes to thank Shirley Chadwick of the Mineola Chamber of Commerce for locating the owner of the postcards. Art Turk, the nephew of Al, attempted to locate other photographs of Al's Place but was unsuccessful. The restaurant was torn down after the highway was relocated, effectively putting the roadhouse out of business.

2. Lewis Brown, interview, Huntington Park, Calif., Mar. 15, 1993. Quotes and other information from Mr. Brown based primarily on this interview and also on a telephone conversation on March 11, 1993.

3. Interviews, Patty Ruth Newsome, Mineola, Tex., Feb. 23, 1993, and Art Turk, Mineola, Tex., Feb. 24, 1993. Oliver "Seecut" Williams was Newsome's uncle.

4. The version that Lewis Brown was a railroad porter who abandoned the family is repeated so often that it has been treated as fact by journalists. See "The Flash," by Robert Scheer, Los Angeles Times Magazine , June 23, 1991, p. 31, in which Scheer writes that Brown's father "abandoned the family when he was quite young" but that he "reappeared at one of his speaking engagements in Los Angeles a decade ago."

5. CNN Inside Politics , Nov. 29, 1993. Woodruff, in Washington, D.C., interviewed Brown by remote in a studio in San Francisco.

6. Birth certificate for the Speaker's father, Willie Lewis Brown Jr., filed Oct. 7, 1941, Wood County Courthouse. The certificate was filed thirty-two years after his birth as he was enlisting in the Army. The certificate lists the ages and birthplaces of Lewis Brown's parents.

7. To reduce confusion due to father and son both being named Willie Lewis Brown Jr., this book uses the name Brown's father was known by during his lifetime: Lewis.

8. Lovia Brown Boyd, interview, Ennis, Tex., Feb. 22, 1993.

9. Descriptions of Al's Place based on interviews with several old-time residents of Mineola and with Art and Fern Turk, former owners, Mineola, Tex., Feb. 24, 1993.

10. Art Turk, interview.

11. Fern Turk, interview, Mineola, Tex., Feb. 24, 1993.

12. Lewis Brown's version here is corroborated by Itsie Collins, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Feb. 9, 1993.

13. University of Texas, An Economic Survey of Wood County , p. 3. 0201, table 8.

14. Peter Larson, "Silk-shirted Willie Brown Goes Back to Old School," San Francisco Examiner , Jan. 22, 1984; also see Associated Press photo caption of Willie Brown and Minnie Collins Boyd.

15. Recent sociologists and historians have written extensively on the subject. See The Black Church in the African American Experience , by sociologists C. Eric Lincoln and Lawrence Mamiya, p. 311: "Children, who were born out of wedlock, were not stigmatized as bastards or labeled as illegitimate as they were in the English and American traditions, but they were accepted as members of the extended family. If there were no parents, or if the mother had a difficult time, the children were often informally adopted by grandparents or by fictive uncles and aunts, black relatives who were not blood relatives. Children were children, no matter the circumstances of birth, and they were treated with a care and indulgence peculiar to the precarious conditions of oppressed people."

16. Gwendolyn Brown Hill, interview, Dallas, Tex., Feb. 20, 1993.

17. Lewis Brown, interview.

18. Art Turk, interview.

19. Lewis Brown could not have left Mineola earlier than 1936, when the postcard of Al's Place was photographed, or later than May 1938, when Minnie became pregnant in Dallas with her last child. Thus, in all likelihood, he left in 1937 or early 1938. Lewis Brown recalled that he left Mineola before Minnie. Whether his leaving played a role in Minnie's decision to leave, he did not know.

20. Soon after Walton's birth, Minnie Collins married Joseph Boyd, with whom she lived until her death in January 1993.

21. Membership records for the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters for the West Coast are skimpy, and the dates of his membership were not confirmed. The author searched membership records in the archives of the African American Museum and Library at Oakland, but could find no mention of Lewis Brown.

22. Alan S. Broussard, Black San Francisco: The Struggle for Racial Equality in the West, 1900-1954 , p. 51.

23. Lewis Brown, interview.

24. Interviews, Lewis Brown; Itsie Collins, San Francisco, Calif., Feb. 3 and 9, 1993.

25. Maxine Waters, interview, Washington, D.C., June 10, 1993.

26. James Richardson, "Lewis Brown," obituary, The Sacramento Bee , Jan. 25, 1994.

1. Dale Maharidge and Michael Williamson, And Their Children after Them , p. xviii.

2. University of Texas, An Economic Survey of Wood County , table 19, p. 4.0107. If anything, the population drop was more drastic than the census figures showed; census counters almost certainly undercounted blacks before the Depression and then understated their exodus in the 1930s and 1940s.

3. An Economic Survey of Wood County , p. 3.0101.

4. "Cotton Second Only to Steel in Winning War," Mineola Monitor , Jan. 21, 1943.

5. "Wood Co. Cotton Oil Mill Crushing Imported Soybeans," Wood County Record , Nov. 18, 1943. By 1944 three thousand bales of cotton were ginned in Wood County, half the amount of 1943 and one-third the amount of 1942. See "1943 Cotton Ginning Still behind 1942," Wood County Record , Dec. 19, 1943; "Cotton Ginned about Half of 1943," Mineola Monitor , Dec. 17, 1944.

6. Maharidge and Williamson, And Their Children after Them , p. xvii.

5. "Wood Co. Cotton Oil Mill Crushing Imported Soybeans," Wood County Record , Nov. 18, 1943. By 1944 three thousand bales of cotton were ginned in Wood County, half the amount of 1943 and one-third the amount of 1942. See "1943 Cotton Ginning Still behind 1942," Wood County Record , Dec. 19, 1943; "Cotton Ginned about Half of 1943," Mineola Monitor , Dec. 17, 1944.

7. Farm operator figures from An Economic Survey of Wood County , table 9, p. 4.0101-03.

8. Between 1940 and 1948, Wood County produced 118 million barrels of oil; An Economic Survey of Wood County , p. 2.05.

9. See Maharidge and Williamson, And Their Children after Them , for a superb explanation of the rise and fall of cotton in the South. Also see Nicholas Lemann, The Promised Land: The Great Black Migration and How It Changed America , for a history of the black migration out of the South.

10. Interviews with various Mineola, Tex., residents, Mar. 1993.

11. Itsie Collins, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Feb. 3, 1993.

12. "Winnsboro Youth Held for Evading Draft Board," Mineola Monitor , Apr. 5, 1942; "Three Men in County under Federal Charge," Wood County Sunday Record , May 24, 1942; "Draft Evaders Get Pen Term," Mineola Monitor , Oct. 8, 1942; "Selective Service Moves against Draft Dodgers," Wood County Sunday Record , Oct. 17, 1943.

13. "Citizens, Sect Group Clash at Winnsboro," Wood County Record , Dec. 17, 1942.

14. "Draft Board Moves Offices to Mineola Post Office Monday," Mineola Monitor , July 16, 1942.

15. "Board Re-Classifying 3-A Men in Category Two at Present," Mineola Monitor , Aug. 6, 1942.

16. "Negroes Called in Cooperation with War Department," Mineola Monitor , Nov. 5, 1942; "Negro Registrants Thought Delinquent," Wood County Sunday Record , July 1, 1943.

17. Hamilton Boswell, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Jan. 28, 1993.

18. Lovia Brown Boyd, interview, Ennis, Tex., Feb. 22, 1993.

19. Itsie Collins, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Feb. 3, 1993.

20. Robert Scheer, "Mr. Speaker: The Flash," Los Angeles Times Magazine , June 23, 1991.

21. Interviews with Gwendolyn Brown Hill, Dallas, Tex., Feb. 20, 1993, and Lovia Brown Boyd, Ennis, Tex., Feb. 22, 1993.

22. Gwendolyn Brown Hill, interview.

23. Rosa Lee Staples, interview, Mineola, Tex., July 9, 1993.

24. Descriptions of picking berries from interviews with Gwendolyn Brown Hill and Lovia Brown Boyd.

25. Lovia Brown Boyd, interview.

26. An Economic Survey of Wood County , p. 4.0103-06.

27. Lovia Brown Boyd, interview.

28. Brown's jobs based on his recollections and those of his family and friends; John Balzar, "The Speaker as a 'Living Piece of Art,'" Los Angeles Times , Jan. 22, 1984.

29. Jerry Carroll, "A Long Way from Texas," sidebar to "Willie Brown: Will the Real Speaker Stand Up?" San Francisco Chronicle , July 16, 1984.

30. Willie Brown speech, school reunion banquet, Mineola, July 9, 1993.

31. Profile of Willie Brown by Jennifer Kerr, Associated Press, Apr. 1, 1984.

32. James Walton, interview, Tacoma, Wash., Nov. 15, 1993.

33. Lovia Brown Boyd, interview.

34. Approximately five thousand acres of forest was cut for firewood each year in Wood County, or twenty-five million board feet of lumber. Economists said that the woods were over-cut by 50 percent each year in the fall after the cash-crop harvest; An Economic Survey of Wood County , p. 2.0401. Those who lived there at the time also described how physically barren the hills were during the Depression.

35. Lovia Brown Boyd, interview.

36. Details of Minnie's trips home based primarily on the recollections of Gwen-dolyn Brown Hill, Lovia Brown Boyd, and James Walton.

37. Minnie's children referred to the train as the "Six-Eighteen" for the usual time of its arrival, 6:18 P.M. Minnie had to be back in Dallas to be available for weekend service, especially if there was a dinner party to be served. Although she worked Sundays, she was able to attend services at the Good Street Baptist Church, where she remained a member for the rest of her life. Lovia Brown Boyd, interview.

38. Reporter John Balzar tells of accompanying Minnie Collins Boyd on a shopping trip and then hearing her later describe the day's events. Her version was far more interesting than what had actually happened.

39. Scheer, "Mr. Speaker: The Flash."

40. Lovia Brown Boyd, interview.

41. Gwendolyn Brown Hill, interview.

42. Willie Brown, interview, Assembly floor, Sacramento, Calif., Mar. 4, 1993.

43. Interviews, Gwendolyn Brown Hill; Lovia Brown Boyd; and Baby Dalle Hancock, Mineola, Tex., July 9, 1993.

44. School spending statistics based on An Economic Survey of Wood County , tables 3-5, p. 4.1701. Per-pupil spending differences between blacks and whites narrowed in the 1940s, but the increased spending for blacks reflected the expansion of the Negro school for high school students. The name of the school changed at various times; at one time called "South Ward," the school's final name when it was closed was "McFarland School," named for a legendary black teacher in town, Attie McFarland, who taught first grade to a generation of blacks. Descriptions of books, classrooms, and school conditions based on numerous interviews with graduates of Mineola Colored High School.

45. Clarence Slayton, interview, Mineola, Tex., July 9, 1993.

46. Willie Brown as told to Paul Burka, "Good-bye to Mineola," Texas Monthly , Jan. 1986.

47. Ibid.

48. Dozens of graduates of Mineola Colored High School were interviewed at their class reunion in July 1993. Although none wanted to return to the days of segregation, all remembered their school years warmly.

49. Frank Crawford, interview, Mineola, Tex., July 9, 1993.

50. Gwendolyn Brown Hill, interview.

51. Ibid.

52. Ibid.

53. Willie Brown, interview, Assembly floor, Sacramento, Calif., Sep. 10, 1993.

54. Gwendolyn Brown Hill, interview.

55. Interviews, Marcus and Emma McCalla, Mineola, Tex., Feb. 23, 1993.

56. Virginia London McCalla, interview, Mineola, Tex., Feb. 23, 1993.

57. Story told by Billy McCalla, Mineola, Tex., July 9, 1993.

58. Lovia Brown Boyd, interview.

59. C. Eric Lincoln and Lawrence Mamiya, The Black Church in the African American Experience , p. 316.

60. Balzar, "The Speaker as a 'Living Piece of Art.'"

61. Joan Chatfield-Taylor, "An Assemblyman Who Mixes Politics and Fashion," San Francisco Chronicle , Apr. 20, 1971.

62. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 15, 1993.

1. Asked about the Christie murder, Brown said, "I was too young, frankly, to give you any details. I do remember the incident." Willie Brown, interview, Assembly floor, Sacramento, Calif., Mar. 4, 1993.

2. Details about the Christie murder based on records at the Wood County Courthouse, Quitman, Tex., The State of Texas vs. Robert Truman Crabtree , Case No. 7216, and The State of Texas vs. Listress Jackson , Case No. 7217; also Wood County Record , July 9, 1944, July 13, 1944, May 27, 1945; The Mineola Monitor , July 6, 1944, July 30, 1944, Sep. 7, 1944, Sep. 21, 1944; also interviews, where noted, with various Mineola residents and former residents.

3. Willie Brown, press conference, Sacramento, Calif., Jan. 4, 1994.

4. Statement of witness Dorothy Jackson, The State of Texas vs. Robert Crabtree , Feb. 14, 1945, and The State of Texas vs. Listress Jackson , Feb. 14, 1945; Dorothy Jackson was Listress Jackson's wife and Crabtree's daughter.

5. "Negro Man Fatally Stabs J.B. Christie," Mineola Monitor , July 6, 1944.

6. Interviews, Patty Ruth Newsome, Marcus McCalla, and others, Mineola, Tex., Feb. 23, 1993.

7. Editorial, "Race and Politics," Mineola Monitor , July 13, 1944.

8. Informant, Mineola, July 9, 1993.

9. Marcus McCalla, interview.

10. Patty Ruth Newsome, interview.

11. Lovia Brown Boyd, interview, Ennis, Tex., Feb. 22, 1993.

12. Willie Brown, interview, Assembly floor, Sacramento, Calif., Mar. 4, 1993.

13. Robert Scheer, "Mr. Speaker: The Flash," Los Angeles Times , June 23, 1991.

14. Records with the Wood County Clerk, The State of Texas vs. Jackson and Crabtree , verdict May 21, 1945.

15. Gwendolyn Brown Hill, interview, Dallas, Tex., Feb. 20, 1993.

16. Marcus McCalla, interview.

17. Willie Brown, interview, Mineola, Tex., July 9, 1993.

18. Scheer, "Mr. Speaker: The Flash."

19. Lovia Brown Boyd, interview.

20. Interviews, Gwendolyn Brown Hill; Lovia Brown Boyd.

21. Story told by Gwendolyn Brown Hill, interview.

22. Gwendolyn Brown Hill, interview.

23. Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, Kans ., May 17, 1954; Supreme Court of the United States, 347 U.S. 483 (1954).

24. Robert E. Baskin, "Mineola Schools Backed by Tower," Dallas Morning News , July 10, 1966; editorial, "Problems in Mineola," Dallas Morning News , July 14, 1966.

25. There are no records verifying Brown's standing in his high school class. But it is acknowledged among his classmates, including Frank Crawford, that Crawford ranked first and Brown second. Also, Willie Brown, interview, Assembly floor, Sacramento, Calif., Mar. 4, 1993.

26. Texas Constitution, Art. VII, Sections 7 and 14 (1950); Texas civil statutes from 1925 and 1949, articles 2643 and 2719, 2900. Also see Supreme Court of the United States, Sweatt vs. Painter , 338 U.S. 865 (1950).

27. Charles S. Johnson, Patterns of Negro Segregation , pp. 180-181. He writes of black colleges, including Prairie View: "As the education of Negroes has proceeded, the separate and limited colleges have become more and more inadequate; and there have been increasing demands for facilities for study on graduate and professional levels, where these are not provided in existing Negro institutions." Prairie View, Johnson wrote on p. 181, offered graduate work only in agriculture, education, and "one or two other fields."

28. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 15, 1993.

29. Richard Kluger, Simple Justice , pp. 260-261.

30. Lewis Brown, interview, Huntington Park, Calif., Mar. 15, 1993.

31. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 15, 1993.

32. Brown and all his sisters agree that Anna Lee required this promise from Willie Brown before she would allow him to go to California.

33. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 15, 1993.

34. Willie Brown, interview, Assembly floor, Sacramento, Calif., July 13, 1995.

1. Interviews, Itsie Collins, San Francisco, Calif., Feb. 9, 1993; Willie Brown, San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 15, 1993, and also Assembly floor, Sacramento, Calif., July 13, 1995. Brown's physical appearance is also based on the descriptions of his relatives.

2. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 15, 1993.

3. Itsie Collins, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Feb. 9, 1993.

4. Itsie Collins, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Feb. 3, 1993.

5. Ibid.

6. Alan S. Broussard, Black San Francisco: The Struggle for Racial Equality in the West, 1900-1954 , p. 30.

7. Ibid., p. 36.

8. Ibid., p. 221.

9. Richard Edward DeLeon, Left Coast City: Progressive Politics in San Francisco, 1975-1991 , p. 45.

10. See, for example, Nicholas Lemann, The Promised Land: The Great Black Migration and How It Changed America .

11. C. Eric Lincoln and Lawrence H. Mamiya, The Black Church in the African American Experience , pp. 95, 422.

12. Broussard, Black San Francisco , p. 138.

13. Ibid., p. 166.

14. Carey McWilliams, California: The Great Exception , pp. 25, 134.

15. Ibid., pp. 9-10.

16. Broussard, Black San Francisco , p. 205.

17. Ibid., p. 205.

18. Ibid., p. 205.

19. Ibid., p. 36.

20. Memo, NAACP West Coast Region Office, May 22, 1967. Three blacks were hired as painters on the Golden Gate Bridge in March 1966. Until then there had never been a nonwhite painter on the bridge. The three were fired in March 1967 after protests by white coworkers. None got hearings on their cases or were reinstated. NAACP West Coast Region Office papers (1946-1970), Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley; carton 18, file "Correspondence—Branch San Francisco Metropolitan Council March-July 1967."

21. Broussard, Black San Francisco , pp. 30-37. Broussard discusses at length the demographics and flavor of the Western Addition during this period.

22. Robert Scheer, "Mr. Speaker: The Flash," Los Angeles Times Magazine , June 23, 1991.

23. Itsie Collins, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Feb. 3, 1993.

24. Ibid.

25. Ibid.

26. Ibid.

27. Ibid.

28. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 15, 1993. In later years, as a lawyer, Brown represented Itsie Collins and a number of his friends when they were arrested. Itsie credited his nephew with saving him in three major cases.

29. Ibid.

30. Ibid.

31. Hamilton T. Boswell, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Jan. 28, 1993.

32. San Francisco State College Announcement of Courses, 1950-55 , San Francisco State University Archives, San Francisco.

33. Obituary, Duncan V. Gillies, San Francisco Chronicle , Feb. 11, 1986.

34. Broussard, Black San Francisco , Calif., p. 187.

35. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 15, 1993.

36. Willie Brown, speech, Mineola, Tex., July 9, 1993; interview, Assembly floor, Sacramento, Calif., Sep. 10, 1993.

37. Willie Brown, speech, Mineola, Tex., July 9, 1993.

38. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 15, 1993.

39. Profile of Willie Brown by Jennifer Kerr, Associated Press, Mar. 25, 1984.

40. Itsie Collins, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Feb. 3, 1993.

41. Ibid.

42. Scheer, "Mr. Speaker: The Flash."

43. Charles Wheat, correspondence with the author, June 12, 1994.

44. Ibid.

45. Itsie Collins, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Feb. 3, 1993.

46. The card was found in January 1993 in the home of Minnie Collins Boyd following her death. The card was discovered by one her daughters, Gwendolyn Brown Hill, who shared it with the author.

47. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 15, 1993.

48. Beth Trier, "Blanche Brown—She's Her Own Woman Now," San Francisco Chronicle , Oct. 22, 1981. This is one of the few extended interviews Blanche Brown has given.

49. Robert P. Studer, "Willie Brown: California's Brash New Speaker," Sepia , Apr. 1981.

50. Willie Brown, interviews, San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 15, 1993, and Sacramento, Calif., Apr. 24, 1993; John Burton, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Apr. 26, 1993.

51. Daryl Lembke, "The Brothers Burton," California Journal , p. 241, July 1975.

52. The Golden Gater (San Francisco State University student newspaper), Mar. 10, 1981; also John Burton, interview.

53. Interviews, Itsie Collins, Feb. 3 and 9, 1993, San Francisco. The author also talked with Collins at a political fund raiser for Willie Brown at the Fairmont Hotel in April 1993.

1. The portrait of Phillip Burton in this chapter is based largely on John Jacobs, A Rage for Justice: The Politics and Passion of Phillip Burton . Other sources noted where applicable.

2. The photograph is of Burton shaking hands with President Jimmy Carter. It is in the photographic collection of the Phillip Burton papers, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

3. Hamilton Boswell, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Jan. 25, 1993.

4. Phillip Burton first appears on the letterhead of the NAACP San Francisco branch in 1953. NAACP National Office Papers, series C, group II, box C-20, folder "San Francisco 1951-1955"; Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

5. Hamilton Boswell, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Jan. 25, 1993.

6. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 15, 1993.

7. Alan S. Broussard, Black San Francisco: The Struggle for Racial Equality in the West, 1900-1954 , pp. 105, 237-238. The first black elected to a major office from the Bay Area was Byron Rumford, from Oakland, who was elected to the state Assembly in 1948. The first serious black candidate for office in San Francisco, Rev. F.D. Haynes, ran for the Board of Supervisors in 1951 but lost badly, garnering only thirty-six thousand votes.

8. Ralph Friedman, "Negroes and the Ballot: The Voting Pattern on the West Coast," Frontier: The Voice of the New West , Mar. 1957, p. 12.

9. Jacobs, A Rage for Justice , pp. 18-23, 24, 25-26. Also Broussard, Black San Francisco , pp. 92-112, for a detailed discussion of the frustrations of African Americans in their attempts to break into the San Francisco political structure: "The question of how to obtain power and influence given the small black population remained the persistent riddle for black San Franciscans" (p. 105).

10. Jacobs, A Rage for Justice , p. 24.

11. Ibid., p. 21.

12. Broussard, Black San Francisco , p. 237. "By the early 1950s, black leaders were demanding that white politicians state their position openly on racial issues, for their political fortunes could well hinge on the support of black voters in close elections. . . . An aspiring white candidate like Phillip Burton apparently grasped this message early in his political career and endorsed a wide spectrum of civil rights issues."

13. Jacobs, A Rage for Justice , p. 29.

14. Ibid., p. 41.

15. Photograph of Phillip Burton getting Citizen of the Year Award for 1961; standing in the picture, taken at the First Baptist Church, is Terry Francois next to Willie Brown, San Francisco Sun-Reporter , Mar. 31, 1962.

16. Art Agnos, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Mar. 18, 1994.

17. John Burton, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Apr. 26, 1993.

1. Hamilton Boswell, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Jan. 25, 1993.

2. Interviews, Hamilton Boswell, Sacramento, Calif., Jan. 25 and 28, 1993; Willie Brown, San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 15, 1993.

3. Hamilton Boswell, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Jan. 25, 1993.

4. Hamilton Boswell, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Jan. 28, 1993.

5. Alan S. Broussard, Black San Francisco: The Struggle for Racial Equality in the West, 1900-1954 , p. 181. "Most, members of the new elite were born, educated, and came to intellectual maturity in the caste-ridden South. Some of these individuals migrated to San Francisco directly from southern and border states, the migration path of the majority of San Francisco's black World War II migrants."

6. San Francisco Sun-Reporter , Jan. 16, 1954; quoted in Broussard, Black San Francisco , p. 221.

7. Hamilton Boswell, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Jan. 25, 1993.

8. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 15, 1993.

9. Profile of Willie Brown by Jennifer Kerr, Associated Press, Mar. 25, 1984.

10. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 15, 1993.

11. San Francisco State College Announcement of Graduates, Spring 1955 , San Francisco State University Archives, San Francisco.

12. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 15, 1993.

13. John Burton, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Apr. 26, 1993.

14. Gerald Hill, interview, Berkeley, Calif., Sep. 17, 1993.

15. NAACP roster of college branches 1952, NAACP West Coast Region Office Papers (1946-1970), carton 14, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

16. Julian Bond, interview, Washington, D.C., Dec. 3, 1993.

17. Broussard, Black San Francisco , pp. 227-231; discusses the efforts of Roy Wilkins and NAACP officials to keep Communists out of western branches, concerned that involvement would discredit the NAACP elsewhere.

18. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 15, 1993.

19. Ibid.

20. Obituary, Terry Francois, June 10, 1989, San Francisco Chronicle ; certificate of death filed June 15, 1989, San Francisco Department of Health. Broussard, Black San Francisco , makes numerous biographical statements about Francois.

21. Broussard, Black San Francisco , pp. 223-224. The case was Mattie Banks vs. San Francisco Housing Authority . See letters and documents in NAACP West Coast Region Office Papers (1946-1970), Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

22. Hamilton Boswell, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Jan. 3, 1994.

23. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 15, 1993.

24. Hamilton Boswell, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Jan. 3, 1994.

25. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 15, 1993.

26. Ibid.

27. Hamilton Boswell, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Jan. 24, 1994.

28. "Dear Friend" letter from Terry Francois mailed to branch members, Nov. 28, 1955, folder "San Francisco, Calif., November 1960-1961," NAACP National Papers, series C, group III, box C13, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

29. Letter from Jane R. Bosfield, branch secretary, to Gloster Current, director of branches, New York, Nov. 23, 1955, asking advice on whether to give Francois the membership list. Folder "San Francisco, Calif., November 1960-1961," NAACP National Papers, series C, group III, box C13, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

30. Documents related to the 1955 branch election are contained in folder "San Francisco, Calif., November 1960-1961," NAACP National Papers, series C, group III, box C13, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.; Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 15, 1993.

31. Letter from Lorean M. McClendon et. al. to Gloster Current, director of branches, New York, Dec. 13, 1955, folder "San Francisco, Calif., November 1960-1961," NAACP National Papers, series C, group III, box C13, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

32. Letter from Ethel Ray Nance, San Francisco, to Gloster Current, director of branches, New York, Dec. 13, 1955, folder "San Francisco, November 1960-1961," NAACP National Papers, series C, group II, box C20, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

33. Letter from Roy Wilkins, executive secretary, New York, to Jefferson A. Beaver, San Francisco branch president, Jan. 19, 1956, folder "San Francisco, Calif., November 1960-1961," NAACP National Papers, series C, group III, box C13, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

34. Letter from Jefferson Beaver to Roy Wilkins, Feb. 9, 1956, folder "San Francisco, Calif., November 1960-1961," NAACP National Papers, series C, group III, box C13, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

35. Telegram from Terry Francois, San Francisco, to Roy Wilkins, New York, folder "San Francisco, Calif., November 1960-1961," NAACP National Papers, series C, group III, box C13, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

36. Letter from National Board of Directors to San Francisco Branch, Mar. 16, 1956, folder "San Francisco, Calif., November 1960-1961," NAACP National Papers, series C, group III, box C13, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

37. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Dec., 15, 1993. Also Robert Scheer, "Mr. Speaker: The Flash," Los Angeles Times Magazine , June 23, 1991.

38. Gerald Hill, interview.

39. John Burton, interview.

40. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 15, 1993.

41. Beth Trier, "Blanche Brown—She's Her Own Woman Now," San Francisco Chronicle , Oct. 22, 1981.

42. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 15, 1993.

43. Ibid.

44. Scheer, "Mr. Speaker: The Flash."

45. Hamilton Boswell, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Jan. 28, 1993.

46. Phillip Isenberg, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Dec. 22, 1992.

47. Letters from Gloster Current to Terry Francois, Jan. 19, 1962, and Feb. 14, 1962; letter from Terry Francois to Gloster Current, Jan. 22, 1962; folder "San Francisco, Calif., November 1960-1961," NAACP National Papers, series C, group III, box C14, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

48. Letter from Tarea Hall Pittman to officers of San Francisco NAACP branch, Dec. 6, 1960, NAACP National Papers, series C, group III, box C13, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

49. Telegram from Willie Brown to Tarea Hall Pittman, Dec. 12, 1960, folder "San Francisco, Calif., November 1960-1961," NAACP National Papers, series C, group III, box C13, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. The telegram said: "We have requested the branch president to place upon the agenda of our next executive committee meeting consideration of the contents of your December 6th communication. Since you have involved the board and others in these matters, we consider it vitally important that you attend our next meeting at 2085 Sutter Street 8:00 PM December 12, 1960."

50. Letter from Terry Francois to Tarea Hall Pittman, Dec. 17, 1960, folder "San Francisco, Calif., November 1960-1961," NAACP National Papers, series C, group III, box C13, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

51. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 15, 1993.

52. "Treskunoff for President" flier in a branch election, folder "San Francisco, Calif., November 1960-1961," NAACP National Papers, series C, group III, box C13, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

53. Letter from Terry Francois to Roy Wilkins, executive secretary, New York, Dec. 13, 1960, folder "San Francisco, Calif., November 1960-1961," NAACP National Papers, series C, group III, box C13, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

54. Letter from Roy Wilkins to Noah Griffin, Jan. 19, 1960: "I have had several extremely irritating personal experiences with Mr. Treskunoff and I can understand perfectly the feelings of the members who choose to remain away from branch meetings rather than endure his tactics." That and other letters and memos on the Treskunoff affair are contained in folder "San Francisco, Calif., November 1960-1961," NAACP National Papers, series C, group III, box C13, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

55. Small photograph attached to letter in folder marked "San Francisco California Branch 1959-1960," folder "San Francisco, Calif., November 1960-1961," NAACP National Papers, series C, group III, box C13, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

56. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 15, 1993.

57. Ibid.

58. Letter from Sarah Ferguson to Roy Wilkins, executive secretary, San Francisco, Feb. 12, 1962, folder "San Francisco, Calif., November 1960-1961," NAACP National Papers, series C, group III, box C13, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

59. Letter from Gloster Current, director of branches, on behalf of Wilkins, to Ferguson, Apr. 17, 1962, folder "San Francisco, Calif., November 1960-1961," NAACP National Papers, series C, group III, box C13, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

60. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994.

61. "Terry Francois, resume of Branch Activities, San Francisco Branch," Dec. 11, 1961, folder "San Francisco, Calif., November 1960-1961," NAACP National Papers, series C, group III, box C13, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

62. "Here We Go Again," leaflet, NAACP West Coast Region Office Papers (1946-1970), carton 17, folder "Correspondence, branch, San Francisco," Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

63. John Dearman, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994.

64. A civil rights rally was staged at the Oakland Municipal Auditorium on October 16, 1960. Those in attendance included Assemblymen Phillip Burton, Nicholas Petris, Milton Marks, Byron Rumford, and Carlos Bee. Among those sending polite regrets were Jesse Unruh and Alan Cranston, a future U.S. senator. The NAACP estimated that 4,500 people attended. Folder marked "Political Action—Civil Rights Rally 1960," NAACP West Coast Region Office Papers (1946-1970), carton 41, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

65. Letter from S.V. Herring of F.W. Woolworth Co. to Terry Francois, Mar. 1, 1960, NAACP West Coast Region Office Papers (1946-1970), carton 42, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

66. Memo from Terry Francois to "Members of the Boycott and Picketing Sub-Committee of the San Francisco Branch, NAACP," on Oct. 28, 1960, folder "San Francisco, Calif., November 1960-1961," NAACP National Papers, series C, group III, box C13, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

67. Terry Francois, "Resume of Branch Activities, San Francisco Branch," Dec. 11, 1961, folder "San Francisco, Calif., November 1960-1961," NAACP National Papers, series C, group III, box C13, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

68. Broussard, Black San Francisco , p. 222.

69. Ibid., p. 240.

70. Wallace F. Smith, "Relocation in San Francisco," real estate research program, University of California, Berkeley, folder "Housing miscellaneous 1961," NAACP West Coast Region Office Papers (1946-1970), carton 38, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

71. Gene Marine, "The 'Redeveloped Negro' and Housing in San Francisco," Frontier: The Voice of the New West , June 1963, p. 8.

1. Stephen L. Sanger, "San Francisco Report: Not Only in the South," Frontier: The Voice of the New West , Sep. 1961, p. 27.

2. Sanger, "San Francisco Report: Not Only in the South."

3. Blanche Brown told the story in a fund-raising film for Willie Brown produced by her daughter, Susan, in April 1993.

4. Sanger, "San Francisco Report: Not Only in the South"; "Real Estate 'Sit-In' at S.F. Tract," San Francisco Chronicle , May 29, 1961; Robert Scheer, "Mr. Speaker: The Flash," Los Angeles Times Magazine , June 23, 1991. Scheer repeated Brown's version that his wife called him at the law office and that he told them to "just sit-in." Scheer wrote that the protest escalated from there. The real political theater occurred the following Sunday, when Brown and the NAACP staged a sit-in for the benefit of the mainstream San Francisco newspapers.

5. "Negro Lawyer Seeking Home Conducts SF Sit-In," Associated Press as published in The Sacramento Bee , May 29, 1961. This is the first mention of Brown in the Bee .

6. "Real Estate 'Sit-in' at S.F. Tract"; Sanger, "San Francisco Report: Not Only in the South"; "Full-Scale 'Sit-in' Drive Opens in S.F.," San Francisco Chronicle , May 30, 1961.

7. Photograph, San Francisco Sun-Reporter , May 5, 1962.

8. Sanger, "San Francisco Report: Not Only in the South."

9. Ibid.

10. Feinstein told the story for a fund-raising film produced by Brown's daughter Susan in April 1993. Jerry Roberts, Dianne Feinstein: Never Let Them See You Cry , p. 50.

11. NAACP San Francisco branch memo on "top performances" in recruiting new members, Apr. 13, 1960, reports that Terry Francois had collected a $10 membership fee from San Francisco Mayor George Christopher; folder "San Francisco, Calif., November 1960-1961," NAACP National Office Papers, series C, group III, box C13, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

12. Irving Babow, "Discreet Discrimination," Frontier , Feb. 1962, p. 7.

13. "Tract Owner Says Negro May Look," San Francisco Chronicle , June 3, 1961.

14. John Burton, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Apr. 26, 1993.

15. "Biographical sketch of Willie L. Brown, Jr.," Phillip Burton Papers, folder "1964—18th A.D. Willie L. Brown, Jr.," carton 5, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

16. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994.

17. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 15, 1993.

18. The description of the 1961 reapportionment and Burton's role in creating the so-called fifth seat is based on John Jacobs, A Rage for Justice: The Passion and Politics of Phillip Burton , pp. 120-122.

19. Jacobs, A Rage for Justice , p. 121.

20. "Political Profile: S.F. Assembly Dean," San Francisco Examiner , May 22, 1964.

21. "Political Profile: S.F. Assembly Dean"; "Democratic Assemblyman Edward M. Gaffney—18th District," campaign pamphlet from Gaffney campaign in 1964, Phillip Burton Papers, folder "1964—18th A.D. Willie L. Brown, Jr.," carton 5, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

22. Confidential informant, Sacramento, Calif.

23. Hamilton Boswell, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Jan. 28, 1993.

24. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994.

25. Letterhead from 1962, "Willie Brown for Assembly Committee," lists all those holding official positions in the campaign; Phillip Burton Papers, carton 5, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

26. Hamilton Boswell, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Jan. 28, 1993. Brown tells the same story in the film produced by his daughter Susan in April 1993.

27. Brown filed his campaign finance statements for the 1962 campaign on March 29, 1966, well over a year after he had taken office. He petitioned the Superior Court of San Francisco, that it was out of "inadvertence" that he forgot to file statements. "Candidate's Campaign Statement," 1962 Primary Election, California State Archives, Sacramento.

28. Earl C. Behrens, "Demo Fight for Assembly Candidate," San Francisco Chronicle , Feb. 12, 1962.

29. Hamilton Boswell, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Jan. 3, 1994.

30. Behrens, "Demo Fight for Assembly Candidate."

31. "Willie Speaks," San Francisco Sun-Reporter , May 5, 1962.

32. "Demo Endorsements: Negro Lawyer Dumps Gaffney," San Francisco Chronicle , Mar. 3, 1962.

33. Bruce Samuel, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Oct. 9, 1995.

34. "Demo Endorsements: Negro Lawyer Dumps Gaffney."

35. Photograph, San Francisco Sun-Reporter , May 5, 1962.

36. "Brown Cops CDC Endorsement," San Francisco Sun-Reporter , May 5, 1962.

37. "Demo Endorsements: Negro Lawyer Dumps Gaffney."

38. Jacobs, A Rage for Justice , p. 121.

39. Letter from Charles Duarte, president ILWU locals 6 and 10, to membership, May 25, 1962, Phillip Burton Papers, folder "1962: Other Campaign Materials," carton 1, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

40. Listing of political activities, San Francisco Chronicle , Mar. 18, 1962.

41. Listing of political activities, San Francisco Chronicle , April 6, 1962; Apr. 20, 1962; May 6, 1962. The Chronicle on Apr. 6 listed him as "William Brown."

42. "Brownanza Time" San Francisco Sun-Reporter , May 5, 1962.

43. "Jot It Down," San Francisco Sun-Reporter , May 5, 1962.

44. Confidential informant. Gaffney's promise was common knowledge among political figures of the time as well.

45. Statement of the Vote: 1962 Primary Election , Secretary of State, handwritten tally sheet, Phillip Burton Papers, folder "1962 Statistics," carton 1, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley. "Candidate's Campaign Statement," 1962 Primary Election, California State Archives, Sacramento.

46. Hamilton Boswell, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Jan. 28, 1993.

47. "New Negro Judge Tells Views: 'S.F. Facing Up to Its Problems,'" San Francisco News-Call Bulletin , July 16, 1963.

48. Letter from Tarea Hall Pittman, NAACP regional secretary, to Gloster B. Current, director of branches, New York, July 24, 1963, folder "San Francisco CA 1962-1963," NAACP National Papers, series C, group III, box C14, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Quote from Warren Hinckle, "NAACP Here Blasts New Negro Judge," San Francisco Chronicle , July 22, 1963.

49. Hinckle, "NAACP Here Blasts New Negro Judge."

50. Letter from Tarea Hall Pittman, NAACP regional secretary, to Gloster B. Current, director of branches, New York, July 24, 1963, folder "San Francisco CA 1962-1963," NAACP National Papers, series C, group III, box C14, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

51. Ibid.

52. Telegrams between Roy Wilkins, New York, and Thomas Burbridge, San Francisco, July 23-25, 1963, folder "San Francisco CA 1962-1963," NAACP National Papers, series C, group III, box C14, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

53. Herb Caen, "Just Foolin' Around," San Francisco Chronicle , July 23, 1963.

54. "A Judge Blasts Negro Leader," San Francisco Chronicle , July 24, 1963.

55. "Atty. Brown Retracts on Courts," San Francisco Examiner , July 23, 1963.

56. "A Judge Blasts Negro Leader."

57. Editorial, "An Apology Indicated," San Francisco Chronicle , July 25, 1963.

58. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 15, 1993.

59. "Negroes and the 'Power Structure,'" San Francisco Chronicle , July 31, 1963.

60. Terence Hallinan, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 16, 1993. Hugh Pearson, The Shadow of the Panther: Huey Newton and the Price of Black Power in America , pp. 61-62, discusses Freedom Summer's impact on the budding Free Speech Movement in Berkeley and the civil rights demonstrations in San Francisco.

61. Pearson, The Shadow of the Panther , p. 52.

62. Terence Hallinan, interview.

63. Interviews, Willie Brown, San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 15, 1993; Terence Hallinan; John Dearman, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994.

64. "Bias Pickets at Dobbs' Drive-Ins," San Francisco Chronicle , 1963. Interviews with John Dearman and Terence Hallinan.

65. "Mass S.F. Sit-in Arrests—Dobbs, Shelley Argue," San Francisco Chronicle , Nov. 4, 1963; Pearson, The Shadow of the Panther , pp. 52-53.

66. "Mass S.F. Sit-in Arrests—Dobbs, Shelley Argue."

67. Terence Hallinan, interview.

68. John Dearman, interview.

69. Interviews, Willie Brown, San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 15, 1993, and John Dearman.

70. Terence Hallinan, interview.

71. Jacobs, A Rage for Justice , p. 132.

72. John R. Owens, Edmond Costantini, and Louis F. Weschler, California Politics and Parties , pp. 272-273.

73. "Police Take 167 from Hotel Sit-In," San Francisco Chronicle , Mar. 8, 1964. Initial reports were that 167 were arrested, but the final tally was 171, including six children.

74. Warren Hinckle, "Parade of Paddy Wagons," San Francisco Chronicle , Mar. 8, 1964.

75. "Police Take 167 from Hotel Sit-In."

76. John Dearman, interview.

77. "'Rebellion' Splits Negro Leaders," San Francisco Chronicle , Mar. 8, 1964.

78. "Shelley Wins Agreement after Big S.F. Arrest," San Francisco Chronicle , Mar. 8, 1964; Pearson, The Shadow of the Panther , pp. 57-59.

79. "Hallinan Gets Bail for 67," San Francisco Chronicle , Mar. 8, 1964.

80. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 15, 1993.

81. "Tracy Sims' Clash with the Cops," San Francisco Chronicle , Apr. 16, 1964.

82. "Lapham Hits Shelley over Palace Pact," San Francisco Chronicle , Mar. 9, 1994.

83. "Pickets Move On to Cadillac Agency," San Francisco Chronicle , Mar. 10, 1964.

84. "Cahill Won't Drop Charges," San Francisco Chronicle , Mar. 11, 1964.

85. John Dearman, interview.

86. Jackson Doyle, "Brown Hits the Sit-In at Palace," San Francisco Chronicle , Mar. 11, 1964.

87. John Dearman, interview.

88. "S.F. Pickets May Face Mass Trial," San Francisco Chronicle , Apr. 9, 1964.

89. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 15, 1993.

90. Donovan Bess, "226 Sit-in Arrests," San Francisco Chronicle , Apr. 12, 1964.

91. "Auto Sit-ins to Continue across U.S.," San Francisco Chronicle , Apr. 13, 1964.

92. Editorial, "Let Style Prevail," San Francisco Chronicle , Apr. 18, 1964.

93. "Auto Row Pact Called Landmark," San Francisco Chronicle , Apr. 21, 1964.

94. Interviews, Willie Brown, San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 15, 1993, and John Dearman; "City Courts Clogged by Sit-in Cases," San Francisco Chronicle , May 6, 1964. The Chronicle identifies Brown as "coordinating the defense staff" of nearly fifty attorneys.

95. August 1966 NAACP newsletter, NAACP West Coast Region Office Papers (1946-1970), carton 17, folder "O.A. correspondence—branch—San Francisco— hard

Aug.-Oct. 1966." The NAACP was the only organization that systematically kept track of the aftermath of the 1964 demonstrations and is therefore quoted here as authoritative.

96. David Lance Goines, The Free Speech Movement: Coming of Age in the 1960s , p. 89. Goines, later famous for his decorative posters in the 1970s, served a jail sentence in 1966 stemming from the demonstrations, and he praises Brown for visiting him and others in the jail and pressuring jail officials to maintain their safety inside.

1. Gerald Hill, interview, Berkeley, Calif., Sep. 17, 1993, and also a confidential informant. Hill, a law school classmate of Brown's who was managing the anti-Proposition 14 campaign in 1964, said Gaffney's campaign manager told him of the promise. A confidential informant who worked for high-ranking legislative Democrats in 1964 also heard the promise. Others connected to the Phillip Burton organization, including Bill Lockyer, also heard about Gaffney's promise.

2. "Demo Victory Assured," San Francisco Sun-Reporter , Oct. 31, 1964, noted, "Congressman Phil Burton has been working day and night to assure all Democratic candidates of as large a vote as they need." Also John Jacobs, A Rage for Justice: The Passion and Politics of Phillip Burton , p. 161.

3. John Burton, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Apr. 26, 1993.

4. "Willie Brown: Sure 2nd Time Is Charm," San Francisco Examiner , May 21, 1964.

5. "Routes of Destruction," San Francisco Chronicle , Mar. 24, 1964.

6. Letter signed by Willie Brown on Willie Brown letterhead, "Dear Friend," undated, Phillip Burton Papers, folder "1964 18th A.D. Willie L. Brown Jr.," carton 5, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

7. Letter from Ed Gaffney, "Dear Friend," May 12, 1964, Phillip Burton Papers, folder "1964 18th A.D. Willie L. Brown Jr.," carton 5, Bancroft Library. University of California, Berkeley.

8. "Haight-Ashbury Democratic Reporter," Phillip Burton Papers, undated, folder "1964 18th A.D. Willie L. Brown Jr.," carton 5, Bancroft Library. University of California, Berkeley.

9. "Haight-Ashbury Backs Gaffney" campaign broadsheet, 1964, Phillip Burton Papers, folder "1964 18th A.D. Willie L. Brown Jr.," carton 5, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

10. Campaign leaflet, "Willie Brown Now!" undated, announcing Mar. 3, 1964, opening of campaign headquarters, Phillip Burton Papers, folder "1964 18th A.D. Willie L. Brown Jr.," carton 5, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

11. Campaign pamphlet, "Workers. . ." undated, Phillip Burton Papers, folder "1964 18th A.D. Willie L. Brown Jr.," carton 5, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

12. Postcard, undated, Phillip Burton Papers, folder "1964 18th A.D. Willie L. Brown Jr.," carton 5, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

13. Interviews, William Lockyer, Hayward, Calif., Nov. 23, 1993; Terence Hallinan, San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 16, 1993; Willie Brown, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994.

14. Willie Brown, interview, Jan. 17, 1994.

15. Ibid.

16. "An Open Letter to Labor," undated, signed by Willie L. Brown Jr., Phillip Burton Papers, folder "1964 18th A.D. Willie L. Brown Jr.," carton 5, Bancroft Library. University of California, Berkeley.

17. Tally sheet, "Official Ballot," San Francisco Committee on Political Education Pre-Primary Endorsing Convention, Apr. 2, 1964, Phillip Burton Papers, folder "20th A.D.—1964—John Burton," carton 4, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

18. Editorial, "New Leadership in the Assembly," San Francisco Chronicle , May 29, 1964.

19. Willie Brown, interview, Jan. 17, 1994.

20. Ibid.

21. Ibid.

22. Editorial, "Two We Cannot Support," San Francisco Examiner , May 29, 1964.

23. "Demos Row on Race for Assembly," San Francisco News-Call Bulletin , Apr. 17, 1964.

24. "New Furor over Burton," San Francisco Examiner , Apr. 18, 1964.

25. Jacobs, A Rage for Justice , p. 95. Jacobs wrote that Moscone told the arresting officer, "I'm not getting paid for this. The party's making me do it."

26. The list of prominent campaign workers based on interview with Bill Honig, San Francisco, Calif., Apr. 21, 1993; interview with Bill Lockyer; and letterhead stationery from the campaign. Also Jacobs, A Rage for Justice , pp. 94-95.

27. Letter from George Moscone, "Dear Fellow Democrat," May 26, 1964, Phillip Burton Papers, folder "1964 18th A.D. Willie L. Brown Jr.," carton 5, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

28. Letter from Louis Garcia et al., "Dear Fellow Democrat," May 26, 1964, Phillip Burton Papers, folder "1964 18th A.D. Willie L. Brown Jr.," carton 5, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

29. Letter, "Chinese-American Democratic Club, Inc., Endorses Willie Brown," undated, Phillip Burton Papers, folder "1964 18th A.D. Willie L. Brown Jr.," carton 5, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

30. Letter from Willie Brown, "Dear Teacher," May 29, 1964, Phillip Burton Papers, folder "1964 18th A.D. Willie L. Brown Jr.," carton 5, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

31. Beth Trier, "Blanche Brown—She's Her Own Woman Now," San Francisco Chronicle , Oct. 22, 1981.

32. Letter from Edward M. Gaffney to Rep. John Shelley, Dec. 9, 1963, Jesse M. Unruh Papers, folder "Correspondence, Legislators, G-Ha; 1959-69," LP236:299, California State Archives, Sacramento.

33. Letter from Governor Edmund G. Brown, "Dear Fellow San Franciscan," May 22, 1964, Phillip Burton Papers, folder "1964 18th A.D. Willie L. Brown Jr.," carton 5, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

34. Letter from Jesse M. Unruh, "To Whom It May Concern," Mar. 23, 1964, Jesse M. Unruh Papers, folder "Correspondence, Legislators, G-Ha; 1959-69," LP236:299, California State Archives, Sacramento.

35. Telegram from Jesse M. Unruh to Frank P. Lynch, chairman of Edward Gaffney dinner, Sep. 19, 1962, Jesse M. Unruh Papers, folder "Correspondence, Legislators, G-Ha; 1959-69," LP236:299, California State Archives, Sacramento.

36. Willie Brown, interview, Jan. 17, 1994.

37. Memorandum from Tom Bane to Jesse M. Unruh, Dec. 1, 1962, Jesse M. Unruh Papers, folder "Legislature-Assembly-Speaker; Unruh, Jesse M., Assembly Committees: Rules," LP236:96, California State Archives, Sacramento.

38. Letter from Jesse Unruh to Gene Wyman, Oct. 10, 1963, Jesse M. Unruh Papers, folder "Political, Democratic State Central Committee 1961-63," contained in box entitled "Jesse M. Unruh, Political 1961-1969," box 5, location B303, California State Archives, Sacramento.

39. Registration figures from a campaign memorandum by Rudy Nothenberg, undated but probably written in late April 1964, Phillip Burton Papers, folder "1964 18th A.D. Willie L. Brown Jr.," carton 5, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

40. Terence Hallinan, interview; also letter, "Youth Committee for Assembly-man Willie Brown," from 1966, signed by Hallinan, Phillip Isenberg Papers, folder "1967-1969/Willie Brown Jr. Administrative Assistant," box 5, California State University, Sacramento, Archives.

41. "Willie Brown: Sure 2nd Time Is Charm."

42. "Demo Candidate for Assembly Willie Brown Decries Discrimination in S.F. Plumbers Union," Chinese World , Apr. 25, 1964.

43. The account of how Willie Brown spent primary election day is based on the colorful feature by Jerry Belcher, "Willie Brown—A Sprinter," San Francisco Examiner , June 3, 1964.

44. Primary election results, California Legislature at Sacramento , 1965 (Sacramento: California Legislature, 1965), p. 418.

45. "The Assembly Races: A Willie Brown Victory," San Francisco Chronicle , June 3, 1964.

46. "The 'Braintrust Cabinet,'" San Francisco Examiner , Sep. 30, 1964.

47. Gerald Hill, interview, Berkeley, Calif., Sep. 17, 1993.

48. Earl C. Behrens, "A Bitter Exchange by Teasdale, Willie Brown," San Francisco Chronicle , Oct. 14, 1964.

49. "Teasdale vs. Willie Brown," San Francisco Examiner , Oct. 14, 1964.

50. Jack S. McDowell, "Willie Brown Fires Back at Opponent," San Francisco News—Call Bulletin , Oct. 14, 1964.

51. Sydney Kossen, "'Racism' Charge in S.F. Politics," San Francisco Examiner , Oct. 16, 1964.

52. "Candidates Debate at S.F. State," San Francisco Chronicle , Oct. 20, 1964.

53. "Teasdale Again Attacks Backers of Willie Brown," San Francisco Chronicle , Oct. 28, 1964.

54. "Willie Brown," San Francisco Examiner , Nov. 1, 1964.

55. Ibid.

56. General election results, California Legislature at Sacramento , 1965, p. 459.

57. Larry L. Berg and C. B. Holman, "Ethnic Voting Patterns and Elite Behavior: California's Speaker of the Assembly," in Racial and Ethnic Politics in California , ed. Byran O. Jackson and Michael B. Preston, pp. 133-154.

58. Ibid., p. 140.

59. Fund-raising letter from Bill Williams et al. under "Willie Brown for Assembly Committee" letterhead, Mar. 11, 1964, Phillip Burton Papers, folder "1964 18th A.D. Willie L. Brown Jr.," carton 5, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

60. A year after his election, Willie Brown told a newspaper reporter that he had spent $37,500 on the 1964 race. Judging by the pattern of his fund-raising in subsequent years, that figure was probably accurate. In the 1970s, when election laws required full disclosure of campaign spending, Brown usually reported about $45,000 per election on the average, until he became Speaker and his campaign fund-raising skyrocketed into the millions of dollars each year.

61. "Willie L. Brown (D-San Francisco)," San Mateo Times , Sep. 15, 1965.

62. Noah Griffin, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 10, 1995.

63. John Dearman, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994.

64. J. W. Woodard, "Political Affairs, The Primary Examined," The Mallet , June 6, 1964.

65. Michael Harris, "The Black Convention—Willie Brown's Judgment," San Francisco Chronicle , Mar. 20, 1972.

1. Lou Cannon, Ronnie and Jesse: A Political Odyssey , p. 108.

2. James R. Mills, A Disorderly House: The Brown-Unruh Years in Sacramento , p. 24.

3. Cannon, Ronnie and Jesse , p. 109; Mills, A Disorderly House , p. 11. Mills credits Assemblyman Don Allen with coming up with the name "Big Daddy" and says that Unruh "laughed mountainously" when he first heard it. Others credit San Francisco Chronicle columnist Art Hoppe with coining the nickname.

4. Press conference, Jesse Unruh, Sacramento, Calif., Jan. 25, 1968, p. 3 of transcript in author's private collection.

5. Bill Stall, "Unruh Says LA Needs Political Muscle of an Old Pro," Associated Press, as published in The Sacramento Bee , Dec. 10, 1972.

6. Official biography of Speaker M. Unruh, issued Sep. 1, 1964, in author's private collection. Other biographical details in this chapter based largely on Cannon, Ronnie and Jesse . See also Herb Michelson, "Treasurer Jesse Unruh: Waiting for Another Chance to Lead," California Journal , Apr. 1980, pp. 143-145.

7. Cannon, Ronnie and Jesse , p. 9.

8. Mills, A Disorderly House , p. 76.

9. Cannon, Ronnie and Jesse , p. 23.

10. John Jacobs, A Rage for Justice: The Passion and Politics of Phillip Burton , pp. 15-17.

11. Typical is a 1961 textbook on California politics published by Stanford University Press: "The pattern of politics in California differs from that found in most states. Party organizations and party bosses of the old type have all but disappeared." Joseph Harris, California Politics , p. 19.

12. Arthur H. Samish and Bob Thomas, The Secret Boss of California , pp. 12, 45.

13. Carey McWilliams, "The Guy Who Gets Things Done," The Nation , July 9, 1949; Lester Velie, "The Secret Boss of California," Collier's , Aug. 13, 1949, and Aug. 20, 1949.

14. Carey McWilliams, California: The Great Exception , p. 213.

15. Cannon, Ronnie and Jesse , p. 93.

16. Ibid., pp. 94-96.

17. Ibid., p. 99.

18. John R. Owens, Edmond Costantini, and Louis F. Weschler, California Politics and Parties , p. 301.

19. Ibid., p. 302. Interview, Sherry Bebitch Jeffe, a former Unruh aide, Sacramento, Calif., Jan. 5, 1995.

20. Cannon, Ronnie and Jesse , p. 110. Jacobs, A Rage for Justice , pp. 89-94.

21. Mills, A Disorderly House , p. 15.

22. Note from Jesse Unruh to Ed Gaffney accompanying horse racetrack passes, Mar. 9, 1962, Jesse M. Unruh Papers, folder "Correspondence, Legislators, G-Ha, 1959-69," LP236:299, California State Archives, Sacramento.

23. Note from Jack Crose, Speaker's office, reporting that Tony Beard, the sergeant-at-arms, was getting too many requests to put members' relatives on the payroll, undated, Jesse M. Unruh Papers, folder "Legislature: Organization," contained in Larry Margolis files, B304, box 11, California State Archives, Sacramento.

24. Memo from Kenneth Cory to Jesse Unruh, "Assembly Contingent Fund," Jan. 29, 1964, Jesse M. Unruh Papers, folder "Legislature: Organization," contained in Larry Margolis files, B304, box 11, California State Archives, Sacramento. In his memo, Cory asked for an audit. "I would rather not be left holding the sack if the chicken has already been stolen!"

25. John A. FitzRandolph, oral history interview, p. 43, California State Archives, Sacramento.

26. Cannon, Ronnie and Jesse , p. 119.

27. Letter from Phillip Burton to Jesse M. Unruh, Nov. 20, 1962, Jesse M. Unruh Papers, folder "Be Kind File 1961-68," LP 236:120, California State Archives, Sacramento.

28. Phillip Isenberg, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Dec. 22, 1992; also memo from Marlene Rothstein to Unruh, undated, reporting on Isenberg's commitment to "the big fight" against "Unruh forces," Jesse M. Unruh Papers, folder "Political, Democratic State Central Committee 1961-63," political files 1961-1968, box 5, location B303, California State Archives, Sacramento.

29. Staff report, "The Third House in Sacramento," Frontier: The Voice of the New West , Aug. 1963. Frontier was on the cutting edge of liberalism in the early 1950s, publishing articles on forest conservation (before environmentalism was popular), smog, civil rights, and political reform. Editorials included "Have the Freeways Failed Los Angeles?" (Jan. 1957) and frequent jabs at Richard Nixon. Authors included Fawn Brodie, Pierre Salinger, Carey McWilliams, Matthew Tobriner, Alan Cranston, Rexford Tugwell, William O. Douglas, Bill Boyarsky, and Gladwin Hill. By 1965 the Vietnam War issue had begun to dominate the magazine's attention and there were fewer articles on progressive domestic politics. In February 1967 Frontier merged with The Nation , and Frontier went out of publication.

30. Larry Margolis, oral history interview, p. 53, California State Archives, Sacramento.

31. Tally sheet on AB 1240, June 21, 1963, NAACP West Coast Region Office Papers (1946-1970), folder "Programs—Housing—Initiative to Repeal AB 1240 (1963)," carton 38.

32. Cannon, Ronnie and Jesse , p. 119.

33. Ibid., pp. 125-129. An insider's perspective on the lockup is offered in Mills, A Disorderly House , pp. 104-141.

34. Tom Arden, "Sweetness and Light Abound As Assembly Organizes for Work," The Sacramento Bee , Jan. 5, 1965.

35. Jack S. McDowell, "Politics Today," San Francisco News—Call Bulletin , Mar. 23, 1965.

36. Sydney Kossen, "Token Revolt against Unruh by Dem Liberals," San Francisco Examiner , Jan. 5, 1965.

37. Kossen, "Token Revolt against Unruh by Dem Liberals." John Burton, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Apr. 26, 1993, and Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994.

38. Willie Brown, interview, Jan. 17, 1994.

39. Ibid.

40. Willie Brown, interview, Assembly floor, Sacramento, Calif., Apr. 15, 1993.

1. Bill Boyarsky, "The Big Sit-In," Feb. 1965, Frontier: The Voice of the New West , p. 5. Much of this section is based on his colorful and insightful scene-setter on the 1965 legislative session.

2. Silver vs. Jordan , 241 F. Supp. 576 (1965).

3. John Owens, Edmond Costantini, and Louis F. Weschler, California Politics and Parties , pp. 290-294.

4. Population estimates, California State Department of Finance, July 1, 1964.

5. California Legislature at Sacramento , 1965 (Sacramento: California Legislature, 1965). The black Assembly members were Willie Brown, Mervyn Dymally, Douglas Ferrell, and Byron Rumford. The lone woman was Pauline Davis.

6. Owens et al., California Politics and Parties , pp. 290-291.

7. "Willie Brown Has Fears for His Job," San Francisco Chronicle , Jan. 21, 1965.

8. Virna Canson, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Oct. 11, 1993.

9. Michael Harris, "Willie Brown 'Safe'—Burton's Report," San Francisco Chronicle , Feb. 13, 1965.

10. Interviews, Willie Brown, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994; John Burton, Sacramento, Calif., Apr. 26, 1993.

11. George Thomas, Mr. Speaker , p. 67. The Speaker of the House of Commons wrote of taking an "uneasy" trip to the Communist bloc arranged by Zilliacus in 1948.

12. No newspaper quoted the telegram in full, nor could a copy of the telegram be located. John Burton's copy, along with his other early legislative records, was destroyed in a fire. It is pieced together here from fragmented quotes in the following newspaper stories: "Viet Appeal by Bay Area Legislators," San Francisco Chronicle , Feb. 13, 1965; "S.F. Legislators Hit Viet Policy," San Francisco Examiner , Feb. 13, 1965; Earl C. Behrens, "Our Legislature's Battle of 1799," San Francisco Chronicle , Feb. 20, 1965; and "Week's News in Review," San Francisco News—Call Bulletin , Feb. 28, 1965.

13. Although John Burton and friends were castigated as traitors for their telegram with its reference to Kosygin's visit to Hanoi, it was learned years later that Kosygin's mission was to persuade the North Vietnamese to compromise with the United States. Kosygin feared that the war was jeopardizing "peaceful coexistence" between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. In a tragic miscalculation that only escalated the war, Kosygin promised more military aid to the North Vietnamese, calculating that he could use it as a lever to control his ally. Stanley Karnow, Vietnam: A History , p. 411.

14. Telegram from Frank Allaun et al. to Willie Brown, William Stanton, and John Burton, Feb. 12, 1965, Phillip Burton Papers, folder "John Burton/Willie Brown 1965 Vietnam Recall," carton 5, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

15. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994.

16. John Burton, interview.

17. Jack S. McDowell, "How Not to Be Effective," San Francisco News—Call Bulletin , Mar. 23, 1965.

18. Editorial, "The Meddlers," San Francisco Examiner , Mar. 1, 1965.

19. "John Burton y Companeros Traicionan a sus Electores," Los Angeles Hispanic , date unknown, article and English translation found in Phillip Burton Papers, folder "John Burton/Willie Brown 1965 Vietnam Recall," carton 5, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

20. Editorial, "Three Assemblymen and Pickets," Alameda Times-Star , Feb. 17, 1965.

21. Editorial, "Vietnam: War or Peace," San Francisco Sun-Reporter , Feb. 20, 1965.

22. Behrens, "Our Legislature's Battle of 1799"; "Assemblymen Who Sent Viet Wire Backed," Los Angeles Times , Feb. 25, 1965.

23. "Recall in Burton, Brown," San Francisco Chronicle , Feb. 24, 1965.

24. "Suit against Willie Brown—'Insurrectionary,'" San Francisco Chronicle , Mar. 6, 1965.

25. "Recall in Burton, Brown."

26. Editorial, "Time to Get to Work," The Sacramento Bee , Feb. 26, 1965.

27. "Chinese American Democratic Club New Year's Dinner," San Francisco Chinese Times (English translation), Feb. 17, 1965.

28. John Burton, interview.

29. Ibid.

30. Ibid.

31. Interviews, John Burton; Willie Brown, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994.

32. Press release, Jesse Unruh, Phillip Burton Papers, file "John Burton/Willie Brown 1965 Vietnam Recall," carton 5, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

33. Jackson Doyle, "Demos Back 3 in Vietnam Controversy," San Francisco Chronicle , Feb. 25, 1965.

34. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994.

35. Doyle, "Demos Back 3 in Vietnam Controversy."

36. Jackson Doyle, "Legislator Fights His 'Censurer,'" San Francisco Chronicle , Feb. 26, 1965.

37. United Press International, "Stanton Again Shouted Down," Feb. 25, 1965.

38. Jerome Waldie went on to serve in Congress, and as a member of the House Judiciary Committee voted to impeach Richard Nixon in 1974; Unruh voted for the antiwar candidacy of Eugene McCarthy at the 1968 Democratic National Convention.

39. John Burton, interview.

40. "Willie Brown Won't Be in Viet Rally," San Francisco Chronicle , Apr. 17, 1965.

41. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994.

42. "Assemblyman Brown Hurt in Car Crash," San Francisco Chronicle , May 18, 1965.

43. "Bill Would Ban Use of Dogs in Protests," Sacramento Bee , Feb. 11, 1965; "Some Court Cases Would Be Delayed," The Sacramento Bee , Jan. 19, 1965.

44. "Willie Brown's Housing Bill," San Francisco Chronicle , Apr. 21, 1965; "Bill to Raise Rent Subsidy Introduced," San Francisco Chronicle , Apr. 23, 1965; "SF Man Wants Better Housing for Elderly," The Sacramento Bee , Jan. 28, 1965; "Assembly Bill Would Publish Welfare News," The Sacramento Bee , Mar. 4, 1965.

45. John Mockler, interview, Sacramento, Calif., July 29, 1993.

46. John Burton, oral history interview, California State Archives, Sacramento.

47. Letter from Willie Brown to Jesse Unruh, Apr. 28, 1965, Jesse M. Unruh Papers folder "Correspondence, Legislators, Be-Car 1959-69," LP236:295, California State Archives, Sacramento.

48. Letter from John Burton to Jesse Unruh, June 29, 1965, Jesse M. Unruh Papers, folder "Correspondence, Legislators, Be-Car 1959-69," LP236:295, California State Archives, Sacramento.

49. "Lawyer Members of Legislature Would Get Case Continuances," The Sacramento Bee , Mar. 4, 1965.

50. Final Calendar of Legislative Business , 1965 (Sacramento: California Legislature, 1965), p. 145.

51. John Burton, oral history interview.

52. "Single Tax Backer Believes Plan Would Discourage Slums," The Sacramento Bee , May 11, 1965; full-page advertisement, "Thank You, Mr. Brown!" San Francisco Chronicle , May 10, 1965.

53. Amendment to ACA 49 on June 3, 1965.

54. "Property Improvement Tax Relief Plan Loses in Test in Assembly," The Sacramento Bee , June 8, 1965; also Final Calendar of Legislative Business , 1965, p. 989.

55. John Burton, interview; Final Calendar of Legislative Business , 1965, p. 344; and California Insurance Code , 1965, chap. 10, section 660.

56. Editorial, "Avoid Gouging," The Sacramento Bee , Feb. 16, 1965.

57. Final Calendar of Legislative Business , 1965.

58. John L. Burton, oral history interview.

59. This account of the Watts riot is based largely on Hugh Pearson, The Shadow of the Panther ; and Fred Powledge, Free at Last? The Civil Rights Movement and the People Who Made It .

60. Julian Bond, interview, Washington, D.C., Dec. 3, 1993.

61. "UC's Sit-in and the L.A. Riots," San Francisco Chronicle , Aug. 8, 1965.

62. Julian Bond, interview.

63. Hugh Pearson, The Shadow of the Panther , p. 97.

64. Press release, "NPACC's Board Meeting in Sacramento—A Success," May 17, 1965, Jesse M. Unruh Papers, folder "Negro Political Action Group," contained in Larry Margolis files, box 11, B304, California State Archives, Sacramento.

65. The importance of NPAAC and the Bakersfield meeting was emphasized to the author by political scientist David Covin, California State University, Sacramento; also Mary R. Warner, "The Rise of Blacks in the Politics of California," California Journal , Aug. 1978, p. 256.

66. James Wrightson, "Fiery Plea Rock the Boat Marks Negro Session," The Sacramento Bee , Jan. 16, 1966; Sydney Kossen, "Calif. Negroes' Power Aim," San Francisco Examiner , Jan. 16, 1966; also interviews, David Covin, California State University, Sacramento, Calif., Feb. 4, 1993; Maxine Waters, Washington, D.C., June 10, 1993.

67. Maxine Waters, interview.

1. The section on the Capitol lunch clubs is based on interviews with Ralph Dills, Sacramento, Calif., Feb. 28, 1994; Alfred Alquist, Sacramento, Calif., Mar. 21, 1994; John Foran, Sacramento, Calif., Apr. 12, 1994; William Bagley, San Francisco, Calif., Sep. 18, 1995.

2. Ralph Dills, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Feb. 28, 1994.

3. Carla Lazzareschi, "The Decline of Randy Collier—Or Is He Just Resting?" California Journal , May 1975, p. 165; Lazzareschi reported that Collier was the founder of the Derby Club, corroborating the recollections of Dills and Alquist.

4. Alfred Alquist, interview.

5. John Foran, interview.

6. Richard Rodda, "Demos' Group Challenges Speaker Unruh's Leadership," The Sacramento Bee , May 1, 1966; "Solon Reiterates Unruh Leadership Is Threatened," The Sacramento Bee , May 4, 1966; Jack Welter, "Willie Brown Denies Unruh Criticism— 'Misunderstood,'" San Francisco Examiner , May 5, 1966.

7. John Robert Connelly, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Apr. 27, 1993. Other biographical details about Moretti are from Lou Cannon, Reagan , p. 179.

8. Press release, untitled, from Bob Moretti, June 22, 1965, Jesse M. Unruh Papers, folder "Correspondence, Legislators, Mo-R, 1959-68," LP 236:303, California State Archives, Sacramento.

9. Rodda, "Demos' Group Challenges Speaker Unruh's Leadership."

10. Welter, "Willie Brown Denies Unruh Criticism."

11. Letter from Edwin L. Z'berg to Willie L. Brown Jr., May 2, 1966, Jesse M. Unruh Papers, folder "Correspondence, Legislators, U-Z, 1959-68," LP 236:306, California State Archives, Sacramento.

12. "Solon Reiterates Unruh Leadership Is Threatened."

13. Welter, "Willie Brown Denies Unruh Criticism."

14. Telegram from Willie Brown and Bob Moretti in Sacramento to Jesse Unruh in Honolulu, May 2, 1966, Jesse M. Unruh Papers, folder "Correspondence, Legislators, Be-Car 1959-69," LP 236:295, California State Archives, Sacramento.

15. Interviews, Willie Brown, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994; John Burton, Sacramento, Calif., Apr. 26, 1993.

16. John L. Burton, oral history interview, p. 21, California State Archives, Sacramento.

17. James R. Mills, A Disorderly House: The Brown-Unruh Years in Sacramento , p. 190.

18. Lou Cannon, Ronnie and Jesse: A Political Odyssey , p. 83.

19. Letter of Oct. 3, 1967, from Leonard Carter, regional NAACP director, to Mrs. Muriel Cassell, of San Francisco, stating, "Enclosed is a list of persons whose memberships expired in the NAACP during 1967. Two notices were mailed each of these persons but they have failed to respond. I would suggest that an effort be made to personally contact each of these persons." On the list is Willie Brown, 666 Octavia Street; NAACP West Coast Region Office Papers (1946-1970), file "Correspondence—Branch San Francisco Metropolitan Council Aug.-Dec. 1967," carton 18, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

20. John Dearman, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994.

21. Ibid.

22. "State-Operated Auto Insurance Is Suggested," The Sacramento Bee , Oct. 4, 1966.

23. Phillip Burton paid Hal Dunleavy $2,000 for the poll covering his own reelection race, the reelections of Willie Brown and John Burton, and the state Senate candidacy of George Moscone. Dunleavy's poll proved accurate for all four. Phillip Burton Papers, folder "1966 State Senate and Other Races," carton 2, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

24. Brown won 30,444 votes in Nov. 1966. His Republican opponent, Julius Kahn III, won 24,272 votes; John Burton won 28,307 votes to Republican Raymond Bright's 19,232; Stanton lost with 38,321 votes to Republican Earle P. Crandall, who won 46,252 California Legislature at Sacramento , 1967 (Sacramento. California Legislature, 1967), pp. 514-515.

25. John Owens, Edmond Costantini, and Louis F. Weschler, California Politics and Parties , pp. 290-291. Information on the 1966 legislative class is also based on California Legislature at Sacramento , 1967.

26. California Legislature at Sacramento , 1967, election result tables, p. 126. The winner was Republican Lewis F. Sherman, who was beaten four years later (having served only one term) by Democrat John Holmdahl.

27. Cannon, Ronnie and Jesse , p. 130.

28. "San Franciscan Seeks 'Positive' Capitol Action," The Sacramento Bee , Jan. 17, 1967.

29. California Legislature at Sacramento , 1967, p. 248.

30. Letter from Willie Brown to Jesse M. Unruh, Jan. 25, 1967, Jesse M. Unruh Papers, folder "Correspondence, Legislators, Be-Car 1959-69," LP 236:295, California State Archives, Sacramento.

31. "Willie Brown Deplores Union Stand," San Francisco Chronicle , Sep. 16, 1967.

32. "Francois' Relocation Opponents," San Francisco Chronicle , Nov. 4, 1967.

33. This account of the Black Panthers' armed visit to the Assembly is based on Hugh Pearson's biography of Huey Newton, The Shadow of the Panther: Huey Newton and the Price of Black Power in America , pp. 129-133.

34. Leon D. Ralph, oral history interview, p. 80, California State Archives.

35. John L. Burton, oral history interview.

36. "Negro Speaker Accuses Unruh of Racial Bias," San Francisco Chronicle , Jan. 29, 1967.

37. Willie Brown, interview, Assembly floor, Sacramento, Calif., Apr. 15, 1994.

38. Interviews, Willie Brown, Assembly floor, Sacramento, Calif., Apr. 15, 1994; John Burton; and "New Crisis Ahead in Labor Feud," San Francisco Chronicle , Feb. 9, 1967.

39. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994.

40. Jackson Doyle, "The Conflict Issue and Reagan Aides," San Francisco Chronicle , June 27, 1967.

41. "200 Secret Names," San Francisco Chronicle , June 28, 1967; "Names of Panel Members Will Be Released," The Sacramento Bee , June 28, 1967; and "Task Force List to be Released," San Francisco Chronicle , June 29, 1967.

42. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994.

43. Ibid.

44. John Burton, interview.

45. Phillip Isenberg, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Dec. 22, 1992.

46. Ibid.

47. Letters to trade groups from Willie Brown, Sep. 5, 1967, Phillip Isenberg Papers, folder "1967-1969, Willie Brown Jr. Administrative Assistant," box 5, Archive, California State University, Sacramento.

48. Memo from Winfield A. Shoemaker, Assembly Democratic Caucus chairman, to Jesse Unruh, Nov. 10, 1967, reporting that the letters and lists were prepared; Jesse M. Unruh Papers, folder "Correspondence, Democratic Caucus 1965-1967," LP 236:185, California State Archives, Sacramento.

49. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994; Stephen Green, ed., California Political Almanac 1995-1996 , 1993-1994, p. 219. As the years have unfolded, the story has been repeated in Sacramento by Brown and others. It probably occurred, although one variation of the story has the conversation occurring over a drink, according to unpublished notes by the late Lee Fremstad of The Sacramento Bee , May 19, 1971, in the author's private collection. Fremstad puts the incident in 1967.

1. Photographs, The Sacramento Bee , Apr. 25, 1968; San Francisco Chronicle , May 7, 1968.

2. Julian Bond, interview, Washington, D.C., Dec. 3, 1993.

3. Lou Cannon, Ronnie and Jesse: A Political Odyssey , pp. 109, 279-282; James Mills, A Disorderly House: The Brown-Unruh Years in Sacramento , pp. 20-21.

4. Cannon, Ronnie and Jesse , p. 286.

5. Jules Witcover, 85 Days: The Last Campaign of Robert Kennedy , pp. 61-62.

6. Statement of Senator Robert F. Kennedy in Delano, Calif., Mar. 10, 1968, Robert F. Kennedy Senate Papers 1964-68, folder "Speeches, Press Releases 1965-68," box 3, John Fitzgerald Kennedy Library, Boston, Mass.

7. John Jacobs, A Rage for Justice: The Passion and Politics of Phillip Burton , p. 156. Also telegram and message slip in folder "RFK," Phillip Burton Papers, carton 7, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley. On Mar. 16, Kennedy officially announced he was running for president and sent Phillip Burton a courtesy telegram.

8. Michael Harris, "A Union Rebuke to Phil Burton," San Francisco Chronicle , May 1, 1968.

9. San Francisco Kennedy campaign roster, undated, Robert F. Kennedy Papers—1968 Presidential Campaign, folder "Kennedy for President Committee, Black Books," box 3, John Fitzgerald Kennedy Library, Boston, Mass.

10. Minutes to meeting of San Francisco delegates pledged to Robert Kennedy, Mar. 23, 1968, Phillip Burton Papers, folder "RFK," carton 7, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley. The minutes noted, "Assemblyman Brown discussed extensively the lack of minority representation on the Northern California Delegation, and the need to deliberately structure the campaign leadership and the alternate delegates to correct this deficiency."

11. Delegate lists in Official Ballot Statement, which were found in folder "RFK," Phillip Burton Papers, carton 7, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

12. Cannon, Ronnie and Jesse , pp. 287-288; Witcover, 85 Days , pp. 230-231; Frank Mankiewicz, interview, Washington, D.C., Nov. 30, 1993.

13. Frank Mankiewicz, interview.

14. Kennedy campaign press release, "Elected Officials Ring Doorbells for Kennedy," May 1, 1968, Robert F. Kennedy Papers—1968 Presidential Campaign, folder "Press Releases," Press Division Box 15, John Fitzgerald Kennedy Library, Boston, Mass.

15. Interviews, Willie Brown, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994; John Dearman, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994.

16. "Negro Solon Calls Death of King Worse for Whites," The Sacramento Bee , Apr. 5, 1968. The story began: "Assemblyman Willie Brown of San Francisco, a small, sorrowing black man, spoke slowly and deliberately of the murder of Dr. Martin Luther King."

17. William Bagley, telephone interview, June 23, 1995.

18. Witcover, 85 Days , p. 185.

19. Robert F. Kennedy, speech, University of San Francisco Apr. 19, 1968, Phillip Burton Papers, folder "RFK," carton 7, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

20. Witcover, 85 Days , pp. 237-238; Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., Robert Kennedy and His Times , vol. 2, p. 949; Schlesinger based his telling of this incident, and another the next day, on a series of oral history interviews conducted by Jean Stein for her book American Journey , 1970, edited by George Plimpton. Stein interviewed Willie Brown on Aug. 17, 1968, and Schlesinger used the Willie Brown interview in his biography of Kennedy. However, the Brown oral history was not included in American Journey . The author of this book contacted Stein's representatives in New York, but they were unable to locate a transcript of the Willie Brown interview. Archivists at the John Fitzgerald Kennedy Library also attempted unsuccessfully to locate a transcript of the Brown-Stein interview.

21. Photos contained in unmarked folders, Phillip Burton Papers, photo carton, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

22. Schlesinger, Robert Kennedy and His Times , vol. 2, pp. 949-950.

23. Ibid.

24. Ibid.

25. "Assemblyman Lauds RFK in Talk at Davis," The Sacramento Bee , May 15, 1968.

26. John Dearman, interview.

27. "An Angry Mood at Black Meeting," San Francisco Chronicle , June 3, 1968.

28. Interviews, Willie Brown, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994; John Dearman. Witcover, 85 Days , p. 276.

29. John Dearman, interview.

30. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994.

31. "Stunned Reaction in S.F," San Francisco Chronicle , June 5, 1968.

32. Jacobs, A Rage for Justice , p. 157.

33. "Stunned Reaction in S.F."

34. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994.

35. Earl C. Behrens, "Kennedy Slate's Uncertain Future," San Francisco Chronicle , June 7, 1968.

36. Assemblyman Pete Wilson, press release, June 21, 1968, Jesse M. Unruh Papers, folder "Correspondence, Legislators, Be-Car 1959-69" (contained with Willie Brown materials), LP 236:295, California State Archives, Sacramento.

37. Willie Brown, interview, Sacramento, Calif., June 13, 1994.

38. Congressional Quarterly Books, National Party Conventions 1831-1984 , p. 115.

39. Earl C. Behrens, "Willie Brown Leads Query Of the South," San Francisco Chronicle , Aug. 22, 1968.

40. Ibid.

41. Congressional Quarterly Books, National Party Conventions 1831-1984 , p. 115.

42. Julian Bond, interview.

43. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994.

44. Congressional Quarterly Books, National Party Conventions 1831-1984 , p. 115.

45. Congressional Quarterly Books, National Party Conventions 1831-1984 , convention ballot tables, p. 209; other convention details based in part on interviews, Willie Brown, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994; William Lockyer, Hayward, Calif., Nov. 23, 1993; Frank Mankiewicz.

46. Cannon, Ronnie and Jesse , p. 292.

47. Garry Wills, Nixon Agonistes , p. 530; Congressional Quarterly, National Party Conventions 1831-1984 , p. 115.

48. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994.

49. Cannon, Ronnie and Jesse , pp. 292-293.

50. "Humphrey Caught in the Middle of Democratic Split in California," Washington Post , Sep. 12, 1968.

51. Ibid.

52. Press release, Hubert H. Humphrey presidential campaign, Phillip Burton Papers, folder "Hubert H. Humphrey Campaign 1968," carton 5, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

53. Letter from Dianne Feinstein to potential contributors on behalf of Alan Cranston, Phillip Burton Papers, folder "1968 Presidential (other)," carton 2, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

54. "Meeting to Combat Race Polarization," San Francisco Chronicle , Sep. 7, 1968; "Brown Urges Guarantees for Land Aims," San Francisco Chronicle , Sep. 16, 1968; "Racial Slur by Alioto Is Denied," San Francisco Chronicle , Sep. 21, 1968; "No Offense So No Apology, Says Alioto," San Francisco Chronicle , Sep. 24, 1968.

55. Hugh Pearson, The Shadow of the Panther: Huey Newton and the Price of Black Power in America , p. 169. Pearson writes that Kathleen Cleaver's candidacy forced Willie Brown to issue a defense of Eldridge Cleaver being allowed to speak on campus at the University of California, Berkeley. However, it is probably a hollow claim, given Brown's embrace of the Free Speech Movement in Berkeley beginning in 1964 (before either Cleaver was a public figure). In all likelihood, Willie Brown would have issued such a defense of free speech without prodding from the Panthers' leaders.

56. Campaign leaflet, Kathleen Cleaver, 1968, Phillip Isenberg Papers, folder "1967-1969, Willie Brown Jr. Administrative Assistant, 1968 Campaign for Re-election," box 5, University Archives, California State University, Sacramento.

57. "Smith, Carlos Protest Praised," San Francisco Chronicle , Oct. 30, 1968.

58. Ron Moskowitz, "Mock Trial, But Issues Are Real," San Francisco Chronicle , Oct. 10, 1968.

59. Willie Brown, interview, Sacramento, Calif., July 26, 1994.

60. Moskowitz, "Mock Trial, But Issues Are Real."

61. Richard Nixon won California by 223, 328 votes, a 3.6 percentage point margin. After the election in November 1968, the state Senate stood at a 20-20 split, until Democrat George Miller died on January 1, 1969, and Republicans won a special election to take a 21-19 majority. Going into the election in the Assembly, the Democrats held a four-seat majority, but in November the Republicans picked up five seats, giving them a 41-39 majority. John R. Owens, Edmond Costantini, and Louis F. Weschler, California Politics and Parties , pp. 51-52; California Legislature at Sacramento , 1969 (Sacramento: California Legislature, 1969), pp. 218-225.

1. California Legislature at Sacramento , 1969 (Sacramento: California Legislature, 1969), member charts, pp. 218-225.

2. Veneman became undersecretary of Health Education and Welfare, the top assistant to Robert H. Finch. "President Appoints Veneman Health, Education, Welfare Aide," The Sacramento Bee , Feb. 7, 1969.

3. Before Robert Monagan, the last Republican Speaker of the Assembly was Luther H. Lincoln (1955-1958). Stephen Green (ed.), California Political Almanac 1995-1996 , p. 98; Monagan was the last Republican Speaker elected until 1995, when Doris Allen was elected with Democratic votes and no Republican votes other than her own.

4. Legislators could have looked to the Assembly of 1969-70 for lessons on how little they could accomplish when the house stood at a tie and was knotted up over leadership issues. In 1995-96 the Assembly stood at a 39-39 tie, and again nothing major was accomplished.

5. "Willie Brown Sums It Up—'A Disaster,'" San Francisco Chronicle , Aug. 11, 1969.

6. Richard Rodda, "S. F.'s Willie Brown Takes Over Demo Whip Post in Assembly, First Negro So Honored," The Sacramento Bee , Jan. 31, 1969.

7. Sherry Bebitch Jeffe, "The Modern Speakership of the California State Assembly: Typologies of State Legislative Leadership," p. 29.

8. Ibid., p. 28. Jeffe assigned percentage indicators for how much each Speaker placed emphasis on administrative chores and legislative programs. Unruh was assigned 92 percent administrative and 100 percent programmatic; Monagan was assigned 100 percent administrative and 14 percent programmatic.

9. California Legislature at Sacramento , 1970 (Sacramento: California Legislature, 1970), p. 178.

10. Field report from Virna Canson, legislative advocate, Feb. 9-Mar. 14, 1969, NAACP West Coast Region Office Papers (1946-1970), file "O.A. Reports—Legislative Advocate—Field Director (Virna Canson) Monthly Reports December 1968-May 1969," carton 26, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

11. Field report from Virna Canson, legislative advocate, Apr. 14-May 16, 1969, NAACP West Coast Region Office Papers (1946-1970), file "O.A. Reports—Legislative Advocate—Field Director (Virna Canson) Monthly Reports December 1968-May 1969," carton 26, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

12. Field report from Virna Canson, legislative advocate, undated, NAACP West Coast Region Office Papers (1946-1970), file "O.A. Reports—Legislative Advocate—Field Director (Virna Canson) Legislative Report 1969," carton 26, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

13. John Burton, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Apr. 26, 1993.

14. "Low-Cost Housing Need Is Critical," The Sacramento Bee , Mar. 11, 1969.

15. "Brown Wins Ovation from Planners," San Francisco Chronicle , Mar. 15, 1969.

16. "Warning by Willie Brown on Tensions," San Francisco Chronicle , Dec. 12, 1968.

17. Lester Kinsolving, "State Demands Called 'Symbolic,'" San Francisco Chronicle , Dec. 16, 1968.

18. Michael Harris, "Hayakawa vs. Willie Brown at Publishers' Seminar," San Francisco Chronicle , Feb. 8, 1969; "Solon Brown Charges Hayakawa Let Radicals Control Black Student Union," The Sacramento Bee , Feb. 8, 1969.

19. Hugh Pearson, The Shadow of the Panther: Huey Newton and the Price of Black Power in America , p. 178.

20. Lou Cannon, Ronnie and Jesse: A Political Odyssey , p. 254. Cannon's description and analysis of the San Francisco State upheavals is the best and most complete.

21. David Hilliard and Lewis Cole, This Side of Glory: The Autobiography of David Hilliard and the Story of the Black Panther Party , p. 247.

22. Report of the Select Committee on Campus Disturbances , California Assembly, May 1969, pp. 4, 21-24, 26.

23. Ibid., page ii (foreword).

24. "SF Solon Urges Greater Negro Role in Education," The Sacramento Bee , Mar. 5, 1969.

25. "Assemblyman Brown Predicts in UCD Talk He May Be Next Majority Leader," The Sacramento Bee , Apr. 24, 1969.

26. Victor Veysey, oral history interview, California State Archives, pp. 194-195.

27. John Mockler, interview, Sacramento, July 29, 1993.

28. "Findings," and "Recommendations," Report of the Select Committee on Campus Disturbances , pp. 1-8.

29. "Statement by Willie L. Brown, Jr.," Report of the Select Committee on Campus Disturbances , pp. 168-170.

30. Letter, John Vasconcellos to Victor Veysey, chairman, Select Committee on Campus Disturbances, May 9, 1969. Greene also wrote a one-page statement included as the last page of the final report. Report of the Select Committee on Campus Disturbances .

31. "Statement by Willie L. Brown, Jr.," Report of the Select Committee on Campus Disturbances .

32. John Mockler, interview, Sacramento, Calif., July 29, 1993.

33. "Brown Says Everyone Can Enjoy His Sex Bill," San Francisco Chronicle , Apr. 17, 1969.

34. Randy Shilts, The Mayor of Castro Street: The Life and Times of Harvey Milk , pp. 59-60.

35. Jerry Roberts, Dianne Feinstein: Never Let Them See You Cry , p. 72.

36. "Bill to Legalize Homosexuality," San Francisco Chronicle , Mar. 4, 1969; "Brown Says Everyone Can Enjoy His Sex Bill."

37. "Willie Brown Sums It Up—'A Disaster.'"

38. Cannon, Ronnie and Jesse , p. 219.

39. "New Urban League Director Will Seek Unity, Grass-Roots Control," The Sacramento Bee , May 4, 1969.

40. Phillip Isenberg, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Oct. 20, 1993.

41. Willie L. Brown Jr., "Blacks, Browns, and Reds—Colors Far Apart."

42. "Assemblyman Brown Predicts in UCD Talk He May Be Next Majority Leader," The Sacramento Bee , Apr. 24, 1969.

43. Martin Smith, "The Moral of an Earlier Vote for Assembly Speaker," The Sacramento Bee , Dec. 31, 1994.

44. Memorandum from George N. Zenovich, chairman of the Assembly Democratic Caucus, to members of the Assembly Democratic Caucus, Jan. 21, 1970, Jesse M. Unruh Papers, folder "Correspondence, Democratic Caucus 1965-1967," carton LP236:189; California State Archives, Sacramento.

45. "Good morning, Jess" letter from Robert Moretti to Jesse M. Unruh, undated, probably 1970, Robert Moretti Papers, LP 162:97, box 4: 1966-74, California State Archives, Sacramento.

46. John A. FitzRandolph, oral history interview, p. 82, California State Archives, Sacramento.

47. "Brown's Bid for Unruh Job," San Francisco Chronicle , Feb. 11, 1970.

48. William Lockyer, interview, Hayward, Calif., Nov. 23, 1993.

49. "Two Solons Visit London for Parley," The Sacramento Bee , Mar. 14, 1970; Richard Rodda, "Jess Unruh Will Quit as Assembly Demo Leader; Fight for Position Opens," The Sacramento Bee , Mar. 16, 1970.

50. "A Deadlock on Unruh's Successor," San Francisco Chronicle , Apr. 2, 1970; "Reports of Coalition in Demo Fight," San Francisco Chronicle , Apr. 3, 1970.

51. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 15, 1993.

52. John Burton, interview.

53. Descriptions of John Miller based on interviews with Willie Brown, San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 15, 1993; John Burton, Apr. 26, 1993; Leo McCarthy, San Francisco, Calif., Mar. 2, 1993; and Julian Dixon, Washington, D.C., June 9, 1993.

54. California Legislature at Sacramento , 1970, p. 178.

55. John Burton, interview.

56. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 15, 1993.

57. Tom Arden, "Assembly Demos Pick Negro Leader," The Sacramento Bee , Apr. 7, 1970.

58. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 15, 1993.

59. Robert Monagan, interview, Sacramento, Calif., May 30, 1995.

60. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 15, 1993.

61. Robert Monagan, interview.

62. Ed Salzman, "The Constant Quest for the Speakership," California Journal , Mar. 1974, p. 96.

63. "Good morning, Jess" letter from Robert Moretti to Jesse M. Unruh.

64. John A. FitzRandolph, oral history interview, p. 91.

65. "Sex Law Reform," The Sacramento Bee , Apr. 9, 1970; John V. Hurst, "Vagaries of Auto Insurance Attract California's Attention," The Sacramento Bee , Apr. 19, 1970.

66. "A Future Mayoral Candidate," San Francisco Chronicle , July 22, 1970; "Assemblyman Brown May Run for SF Mayor," The Sacramento Bee , July 22, 1970.

67. "Harsh Report on Soledad Conditions," San Francisco Chronicle , Aug. 3, 1970; "Soledad Chief Blasts Critical Report on Institution Issues by Solons," The Sacramento Bee , Aug. 4, 1970.

68. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 15, 1993.

69. Jeffe, "The Modern Speakership of the California State Assembly."

70. John A. FitzRandolph, oral history interview, p. 66.

71. Ibid., p. 108.

72. California Legislature at Sacramento , 1971 (Sacramento: California Legislature, 1971), pp. 212-220.

73. John A. FitzRandolph, oral history interview, p. 109.

74. California Legislature at Sacramento , 1971, p. 454.

75. "Brown Attacks Ouster of Black from Bridge Board," San Francisco Chronicle , Dec. 16, 1970.

76. John Dearman, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994.

77. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 15, 1993.

78. Earl C. Behrens, "Demos Vie for Assembly Leadership," San Francisco Chronicle , Nov. 14, 1970.

79. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994.

80. "Brown Is Likely to Get Assembly Ways, Means Post in Shuffle," The Sacramento Bee , Dec. 16, 1970; "Moretti Picks Willie Brown to Chair Assembly Ways, Means Committee," The Sacramento Bee , Jan. 7, 1971.

1. George Skelton, "Two Views of the Budget," United Press International, published in Sacramento Union , Jan. 14, 1972.

2. California Legislature at Sacramento , 1971 (Sacramento: California Legislature, 1971), p. 69.

3. Alfred Alquist, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Mar. 21, 1994.

4. Carla Lazzareschi, "The Decline of Randy Collier—or Is He Just Resting?" California Journal , May 1975, p. 165.

5. Edmund G. Brown, interviews, Beverly Hills, Calif., Jan. 27, 1983, and Feb. 1, 1983; the author interviewed Pat Brown on two occasions about Collier while a reporter for The Press-Enterprise of Riverside County .

6. Lazzareschi, "The Decline of Randy Collier—or Is He Just Resting?"

7. Letter from Randolph Collier to the Rev. Kenneth T. Widney, Apr. 18, 1967; Collier replied to Widney's appeal to vote against repealing open housing by not telling him his position on the issue, but promising "to keep you advised as to the progress of this measure"; Randolph Collier Papers, file "Rumford Act," box 12; California State Archives, Sacramento.

8. John Robert Connelly, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Apr. 27, 1993.

9. Phillip Isenberg, interview, Sacramento, Calif., May 5, 1993.

10. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994.

11. Skelton, "Two Views of the Budget."

12. Phillip Isenberg, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Dec. 22, 1992.

13. "Moretti Picks Willie Brown to Chair Assembly Ways, Means Committee," The Sacramento Bee , Jan. 7, 1971.

14. Julian Bond, interview, Washington, D.C, Dec. 3, 1993.

15. Steve Thompson, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Oct. 14, 1993.

16. John Robert Connelly, interview.

17. Descriptions of staff activities of the Assembly Ways and Means Committee based on interviews with Phillip Isenberg, May 5, 1993; John Mockler, Sacramento, Calif., July 29, 1993; Robert Connelly; Steve Thompson.

18. "Jurors Visit Quentin, Probe Killings," The Sacramento Bee , Aug. 31, 1971.

19. "Lavish Costs of the Queen Mary," San Francisco Chronicle , Aug. 11, 1971; Douglas Dempster, "Long Beach Dispute," The Sacramento Bee , Feb. 11, 1972; Nancy Litterman, "California's Saudi Arabia: Long Beach Oil and the Queen Mary Fling," California Journal , May 1975, p. 144.

20. John Robert Connelly, interview.

21. This and the following quotes are from interview with Robert Connelly.

22. Steve Thompson, interview.

23. John Robert Connelly, interview.

24. Leo McCarthy, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Mar. 2, 1993.

25. Phillip Isenberg, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Dec. 22, 1992.

26. John Berthelsen, "McCarthy Relents," The Sacramento Bee , Mar. 21, 1976.

27. John Robert Connelly, interview.

28. Steve Thompson, interview.

29. Virna Canson, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Oct. 11, 1993.

30. Letter from Steven M. Thompson to Hon. John E. Moss, Apr. 13, 1973, Assembly Ways and Means Committee, Hearings and Miscellaneous Papers, AC 82-2, position 1, B5153, California State Archives, Sacramento; the box contains numerous loose papers, memos, and so forth from Willie Brown and staffers including Mockler, Thompson, and others.

31. Letter from Steve Thompson to Donald K. Henry of Tiburon, Jan. 3, 1973, Assembly Ways and Means Committee, Hearings and Miscellaneous Papers, AC 82-2, position 1, B5153, California State Archives, Sacramento.

32. Memo from Steve Thompson to Willie L. Brown Jr., Jan. 31, 1973, Assembly Ways and Means Committee, Hearings and Miscellaneous Papers, AC 82-2, position 1, B5153; California State Archives, Sacramento.

33. Ibid.

34. Letter from Willie L. Brown Jr. to Charles Hitch, president of the University of California, July 2, 1973, Assembly Ways and Means Committee, Hearings and Miscellaneous Papers, AC 82-2, position 1, B5153; California State Archives, Sacramento.

35. Letter from Willie L. Brown Jr. to James Haughabook, chairman, black caucus, UC San Francisco, June 28, 1973, Assembly Ways and Means Committee, Hearings and Miscellaneous Papers, AC 82-2, position 1, B5153, California State Archives, Sacramento.

36. John Mockler, interview.

37. University of California, Berkeley, Freshman Admissions at Berkeley: A Policy for the 1990s and Beyond , p. 10.

38. Letter from Willie L. Brown Jr. to Leonard C. Beanland, director Employment and Planning, PG&E, July 3, 1973, Assembly Ways and Means Committee, Hearings and Miscellaneous Papers, AC 82-2, position 1, B5153, California State Archives, Sacramento.

39. Earl C. Behrens, "Opposition to Budget Hearing Plan," San Francisco Chronicle , Feb. 27, 1971.

40. John Robert Connelly, interview.

41. Sydney Kossen, "Capitol Demos, GOP Groping for Accord," San Francisco Examiner , May 16, 1971.

42. "Demos Hit Reagan for Money Crisis," San Francisco Chronicle , Dec. 1, 1970; Earl C. Behrens, "Willie Brown Predicts Tax Increase," San Francisco Chronicle , Dec. 7, 1970.

43. "Medi-Cal Compromise Is Hit," The Sacramento Bee , Mar. 30, 1971.

44. Notes from Sacramento Bee reporter Lee Fremstad, May 19, 1971, in the author's private collection.

45. Lou Cannon, Reagan , pp. 180-181.

46. Steve Thompson, interview.

47. Cannon, Reagan , p. 181.

48. John A. FitzRandolph, oral history interview, California State Archives, Sacramento.

49. John Mockler, interview.

50. George Skelton, "Key Legislator Claims Reagan's Welfare Reform Will Be Costly," United Press International, in The Sacramento Bee , Aug. 16, 1971.

51. "Opening Statement by Assemblyman Willie L. Brown, Jr." Committee on Ways and Means, Feb. 14, 1973, Assembly Ways and Means Committee, Hearings and Miscellaneous Papers, AC 82-2, position 1, B5153, California State Archives, Sacramento.

52. Jackson Doyle, "Legislator's Reaction to Reagan Speech," San Francisco Chronicle , Jan. 7, 1972.

53. Edwin Meese, interview, Palo Alto, Calif., July 7, 1993.

54. Ibid.

55. "Moretti Says Legislature Provides Leadership This Year, Governor Does Not," California Journal , May 1971, p. 129.

56. "The Budget Is Ready," The Sacramento Bee , July 2, 1971; "Demos Assail Reagan, GOP Backs Him Up," San Francisco Examiner , July 4, 1971; Earl C. Behrens, "Court Tests Likely on Budget Cuts," San Francisco Chronicle , July 5, 1971. Reagan used his "blue pencil" line-item veto to cut the 1971-1972 budget down to $6.8 billion.

57. Joan Chatfield-Taylor, "An Assemblyman Who Mixes Politics and Fashion," San Francisco Chronicle , Apr. 20, 1971.

58. Herb Caen column, San Francisco Chronicle , Mar. 16, 1972.

59. Joan Chatfield-Taylor, "Enter, Male Peacocks," San Francisco Chronicle , Sep. 28, 1971.

60. Breakup between Blanche and Willie Brown explained by John Dearman, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994.

1. This account of the Northlake meeting is based on interviews with Willie Brown, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994; and Julian Bond, Washington, D.C., Dec. 3, 1993; also Associated Press, "Secret Black Caucus," Sep. 26, 1971, and Shirley Chisholm, The Good Fight , pp. 28-42.

2. "Secret Black Caucus."

3. Julian Bond, interview.

4. Ibid.

5. Chisholm, The Good Fight , p. 110.

6. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 15, 1993.

7. Statistics from Joint Center for Political Studies, Black Politics '72 , part I, "The Democratic National Convention," tables on pp. 56, 59, 65.

8. Earl C. Behrens, "Muskie Remark Attacked Again," San Francisco Chronicle, Sep. 25, 1971.

9. Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., Robert Kennedy and His Times , pp. 235-236.

10. Ibid., pp. 243, 400.

11. Garry Wills, Nixon Agonistes , p. 530.

12. Gordon L. Weil, The Long Shot: George McGovern Runs for President , pp. 128-129.

13. Frank Mankiewicz, interview, Washington, D.C., Nov. 30, 1993.

14. "McGovern—Liberals Announce Support," San Francisco Chronicle , Dec. 14, 1971.

15. Frank Mankiewicz, interview.

16. Letter from Yancey Freeland Martin, special assistant to Sen. George McGovern, to Yvonne W. Braithwaite, Dec. 28, 1971, Yvonne W. Braithwaite Assembly 1966-72 Papers, LP 69:15-41 B 201, box 3, file "Correspondence," California State Archives, Sacramento.

17. Michael Harris, "The Black Convention—Willie Brown's Judgment," San Francisco Chronicle , Mar. 20, 1972.

18. Congressional Quarterly Books, Presidential Elections since 1789 , 4th ed. (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Books, 1987), tables p. 49.

19. Barbara Cannon, "SF's Brown Wants to Be First Negro US Attorney General," The Sacramento Bee , Jan. 13, 1972; "Attorney General Job Not for Willie Brown," San Francisco Chronicle , Jan. 15, 1972; Sam W. Averiett II, "Willie Brown—New Image," San Francisco Chronicle , Aug. 1, 1972.

20. Some histories of the period erroneously state that Brown and Shirley MacLaine cochaired the delegation. While she was visible giving TV interviews, and was personally close to McGovern, she was not in the leadership of the delegation.

21. John Sandbrook, "What Happened in Miami—a Reflection," UCLA Summer Bruin , July 18, 1972. The delegate quoted was the author of this book, who less-than-diplomatically observed: "I think we all just got sick and tired of Gary Hart calling us and telling us, 'This would embarrass George.'"

22. Joint Center for Political Studies, Black Politics '72 , p. 21; also "California Challenge," memo, NAACP West Coast Regional Office Papers (1971-1981), file "1972 Democratic Convention," box 8, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

23. Leo Rennert, "Tunney Deserts Muskie for McGovern Camp," The Sacramento Bee , June 10, 1972.

24. The six UCLA delegates were Terry Friedman, Paul Brindze, Mark Gunn, Barbara Learner, Paula Essex, and James Richardson. Friedman later served four terms in the Assembly before his election as a Los Angeles County Superior Court Judge in 1994.

25. "McGovern Group Argues, Then Seats Sen. Tunney," The Sacramento Bee , June 11, 1972; John Jacobs, A Rage for Justice: The Passion and Politics of Phillip Burton , p. 285; also notes in the author's personal collection from the McGovern campaign and national convention, including a term paper by the author, "The 1972 Democratic National Convention as a Social Tool for Solving Race Problems," Nov. 25, 1972.

26. Interviews, Willie Brown, Sacramento, Calif., Apr. 15, 1993; Frank Mankiewicz.

27. Willie Brown, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Apr. 15, 1993.

28. Jacques Levy, "A View from inside the California Democratic Convention Delegation," California Journal , Aug. 1972, p. 235; and Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 15, 1993.

29. Jacobs, A Rage for Justice , p. 285; also "McGovern Group Argues, Then Seats Sen. Tunney."

30. Eliza Whitehead, Gary Brustin, Jeffrey Levine, Betty Tom Chu, A Challenge to the Proposed California Delegation to the Democratic National Convention , cause of action document, June 9, 1972; author's personal collection.

31. Gary Hart, Right from the Start: A Chronicle of the McGovern Campaign , p. 210.

32. Frank Mankiewicz, interview.

33. Hart, Right from the Start , p. 216.

34. Ibid., pp. 217-218.

35. Ibid., p. 218.

36. Weil, The Long Shot , p. 145.

37. Memo from Dolores Huerta, John Burton, Willie Brown to all California McGovern delegates, July 10, 1972, Miami; in the author's private collection. The author of this book won a seat in the lottery and was seated on the first night.

38. Hart, Right from the Start , p. 224.

39. Willie Brown's preconvention pep talk based on personal recollection of the author.

40. Tom Wicker, "The New Breed, the Old Breed," The New York Times , as it appeared in The Sacramento Bee , July 17, 1972.

41. Hart, Right from the Start , p. 220.

42. Ibid., pp. 226-227.

43. Frank Mankiewicz, interview.

44. Levy, "A View from inside the California Democratic Convention Delegation," p. 235.

45. There were no black delegates from Hawaii, Maine, New Hampshire, Utah, West Virginia, and McGovern's home state of South Dakota. Black Politics '72 , part I, p. 21.

46. Chisholm, The Good Fight , p. 117.

47. Interviews, Frank Mankiewicz; George McGovern, Washington, D.C., June 9, 1993; also Weil, The Long Shot , p. 143. Weil writes that McGovern took the California challenge very personally.

48. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994.

49. John Burton, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Apr. 26, 1993.

50. The text of the speech was transcribed by a Brown secretary and placed in the Ways and Means Committee files; Assembly Ways and Means Committee, Hearings and Miscellaneous Papers, AC 82-2, position 1, B5153, California State Archives, Sacramento; also, a videotape of the speech was provided by Brown's press office.

51. John Burton, interview.

52. Michael Harris, "The New Breed of Democrats," San Francisco Chronicle , July 12, 1972.

53. Chisholm, The Good Fight , p. 131.

54. "California Delegates Kept Calm," San Francisco Chronicle , July 13, 1972; John Dearman, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994.

55. Levy, "A View from Inside the California Democratic Convention Delegation," p. 236.

56. Hart, Right from the Start , p. 227.

57. George McGovern, interview.

58. Weil, The Long Shot , p. 146.

59. Harold V. Streeter, "Brown's Story of How Eagleton Was Selected," San Francisco Examiner , July 30, 1972; Sam W. Averiett II, "Willie Brown—New Image," San Francisco Chronicle , Aug. 1, 1972.

60. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994.

61. Interviews, William Lockyer, Hayward, Calif., Nov. 23, 1993; Phillip Isenberg, Sacramento, Calif., May 5, 1993.

63. Herb Caen, San Francisco Chronicle , Oct. 20, 1972; and Earl C. Behrens, "An Eye on the Capitol," San Francisco Chronicle , Nov. 3, 1972; campaign digest, The Sacramento Bee , Oct. 17, 1972.

62. Sam Averiett II, "Willie Brown—New Image," San Francisco Examiner , Aug. 1, 1972.

64. Richard Rodda, "Willie Brown Emerges," The Sacramento Bee , July 16, 1972.

65. Tom Wicker, "The New Breed, the Old Breed."

1. Press conference transcript, Speaker Robert Moretti, Sacramento, Calif., Apr. 25, 1973, p. 9, Robert Moretti Papers, file "Press Conferences," box 5, California State Archives, Sacramento.

2. Ibid., p. 17.

3. John A. FitzRandolph, oral history interview, pp. 115-116, California State Archives, Sacramento.

4. Lou Cannon, Reagan , p. 189.

5. Memo from John FitzRandolph to Chuck Manatt, Feb. 7, 1973, Robert Moretti Papers, box 6, file "1969-70," LP 162:136, California State Archives, Sacramento.

6. Doug Dempster, "Moretti Predicts Demos Will Gain in Assembly," The Sacramento Bee , June 8, 1972.

7. Mary Ellen Leary, Phantom Politics: Campaigning in California , p. 26.

8. Harry Johanesen, "Willie Brown Backs Moretti," San Francisco Examiner , Feb. 3, 1973.

9. Dennis J. Opatrny, "Willie Brown's Choice: 'Moretti for Governor,'" San Francisco Examiner , Feb. 13, 1972.

10. Randy Shilts, The Mayor of Castro Street: The Life and Times of Harvey Milk , p. 100; John Jacobs, A Rage for Justice: The Passion and Politics of Phillip Burton , p. 291.

11. Jack Welter, "2 Men Running in Moretti's Footsteps," San Francisco Examiner , Sep. 9, 1973.

12. Leo McCarthy, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Mar. 2, 1993.

13. Leo McCarthy biographical details from California Legislature at Sacramento , 1974 and 1975 editions; Welter, "2 Men Running in Moretti's Footsteps"; Jerry Burns, "The Fall and Rise of San Francisco," California Journal , Nov. 1973, p. 365; Leah Cartabruno, "The Essence of Speaker McCarthy: Team Player, Family Man, Tap Dancer," California Journal , June 1976, p. 178; Leo McCarthy, interview.

14. Leo McCarthy, interview.

15. Cartabruno, "The Essence of Speaker McCarthy."

16. The author of this book followed McCarthy's unsuccessful 1988 U.S. Senate campaign, traveling extensively with McCarthy and a small band of reporters. When McCarthy learned that the author had just proposed marriage to his future wife during a swing through Sacramento, McCarthy was ecstatic in his congratulations.

17. Louis J. Papan, oral history interview, p. 22, California State Archives, Sacramento.

18. Welter, "2 Men Running in Moretti's Footsteps."

19. Art Agnos, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Mar. 18, 1994; Dennis J. Opatrny, "McCarthy, Brown Eye Speakership," San Francisco Examiner , Nov. 12, 1972.

20. "It Was Said," California Journal , Jan. 1974, p. 9, quoting from a Sacramento Union profile of Brown.

21. Dennis J. Opatrny, "How the State Legislature's Political Swap Game Works," San Francisco Examiner , Aug. 12, 1973; and "Candlestick Area Park Is OKd," San Francisco Chronicle , Oct. 5, 1973.

22. Patricia Beach Smith, "No Spittoons: Capitol Lacks Final Touches," The Sacramento Bee , Jan. 16, 1986.

23. "Assembly OK on Bill for New Capitol," San Francisco Chronicle , Sep. 7, 1973; "State Senate Vote on New Chambers," San Francisco Chronicle , Sep. 14, 1973; "New Capitol: 'A Tabernacle to Ourselves?'" California Journal , Jan. 1974, p. 7.

24. Smith, "No Spittoons."

25. Opatrny, "How the State Legislature's Political Swap Game Works."

26. Jeff Raimundo, "Senate Rules Unit Asks Capitol Renewal Audit," The Sacramento Bee , Mar. 27, 1977.

27. Robert Connelly, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Apr. 27, 1993.

28. Ibid.

29. Art Agnos, interview.

30. "Willie Brown Urges NAACP to Focus on State Budget," The Sacramento Bee , Mar. 21, 1974.

31. Leary, Phantom Politics , pp. 6 and 114.

32. California Legislature at Sacramento , 1975 (Sacramento: California Legislature, 1975), p. 428; the votes in the Democratic gubernatorial primary for major candidates were Jerry Brown 1,085,752; Joseph Alioto 544,007; Robert Moretti 478,469; William Matson Roth 293,686; Jerome Waldie 227,489.

33. James Richardson, "Brown's Commitment to Reform Questioned," The Sacramento Bee , Mar. 12, 1992.

34. "Willie Brown Is against Prop. 9," The Sacramento Bee , May 9, 1974.

35. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994; Richard Rodda, "McCarthy Gets Boost by Z'berg," The Sacramento Bee , June 13, 1974.

36. John Burton, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Apr. 26, 1993.

37. Richard Rodda, "Rivals Jockey to Grab Gavel," The Sacramento Bee , June 7, 1974.

38. Howard Berman, interview, Washington, D.C., June 8, 1993; Jacobs, A Rage for Justice , p. 281.

39. Howard Berman, interview.

40. Opatrny, "How McCarthy Beat Brown for Speakership," San Francisco Examiner , June 23, 1974.

41. Howard Berman, interview.

42. John Burton, interview.

43. Interviews, Robert Connelly; Julian Dixon, Washington, D.C., June 9, 1993.

44. "How McCarthy Won the Speakership," California Journal , July 1974, p. 245; James Dufur, "Demos Will Chair All Assembly Committees," The Sacramento Bee , Dec. 21, 1974.

45. Interviews, John Burton; Willie Brown, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994; "How McCarthy Won the Speakership."

46. Jacobs, A Rage for Justice , p. 289.

47. Lee Fremstad, "Assemblyman Spurned As Chairman Resigns from Death Penalty Committee," The Sacramento Bee , June 1, 1973.

48. George Murphy, "Willie Brown—'Just Got Beat,'" San Francisco Chronicle , June 19, 1974.

49. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994.

50. Confidential informant, former aide to Mervyn Dymally.

51. "Negro Legislators Called 'Traitors,'" United Press International, appearing in the San Francisco Chronicle , Nov. 12, 1968.

52. Julian Dixon, interview.

53. Ibid.

54. Ibid.

55. Ibid.

56. "How McCarthy Won the Speakership."

57. Leon D. Ralph, oral history interview, pp. 91-93, California State Archives, Sacramento.

58. Ibid., pp. 91-93.

59. Ibid., p. 96.

60. Ibid.

61. Doug Dempster, "Nominees Tell What They Hope to Do in Assembly," The Sacramento Bee , June 15, 1972.

62. Kenneth Cory, oral history interview, pp. 51-52, California State Archives, Sacramento.

63. Steve Thompson, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Oct. 14, 1993.

64. "How McCarthy Won the Speakership."

65. "Willie Brown Asks Blacks to Switch," San Francisco Chronicle , June 18, 1974; "Speakership Fight Takes Racial Turn," The Sacramento Bee , June 18, 1974.

66. John A. FitzRandolph, oral history interview, p. 134.

67. Julian Dixon, interview.

68. William Lockyer, interview, Hayward, Calif., Nov. 23, 1993; Opatrny, "How McCarthy Beat Brown for Speakership."

69. William Lockyer, interview.

70. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994.

71. Dennis Opatrny, "McCarthy Is Sure He's Got the Votes," San Francisco Examiner , June 14, 1974.

72. "How McCarthy Won the Speakership."

73. Press conference transcript, Robert Moretti, Leo McCarthy, and Willie Brown, June 18, 1974; Robert Moretti Papers, file "Press Conferences," box 5, California State Archives, Sacramento.

74. Murphy, "Willie Brown—'Just Got Beat.'"

75. Printout of copy by Austin Scott, The Washington Post , Apr. 27, 1975.

76. Peter Weisser, "Foran to Get a Key Post in Assembly," San Francisco Chronicle , Aug. 2, 1974.

77. James Dufur, "Speaker Rematch in Winter?" The Sacramento Bee , Aug. 6, 1974; "Willie Brown Off Key Panel," San Francisco Chronicle , Aug. 6, 1974.

78. Bill Bagley, telephone interview, June 23, 1995; Herb Caen column, San Francisco Chronicle , Aug. 7, 1974.

79. Leo McCarthy, interview.

80. Ibid.

81. "Brown's Walkout," Associated Press, published in the San Francisco Chronicle , Aug. 20, 1974; "A Unity Try Fails," San Francisco Examiner , Aug. 25, 1974.

82. "Brown's Walkout."

83. "Willie Brown on 'Joyless Victory,'" San Francisco Chronicle , Nov. 16, 1974.

84. Ibid.

85. "Willie Brown to New Chief: 'Hands Off,'" The Sacramento Bee , Nov. 7, 1974.

86. "Willie Brown May Get GOP Aid," The Sacramento Bee , Dec. 2, 1974.

87. "McCarthy Defeats Willie Brown," The Sacramento Bee , Dec. 2, 1974; Richard Rodda, "McCarthy Considers 'Offenders,'" The Sacramento Bee , Dec. 8, 1974.

88. Dufur, "Demos Will Chair All Assembly Committees."

89. Carla Lazzareschi, "The Decline of Randy Collier—or Is He Just Resting?" California Journal , May 1975, p. 165.

90. "From 'Big Daddy' to 'Captain Queeg,'" United Press International, published in the The Sacramento Bee , Mar. 21, 1975.

91. Leo McCarthy, interview.

92. Willie Brown, interview, Assembly floor, Sacramento, Calif., Apr. 15, 1993.

93. Ibid.

1. Randy Shilts, The Mayor of Castro Street: The Life and Times of Harvey Milk , p. 105.

2. "Bill Would Okay Consenting Adults' Private Sex," The Sacramento Bee , Mar. 7, 1975.

3. Jeff Raimundo, "Price Concedes Smut Fighters' 'Candid Camera' Plan Is Legal," The Sacramento Bee , Mar. 8, 1975.

4. Doug Dempster, "State Senate Passes Sex Acts Bill 21-20 on Tie-Breaking Vote Cast by Dymally," The Sacramento Bee , May 2, 1975; Peter Weisser, "Liberalized Law for State's Adults," San Francisco Chronicle , May 2, 1975.

5. "Sex Bill Sent To the Governor," San Francisco Chronicle , May 9, 1975.

6. "Willie Brown Hits Jerry's Race Relations," Associated Press, published in The Sacramento Bee , May 11, 1975.

7. "Brown Signs Controversial Sexual Consent Measure," The Sacramento Bee , May 13, 1975; "Church Group Starts Move to Upset Sex Law," The Sacramento Bee , May 19, 1975.

8. "Assembly OKs Bill to Reduce Pot Penalty," San Francisco Chronicle , June 25, 1975.

9. Doug Willis, Associated Press, "Legislator Brown Finds Gov. Brown Not Bad after All—He May Be Best," published in the The Sacramento Bee , Aug. 15, 1975; see also "Smoke That Peace Pipe," The Sacramento Bee , Nov. 30, 1975; "The Long Road Back," The Sacramento Bee , Dec. 21, 1975.

10. Wilkes Bashford advertisement, San Francisco Chronicle , Oct. 1975.

11. John Balzar and Larry Liebert, "A Man of Fine Cars, Clothes," San Francisco Chronicle , Dec. 8, 1980.

12. "145-mph Car Too Slow for Willie Brown," San Francisco Chronicle , Jan. 7, 1976.

13. Balzar and Liebert, "A Man of Fine Cars, Clothes."

14. Tom Hall, "She Tells of Sexy Night with 5 Raiders," San Francisco Examiner , July 19, 1975; Betty Cuniberti, "Atkinson's Suit—The List Grows," San Francisco Chronicle , Oct. 28, 1976.

15. "Ex-Bondsman on Trial," San Francisco Chronicle , Oct. 16, 1975.

16. Report of Contributions and Expenditures , filed by Committee to Rebuild Atlantic City, Oct. 8, 1976, New Jersey Election Law Enforcement Commission, Trenton, N.J.; "Willie Brown Touting Casinos in the East," Associated Press, in San Francisco Chronicle , Oct. 12, 1976.

17. Editorial, "Willie Brown's New Image," The Sacramento Bee , Oct. 18, 1976.

18. Rob Haeseler, "The Strange Case of Willie Brown and Conti," San Francisco Chronicle , Apr. 6, 1977.

19. Rob Haeseler and Michael Taylor, "Younger Starts Willie Brown Probe," San Francisco Chronicle , Apr. 7, 1977; Larry Liebert and Michael Taylor, "Willie Brown's TV—Younger 'Clears' Him," San Francisco Chronicle , July 14, 1977.

20. William Bagley, telephone interview, June 23, 1995.

21. Statement of Economic Interest , annual forms field by Willie Brown for 1975 through 1978, Fair Political Practices Commission, Sacramento, Calif.

22. Marshall Kilduff and John Balzar, "How Brown Made It to the Top," San Francisco Chronicle , Dec. 2, 1980.

23. Statement of Economic Interest , annual form filed by Willie Brown for 1980, Fair Political Practices Commission, Sacramento, Calif.; Katherine Bishop, "San Francisco Feels Developer's Fall," The New York Times , May 24, 1992.

24. "The Yerba Buena Team—A Who's Who," San Francisco Chronicle , Nov. 21, 1980; editorial, "Holding Willie Brown Accountable," San Francisco Bay Guardian , Mar. 21, 1984.

25. Statement of Economic Interest , annual forms filed by Willie Brown for 1978 through 1985, Fair Political Practices Commission, Sacramento, Calif.

26. Balzar and Liebert, "A Man of Fine Cars, Clothes."

27. Charles Petit, "Brown Here, Wins a Key Endorsement," San Francisco Chronicle , May 12, 1976.

28. "San Francisco Politicos," San Francisco Chronicle , Mar. 16, 1976.

29. Abe Mellinkoff, "The Brown Boys," San Francisco Chronicle , Mar. 24, 1976.

30. "Key Legislator Will Help Race," The Sacramento Bee , May 12, 1976; Richard Rodda, "Getting Those Endorsements," The Sacramento Bee , May 23, 1976.

31. John Dearman, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994.

32. "Willie Brown Says He's Bored in N.Y.," San Francisco Chronicle , July 15, 1976.

33. "Willie Brown's New Job," San Francisco Chronicle , July 16, 1976.

34. Sherry Bebitch Jeffe, "The Modern Speakership of the California State Assembly: Typologies of State Legislative Leadership," p. 20.

35. William Lockyer, interview, Hayward, Calif., Nov. 23, 1993.

36. Frank Vicencia, oral history interview, p. 100, California State Archives, Sacramento.

37. John Jacobs, A Rage for Justice: The Passion and Politics of Phillip Burton , p. 407.

38. Shilts, The Mayor of Castro Street , p. 129. Shilts wrote: "The deal—probably just a few comments dropped over lunch." However, Willie Brown, Art Agnos, Leo McCarthy, and John Burton agree that it was not an explicit "deal" but a truce worked out gradually.

39. Interviews John Burton, Sacramento, Calif., Apr. 26, 1993; Leo McCarthy, San Francisco, Calif., Mar. 2, 1993.

40. Larry Liebert, "Willie Brown's Return to Favor," San Francisco Chronicle , Feb. 18, 1976.

41. Howard Jarvis and Robert Pack, I'm Mad As Hell: The Exclusive Story of the Tax Revolt and Its Leaders , p. 7.

42. Ibid., p. 21.

43. Ibid., pp. 45-46.

44. Ibid.; President Jimmy Carter, in a interview July 28, 1978 with editors and broadcast directors at the White House.

45. Assembly Revenue and Taxation Committee, Compilation of Statements and Partial Transcript , Interim Hearing on Property Tax Reform and Relief, Willie L. Brown Jr., chairman, Oct. 1, 1976, California State Archives, Sacramento; "Assembly Property Tax Bill Is Amended," Cal-Tax News , May 1, 1977, in author's private collection; John Balzar, "Demos Promote Their Tax Relief Package," San Francisco Chronicle , Apr. 14, 1977; Dennis J. Opatrny, "Plan to Ease State Income Tax Overload," San Francisco Examiner , Apr. 24, 1977.

46. Peter H. Behr, oral history, interview, pp. 337-340, California State Archives, Sacramento.

47. Ibid.

48. John Balzar, "Assembly Passes Its Bill for $1.1 Billion Tax Relief," San Francisco Chronicle , June 18, 1977.

49. Jarvis and Pack, I'm Mad As Hell , p. 61.

50. Dan Bernstein, "Curb Says He's 'Certain' Dymally Is a Criminal," Riverside Press-Enterprise , Oct. 29, 1979. Besides Bernstein, the author and Ben Ginsberg, two other Press-Enterprise reporters, were present during a sidewalk interview with Curb that evening at a campaign event in Redlands, Calif. Also "Dymally Hires Willie Brown in Curb Case," San Francisco Chronicle , Nov. 3, 1978.

51. Interviews, Carol Hallett, Washington, D.C., June 10, 1993; Ed Rollins, Washington, D.C., Dec. 1, 1993; Ross Johnson, Sacramento, Calif., Aug. 26, 1993; Robert Naylor, Sacramento, Calif., Jan. 18, 1993; Otto Kreisher, "How Carol Hallett Captured the GOP Leadership," California Journal , p. 228, July 1979; James Richardson, "Colleagues Express Shock at Outcome," The Sacramento Bee , Feb. 19, 1994.

52. Details on the Jonestown deaths from Tim Reiterman and John Jacobs, Raven: The Untold Story of the Rev. Jim Jones and His People ; Jacobs, A Rage for Justice , pp. 402-403.

53. Art Agnos, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Mar. 18, 1994.

54. Reiterman and Jacobs, Raven , p. 266.

55. Ibid., p. 268.

56. Ibid., pp. 306-308.

57. Ibid., p. 267.

58. Ibid., p. 267.

59. Ibid., pp. 327-328.

61. Jerry Burns, "Willie Brown Defends Former Ties to Rev. Jones," San Francisco Chronicle , Nov. 21, 1978.

62. "Moscone, Willie Brown, Nixon on Jones' Hit List," The Sacramento Bee , Dec. 6, 1978.

63. Denny Walsh, "Nathanson Admits Bribes, Will Aid FBI," The Sacramento Bee , June 10, 1993; Brown was asked on several occasions by reporters, including the author, whether he would fire Nathanson from the coastal panel while under indictment. Brown refused, and Nathanson did not leave the panel until he was convicted in 1993.

64. Art Agnos, interview.

65. Ibid.

66. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994. Jerry Roberts, Dianne Feinstein: Never Let Them See You Cry , pp. 163-164; Jacobs, A Rage for Justice , pp. 405-406; Shilts, Mayor of Castro Street ; James Richardson, "Dueling Demos, A Zigzag Path for Feinstein," The Sacramento Bee , May 6, 1990.

67. John Burton, interview. Jacobs, A Rage for Justice , p. 406.

68. Roberts, Dianne Feinstein , p. 179.

69. Peter Stack, "A 'Celebration of Hope' Despite S.F. Tragedies," San Francisco Chronicle , Nov. 29, 1978.

70. John Balzar, "Wistful Assembly Recalls Moscone," San Francisco Chronicle , Dec. 6, 1978.

71. Ibid.

72. Kandace Bender, "Brown Officially Joins Mayor Race," San Francisco Examiner , June 4, 1995.

1. Robert Naylor, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Jan. 18, 1993.

2. Patrick Nolan, interview, Sacramento, Calif., May 6, 1993.

3. Ibid.

4. Robert Studer, "McCarthy as Speaker: 'Unique Ability to Persuade,'" California Journal , Nov. 1979, p. 382.

5. Patrick Nolan, interview.

6. Otto Kreisher, "How Carol Hallett Captured the GOP Leadership," California Journal , July 1979, p. 228.

7. Ibid., p. 228.

8. Richard Zeiger, "Ingalls Sees Berman Backing Him for Pro Tem," Riverside Press-Enterprise , Nov. 7, 1980.

9. Cynthia Willett, "The Next Speaker? Probably Howard Berman," California Journal , Nov. 1979, p. 380.

10. Interviews, Leo McCarthy, San Francisco, Calif., Mar. 2, 1993; Howard Berman, Washington, D.C., June 8, 1993; Jeff Raimundo, "Berman Imprint," The Sacramento Bee , Dec. 12, 1979.

11. Transcript of press conference by Howard Berman, Dec. 11, 1979, author's private collection.

12. Statement by Assembly Speaker Leo T. McCarthy, Dec. 12, 1979, author's private collection.

13. Leo McCarthy, interview.

14. Howard Berman, interview.

15. John Jacobs, A Rage for Justice: The Passion and Politics of Phillip Burton , p. 408.

16. Bill Lockyer, interview, Hayward, Calif., Nov. 23, 1993.

17. Abe Mellinkoff, "Sacramento Shootout," San Francisco Chronicle , Jan. 3, 1980.

18. Jerry Roberts, "Willie Brown and the Speakership War," San Francisco Chronicle , Jan. 19, 1980.

19. Art Torres, interview, Sacramento, Calif., May 26, 1993; Alatorre did not respond to requests for an interview.

20. John Balzar, "Willie Brown Gets No. 2 Assembly Post," San Francisco Chronicle , Jan. 4, 1980.

21. Leo McCarthy, interview.

22. Vic Pollard, "Will the Imperial Speakership Survive the Assault on Government?" California Journal , May 1980, p. 198.

23. "Key Speakership Fighters Top Fund-Raisers," The Sacramento Bee , May 22, 1980.

24. Robert Naylor, interview.

25. Ed Rollins, interview, Washington, D.C., Dec. 1, 1993.

26. Interviews, Robert Naylor; Carol Hallett, Washington, D.C., June 10, 1993; Willie Brown, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994.

27. Martin Smith, "Willie Brown and the GOP," The Sacramento Bee , Aug. 28, 1980; Gale Cook, "The Making of the Brown-Berman Speakership Battle," San Francisco Examiner , Nov. 26, 1980.

28. Smith, "Willie Brown and the GOP" Ed Rollins acknowledged that he was Smith's source in an interview, Washington, D.C., Dec. 1, 1993. Jacobs, A Rage for Justice , p. 411.

29. Art Torres, interview.

30. Interviews, Maxine Waters, Washington, D.C., June 10, 1993; Tom Hannigan, Sacramento, Calif., Aug. 24, 1993; Willie Brown, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994.

31. Tom Hannigan, interview.

32. Jerry Roberts, "The Prize That Eluded Howard Berman," San Francisco Chronicle , Dec. 6, 1980.

33. Louis J. Papan, oral history interview, p. 32, California State Archives, Sacramento.

34. Frank Vicencia, oral history interview, pp. 156-157, California State Archives, Sacramento.

35. Maxine Waters, interview.

36. Ross Johnson, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Aug. 26, 1993.

37. Ibid.

38. Claire Cooper, "Willie Brown Rocks Berman Bandwagon," The Sacramento Bee , Nov. 20, 1980; Larry Liebert, "Willie Brown Wants Assembly Speaker Job," San Francisco Chronicle , Nov. 21, 1980.

39. Interviews, Ross Johnson; Ed Rollins.

40. Carol Hallett, interview; editorial, "Willie Brown and Carol Hallett," The Sacramento Bee , Dec. 3, 1980. Hallett said that documents were traded with Brown, but she did not locate copies.

41. Carol Hallett, interview.

42. Ross Johnson, interview.

43. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994.

44. Ed Rollins, interview.

45. Claudia Luther and Tracy Wood, "Brown Claims Votes to Win Speakership," Los Angeles Times , Nov. 25, 1980.

46. Carol Hallett, interview.

47. Interview, confidential informant.

48. Interviews, Patrick Nolan; Carol Hallett.

49. Carol Hallett, interview.

50. Howard Berman, interview.

51. See Chapter 12, "Mice Milk."

52. Herb Michelson, "Treasurer Jesse Unruh, Waiting for Another Chance to Lead," California Journal , Apr. 1980, p. 145.

53. Carol Hallett, interview; Jacobs, A Rage for Justice , p. 412.

54. Ross Johnson, interview.

55. Larry Liebert, "Bargains and Egos," San Francisco Chronicle , Nov. 27, 1980.

56. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994.

57. Liebert, "Bargains and Egos."

58. Art Torres, interview.

59. Martin Smith, "Chavez and the Speakership," The Sacramento Bee , Dec. 4, 1980; Frank del Olmo, "For Chicanos, a Political Bloodletting," Los Angeles Times , Dec. 11, 1980.

60. Howard Berman, interview.

61. Tom Hannigan, interview.

62. Liebert, "Willie Brown Wants Assembly Speaker Job."

63. Austin Scott, "Speaker to Create Second Latino Seat in Congress," Los Angeles Times , Jan. 28, 1981.

64. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994.

65. Howard Berman, interview.

66. Ed Rollins, interview.

67. Jacobs, A Rage for Justice , p. 413; John Balzar and Jerry Roberts, "Willie Brown Wins Vote for Speaker," San Francisco Chronicle , Dec. 2, 1980.

68. Howard Berman, interview.

1. Claire Cooper, "Capitol's New Dignity: Will It Rub Off?" The Sacramento Bee , Jan. 5, 1982.

2. Martin Smith, "Betting on Willie Brown," The Sacramento Bee , Dec. 14, 1980.

3. William Grant, "Willie Brown's Problem with Regent's Seat," San Francisco Chronicle , Dec. 5, 1980.

4. William Endicott, "Brown's Regent Appointments a Political Mystery," Los Angeles Times , as published in The Sacramento Bee , Apr. 12, 1981.

5. Larry Liebert and John Balzar, "Willie Brown's Frustrations," San Francisco Chronicle , Dec. 8, 1980.

6. Daniel J. Blackburn, "How Willie Brown Solidified His Speakership," California Journal , Jan. 1982, p. 5.

7. Nancy Skelton and Mike Goodman, "Hallett Role in Speaker Fight Aided Husband," Los Angeles Times , Dec. 11, 1980.

8. Jim Dufur, "UFW Still Is Backed by Speaker Brown," The Sacramento Bee , Dec. 15, 1980; Jim Dufur, "Speaker Sows Seeds of Farmer Harmony," The Sacramento Bee , Dec. 17, 1980.

9. Willie Brown was elected two months before Jimmy Carter left office. Those serving during the period Brown was California Assembly Speaker were Presidents Carter, Ronald Reagan, George Bush, and Bill Clinton; Governors Jerry Brown, George Deukmejian, and Pete Wilson; and Assembly Republican Leaders Carol Hallett, Robert Naylor, Patrick Nolan, Ross Johnson, William Jones, and Jim Brulte.

10. "Willie Brown's Leadership Still Untried," United Press International, published in the The Sacramento Bee , Feb. 9, 1981.

11. Howard Berman, interview, Washington, D.C., June 8, 1993.

12. Ibid.

13. For a masterful account of Phillip Burton's gerrymander, see John Jacobs, A Rage for Justice: The Passion and Politics of Phillip Burton , pp. 414-440.

14. Ibid. pp. 432-433.

15. Bruce Cain, The Reapportionment Puzzle , p. 98.

16. Interviews, Bruce Cain, Berkeley, Calif., Oct. 22, 1993; William Cavala, Sacramento, Calif., Jan. 21, 1994.

17. Cain, Reapportionment Puzzle , p. 95.

18. Bruce Cain, interview.

19. Cain, Reapportionment Puzzle , pp. 105-106.

20. Ibid., p. 93.

21. Ibid., p. 94.

22. Bruce Cain, interview; Cain, Reapportionment Puzzle , pp. 113-114.

23. Robert Naylor, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Jan. 18, 1993.

24. Patrick Nolan, interview, Sacramento, Calif., May 6, 1993.

25. Robert Naylor, interview.

26. Patrick Nolan, interview.

27. Bruce Cain, interview.

28. Claire Cooper, "Speaker Plots Revenge on Remap Plan," The Sacramento Bee , June 24, 1981.

29. Maxine Waters, interview, Washington, D.C., June 10, 1993.

30. Bruce Cain, interview.

31. Blackburn, "How Willie Brown Solidified His Speakership."

32. Martin Smith, "Jerry Brown Pulls Strings," The Sacramento Bee , July 12, 1981; Claire Cooper, "Assembly Seat for Isenberg Rumored," The Sacramento Bee , Aug. 7, 1981.

33. Claire Cooper, "Demo Fight Looms on Redistricting," The Sacramento Bee , Jan. 22, 1981.

34. Claire Cooper, "Power Play," The Sacramento Bee , Sep. 20, 1981.

35. "Sayings of Chairman Willie," The Sacramento Bee , Aug. 16, 1981.

36. Liebert and Balzar, "Willie Brown's Frustrations."

37. David S. Broder, "Willie Brown's Winning Ways," The Washington Post , Feb. 22, 1981; the column was mailed to Virna Canson with a note from Congressman Mervyn Dymally, Mar. 5, 1981, found in NAACP West Coast Regional Office Papers, carton 2, 1978-81 (86/162c), file "Brown, Willie L. Jr.—1976, 1981, 1984," Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley; also, Virna Canson, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Oct. 11, 1993.

38. Letter from Virna Canson, NAACP western regional director, to Willie Brown, Mar. 17, 1981, and reply from Willie Brown to Virna Canson, Mar. 27, 1981, NAACP West Coast Regional Office Papers, carton 2, 1978-81 (86/162c), file "Brown, Willie L. Jr.—1976, 1981, 1984," Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

39. Virna Canson, interview.

40. Sheila Caudle, "Willie Brown's Free-Swinging Day in Washington," Oakland Tribune , Mar. 25, 1981; "Badges? I Don't Got to Show You No Stinkin' Badges," The Sacramento Bee , Mar. 29, 1981.

41. Alice Huffman, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Oct. 28, 1993.

42. Herbert A. Sample, "Black Political Power: As Asian and Latino Populations Expand, Will Black Political Power Fade?" California Journal , May 1987, p. 238.

43. Steve Gibson, "Speaker Denies Speech to Blacks Racist," The Sacramento Bee , Dec. 8, 1981.

44. Austin Scott, "Speaker to Create Second Latino Seat in Congress," Los Angeles Times , Jan. 28, 1981.

45. Ellen Hume, "Lawmaker in Powerful Role Has Colleagues on Edge." Los Angeles Times , July 23, 1981.

46. Jacobs, A Rage for Justice , p. 434.

47. Ibid., p. 415.

48. Eric Brazil, "A Mixed Bag of Messages from Those Ballot Propositions," California Journal , Dec. 1982, p. 442.

49. Jacobs, A Rage for Justice , pp. 474-475.

50. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994; also Jacobs, A Rage for Justice , pp. 441-445; Larry Liebert, "California Congressmen Who Don't Often Vote," San Francisco Chronicle , Dec. 31, 1981; Wallace Turner, "Retiring California Lawmaker Shuns Washington," The New York Times , Mar. 14, 1982.

51. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994.

52. Wallace Turner, "Retiring California Lawmaker Shuns Washington," The New York Times , Mar. 14, 1982.

53. Notecard in Phillip Burton Papers, carton 4, file "JLB Quits Congress '82," Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

54. "The Best-Dressed Politician in America," GQ Nov. 1985; Aleda Oldershaw, "Willie Brown's Clothes Come out of the Closet," Frisko , May 1991.

55. Trish Donnally, "His Honor the Fashion Plate," San Francisco Chronicle , Jan. 4, 1996. As he prepared to take office as San Francisco mayor in Jan. 1996, he gave yet another tour of his closet to a reporter and held forth with more fashion tips.

56. A program for "Oh, What A Night!" was kept by Phillip Burton in Phillip Burton Papers, carton 4, file "1982 Campaign, Black Community," Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

57. "A Capitol Birthday Party," The Sacramento Bee , Mar. 21, 1982.

58. Transcript to 60 Minutes segment, Vol. XVI, No. 29, broadcast over the CBS television network, Apr. 1, 1984, transcript provided by Barbara Metzger, Sacramento, Calif., Brown's former press secretary.

59. Julian Dixon, interview, Washington, D.C., June 9, 1993.

60. Jeff Raimundo, "Senate Leaves, Budget Up to Assembly," The Sacramento Bee , June 30, 1982; Jeff Raimundo, "Speaker Brown Looks Like a Winner Despite Defeat," The Sacramento Bee , July 1, 1982; Martin Smith, "Fingers Point at Willie Brown," The Sacramento Bee , Oct. 7, 1982.

61. Copies of Republican campaign mailers loaned to the author by Gale Kaufman, Brown's director of Assembly Majority Services.

62. Martin Smith, "Making an Issue of Willie Brown," The Sacramento Bee , Feb. 23, 1986.

63. Richard A. Clucas, The Speaker's Electoral Connection: Willie Brown and the California Assembly , table 4, p. 51; table 5, p. 55.

64. The phrase "Willie Inc." was coined by John Jacobs, political editor of McClatchy Newspapers, in the article "The Rise and Fall of Willie Inc.," The Sacramento Bee , June 4, 1995.

65. Willie Brown, press conference, Sacramento, Calif., Jan. 4, 1994.

1. Richard Zeiger, "Governor's Mansion May Be on Razors' Edge," The Evening Press-Enterprise of Riverside County (Calif.) Sep. 30, 1983. The townhouse eventually purchased for Deukmejian was owned and managed by a private foundation; Governor Pete Wilson has also lived in the Carmichael townhouse.

2. Claire Cooper, "Duke Asks New Power on Budget," The Sacramento Bee , Jan. 25, 1983.

3. Biographical details based on Dan Walters (ed.), California Political Almanac, 1989-1990 Edition , pp. 88-98; also Amy Chance, "Duke's Law-and-Order Leanings Started Early," The Sacramento Bee , Oct. 5, 1986; the author of this book covered Deukmejian during his 1986 reelection campaign for governor and has had numerous conversations with Deukmejian over the years.

4. Chance, "Duke's Law-and-Order Leanings Started Early."

5. Steve Merksamer, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Sep. 1, 1993.

6. Interviews, Steve Merksamer; George Deukmejian, telephone, June 27, 1995.

7. Dialogue based on Merksamer's recollection of his conversations with Unruh. Patrick Nolan, interview, Sacramento, Calif., May 6, 1993, also recalled having nearly the same dialogue with Unruh.

8. Steve Merksamer, interview.

9. George Deukmejian, interview.

10. Ibid.

11. Amy Chance, "Aloof Governor Leaves Lawmakers Scratching Heads," The Sacramento Bee , May 21, 1989; Brown was interviewed by Chance and Richardson for a two-part series entitled "California's Legislature: An Institution in Crisis."

12. George Deukmejian, interview.

13. Ibid.

14. Steve Merksamer, interview.

15. Claire Cooper, "Fiscal Crisis Talks Resume; Outlook for Resolution Dim," The Sacramento Bee , Feb. 15, 1983. Claire Cooper, "Governor Signs Budget Solution Bill," The Sacramento Bee , Feb. 18, 1983; Ed Salzman, "Everybody except New Right GOP Wins in Budget," The Sacramento Bee , Feb. 19, 1983.

16. Steve Merksamer, interview.

17. George Deukmejian, interview; Salzman, "Everybody except New Right GOP Wins in Budget."

18. Claire Cooper, "Legislature OKs Fiscal Crisis Solution," The Sacramento Bee , Feb. 17, 1983.

19. John Jacobs, A Rage for Justice: The Passion and Politics of Phillip Burton , p. 485. Burton was preparing for bed, and complained to his wife, "Jesus, Sala, I don't feel good." He collapsed and died. Jacobs writes that Burton's aneurysm could have been easily detected by a doctor, but Burton refused to get physical checkups.

20. Photograph from Phillip Burton memorial service, San Francisco, Calif., Apr. 1983, Phillip Burton Papers, photographic collection, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

21. Martin Smith, "Willie Brown's Worst Experience," The Sacramento Bee , July 7, 1983.

22. Jim Dufur, "Top Demos Warn Duke It's Time to 'Play Hardball' on Budget," The Sacramento Bee , May 10, 1983; Jeff Rabin and Thorne Gray, "Budget Battle Heats Up as Duke, Demos Collide Head-On," The Sacramento Bee , June 22, 1983.

23. Jeff Rabin, "Democrats Digging In for Long Budget Fight," The Sacramento Bee , July 3, 1983.

24. Jeff Rabin, "Duke Signs Pared-Down State Budget," The Sacramento Bee , July 22, 1983.

25. The line became Deukmejian's stump speech trademark. When Pete Wilson became governor and the state hit the fiscal skids, reporters joked that California went from "IOU to A-OK to DOA."

26. California Commission on State Finance, Impact of Defense Cuts on California , pp. 4, 5.

27. Steve Merksamer, interview.

28. Amy Chance, "Unbridgeable Gap at Capitol Split with Legislature Plagued Governor's Two Terms," The Sacramento Bee , Dec. 30, 1990.

29. Amy Chance, "Aloof Governor Leaves Lawmakers Scratching Heads," The Sacramento Bee , May 21, 1989.

30. James Richardson, "Roberti and Brown Switch 'Good Cop, Bad Cop' Roles," The Press-Enterprise of Riverside County (Calif.), Sep. 5, 1986.

31. Steve Merksamer, interview.

32. Claire Cooper, "Senate Committee OKs New Reapportionment Plan," The Sacramento Bee , Mar. 8, 1984.

33. Ed Salzman, "Naylor, Brown See No Chance for Compromise on Remap," The Sacramento Bee , Mar. 14, 1984.

34. Robert Naylor, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Jan. 18, 1993.

35. Democracy by Initiative: Report and Recommendations of the California Commission on Campaign Financing (Los Angeles: Center for Responsive Government, 1992), table 1, p. 2; passage rate table 2.2, p. 56; expenditure figures and lobbying spending versus initiative spending, p. 264. The commission concluded (p. 2): "An emerging culture of democracy by initiative is transforming the electorate into a fourth and new branch of state government."

36. "Brown Dumps Demo Caucus Chairman," The Sacramento Bee , May 18, 1984.

37. Jim Dufur, "Living with Proposition 24, Legislators Must Trim Salaries, Staffs," The Sacramento Bee , July 15, 1984; Stephen Green, "Brown, Gann Mix It Up over Prop. 24," The Sacramento Bee , Dec. 8, 1984.

38. "Legislators Spent $73.2 Million Doing Their Jobs," The Sacramento Bee , July 10, 1984.

39. Robert Forsyth, "Governor Rides to Rescue of Remap Initiative," The Sacramento Bee , Oct. 30, 1984.

40. "Assembly Demos to Hold Strategy Session," The Sacramento Bee , Sep. 4, 1984; Jim Dufur, "Twenty-Eight Assembly Demos Plan, Play in Yosemite," The Sacramento Bee , Sep. 11, 1984.

41. Richard A. Clucas, The Speaker's Electoral Connection: Willie Brown and the California Assembly , table 4, p. 51; Ronald W. Powell, "Black Voter Told They Can Be Difference," The Sacramento Bee , Oct. 28, 1984; Martin Smith, "Mondale Helped Brown," The Sacramento Bee , Nov. 6, 1984.

42. Robert Forsyth, "Money Was Major Weapon in Ballot Initiatives," The Sacramento Bee , Feb. 9, 1985; also Democracy by Initiative , p. 401.

43. Dan Walters, "Willie's Up, Duke's Down," The Sacramento Bee , Nov. 8, 1984.

44. Martin Smith, "Brown's Shocking Honesty," The Sacramento Bee , Nov. 27, 1984; Laura Mecoy, "Sebastiani to Push New Remap Initiative," The Sacramento Bee , Jan. 4, 1985.

45. Robert Naylor, interview.

46. "GOP Tries to Find Dirt in Receipts," The Sacramento Bee , July 6, 1984.

47. Patrick Nolan, interview, Sacramento, Calif., May 6, 1993.

48. Ibid.

49. James Richardson, "Toxic Waste Plan Fails, a Victim of Political Hardball," The Press-Enterprise of Riverside County (Calif.), Sep. 15, 1985; the author talked to all of the participants during the long night. Also Stephen Green, "Duke's Toxics Plan Taken Captive by Assembly Demos," The Sacramento Bee , Sep. 14, 1985; William Endicott, "A Winning Hand for Deukmejian," The Sacramento Bee , Sep. 15, 1985.

50. Steve Merksamer, interview.

51. Ibid.

52. AB 2595, by Assemblyman Byron Sher, was passed by the Legislature and signed in 1988; the two automatic weapon bills, AB 357 and SB 292, were by Democratic Assemblyman Michael Roos and Senate President Pro Tem David Roberti and were signed by Deukmejian in 1989.

53. Randy Shilts, And the Band Played On: Politics, People, and the AIDS Epidemic , pp. 281, 357.

54. Rick Rodriguez, "It's Duke Vs. Reagan on Sanctions, Divestment by State Is Law," The Sacramento Bee , Sep. 27, 1986.

55. William Pickens, notes from the Assembly Ways and Means Subcommittee on Education meeting from May 14, 1985. Pickens, an education consultant, was at the time deputy director of the California Postsecondary Education Commission. He graciously provided a copy.

54. Rick Rodriguez, "It's Duke Vs. Reagan on Sanctions, Divestment by State Is Law," The Sacramento Bee , Sep. 27, 1986.

57. Walters, (ed.), California Political Almanac 1989-1990 , p. 140; Jeff Rabin, "S. Africa Bill Gets Final OK," The Sacramento Bee , Aug. 28, 1986; the author of this book watched the debate in the chambers as a reporter for The Press-Enterprise of Riverside County (Calif.).

58. Gretchen Kell, "Mandela Vows 2nd U.S. Tour," The Sacramento Bee , July 1, 1990.

1. "Brown, Roberti Quarrel over Territorial Rights," The Sacramento Bee , July 14, 1984; Herb Michelson, "When Willie Brown Parties, Everybody Parties," The Sacramento Bee , July 17, 1984; "The Best-Dressed Politician in America," GQ Nov. 1985; Doug J. Swanson, "Bash Should Enhance Texas Native's Legend," Dallas Morning News , July 16, 1984.

2. Doug J. Swanson, "Bash Should Enhance Texas Native's Legend," Dallas Morning News , July 16, 1984.

3. "The Best-Dressed Politician in America," GQ Nov. 1985.

4. Willie Brown, press conference, Sacramento, Calif., Sep. 14, 1993.

5. Willie Brown, interview, Assembly floor, Sacramento, Calif., June 5, 1995.

6. Arthur H. Samish and Bob Thomas, The Secret Boss of California: The Life and High Times of Art Samish , p. 10.

7. Dan Walters, "Brown, Roberti Reverse Roles," The Sacramento Bee , Sep. 16, 1993.

8. Tom Hannigan, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Aug. 24, 1993.

9. Dan Walters, (ed.), California Political Almanac 1989-90 Edition , p. 242.

10. Jim Brulte, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Jan. 14, 1993.

11. Tom Hannigan, interview.

12. Jim Brulte, interview.

13. Patrick Johnston, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Sep. 10, 1993.

14. Willie Brown, interview, Sacramento, Calif., June 6, 1995.

15. Peter Ueberroth, interview, Los Angeles, Calif., Feb. 15, 1993.

16. Arnold Hamilton and Bert Robinson, "Willie Brown: A Legacy of Power," San Jose Mercury News , Mar. 6, 1988.

17. Steven Pressman, "Willie Brown, Esquire," California Lawyer , Jan. 1990.

18. Jim Brulte, interview.

19. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994.

20. Ibid.

21. Ibid.

22. Paul Jacobs, "State Legislators Push Spending Law to Limit," Los Angeles Times , June 28, 1987; Jerry Gillam, "State Capital Awash with 'Last-Chance' Fund-Raisers," Los Angeles Times , Aug. 24, 1988; James Richardson, "'Safe' Legislators Build Up War Chests to Wield Power," The Sacramento Bee , Dec. 16, 1991.

23. Delia M. Rios, "Squeezing of the Juice from Committee Assignments," California Journal , Mar. 1981, p. 109.

24. Ruth Holton, interview, Sacramento, Calif., May 30, 1995.

25. Bob Forsyth, "Assembly Debates Pros, Cons of Public Campaign Financing," The Sacramento Bee , May 28, 1982.

26. Campaign reforms became one of Johnson's passions, although his proposals differed significantly from those of Common Cause. Johnson successfully authored Proposition 73, which was approved in June 1990 and placed contribution limits on statewide and legislative candidates. The measure was later nullified by a federal judge.

27. Interviews, Phillip Isenberg, Sacramento, Calif., Oct. 20, 1993; John Mockler, Sacramento, Calif., July 29, 1993.

28. James Richardson, "Election Netted $1 Million for Firms of Willie Brown's Ex-Aide," The Press-Enterprise of Riverside County (Calif.), Nov. 26, 1986.

29. Lewis D. Eigen, The MacMillan Dictionary of Political Quotations (New York: MacMillan, 1993), p. 43.

30. James Richardson, "Willie Brown: Changing Stripes or Mixing Signals?" The Press-Enterprise of Riverside County (Calif.), Dec. 7, 1986.

31. Figures compiled based on campaign disclosure reports with the California secretary of state.

32. Paul Jacobs, "State Legislators Push Spending Law to Limit."

33. James Richardson, "Fund-Raising Frenzy Precedes Final Votes at Capitol," The Sacramento Bee , Aug. 25, 1990.

34. Analysis of campaign disclosure statements on file with the California Secretary of State, Political Reform Division.

35. The author attended the breakfast. James Richardson, "At $2,500 a Head, Is Demo Briefing a 'Shakedown'?" The Sacramento Bee , Aug. 28, 1990.

36. Dan Walters, "Legislator Went to Feds, Then Got Stung," The Sacramento Bee , Jan. 7, 1994; FBI field notes in author's private collection.

37. James Richardson and Jim Lewis, "Brown Got Funds from FBI," The Sacramento Bee , Sep. 1, 1988.

38. Mark Gladstone and Paul Jacobs, "The G-Man, the Shrimp Scam and Sacramento's Big Sting," Los Angeles Times Magazine , Dec. 11, 1994.

39. Dan Bernstein, "Accused: FBI Target Was Brown," The Sacramento Bee , Apr. 2, 1991.

40. Denny Walsh, "Nathanson Admits Bribes, Will Aid FBI," The Sacramento Bee , June 10, 1993; Denny Walsh, "Ex-Coastal Panelist Sentenced to 4 Years for Bribery," The Sacramento Bee , Aug. 25, 1993.

41. Confidential informant.

42. James Richardson, "FBI Seeks New Papers from Capitol," The Sacramento Bee , Dec. 8, 1990; Independent Expenditure and Major Donor Committee Campaign Statement , NorCal Solid Waste Systems, Inc., filed with the California secretary of state, July 31, 1989.

43. Steven Pressman, "Willie Brown, Esquire," California Lawyer , Jan. 1990; Bill Wallace and Susan Sward, "U.S. Probe of Garbage Firm Focusing on Question of Bribe," San Francisco Chronicle , Feb. 15, 1991; Kathleen McKenna, "Lobbyist Testifies in Willie Brown Probe," Oakland Tribune , Dec. 12, 1990.

44. Willie Brown, press conference, Sacramento, Calif., June 21, 1994.

45. University of California, San Francisco, Political Expenditures by the Tobacco Industry in California State Politics , pp. 12, 35; University of California, San Francisco, Undermining Popular Government: Tobacco Industry Political Expenditures in California 1993-1994 , p. 12.

46. Rick Kushman, "Speaker, 3 Others Cleared," The Sacramento Bee , Nov. 6, 1991.

47. Willie Brown, interview, Sacramento, Calif., June 6, 1995.

48. Phillip Isenberg, interview, Oct. 20, 1993.

49. Tupper Hull, "Assembly Demos Get TV Freebie," San Francisco Examiner , June 20, 1993.

50. James Richardson, "Election Work Becomes Policy for Legislature's Staff," The Press-Enterprise of Riverside County (Calif.), Nov. 29, 1987. The author spent two months analyzing campaign records to determine the extent of legislative staff involvement in election campaigns.

51. Details on Brown's staff operation based on interviews with Michael Galizio, Sacramento, Calif., Jan. 28, 1994; Gale Kaufman, Sacramento, Calif., Aug. 3, 1993; Robert Connelly, Sacramento, Calif., Apr. 27, 1993; Steve Thompson, Sacramento, Calif., Oct. 14, 1993; Maeley Tom, Sacramento, Calif., Jan. 25, 1994. Also see James Richardson, "Election Work Becomes Policy for Legislature's Staff," The Press-Enterprise of Riverside County (Calif.), Nov. 29, 1987; and James Richardson, "Powers Behind the Pols—Capitol Staff Faces New Scrutiny," The Sacramento Bee , Feb. 17, 1994; John Jacobs, "The Rise and Fall of Willie Inc.," The Sacramento Bee , June 4, 1995.

52. Michael Galizio, interview.

53. Assembly Rules Committee records, Assembly employees payroll, June 30, 1993.

54. Paul Jacobs, "State Legislators Push Spending Law to Limit."

55. Ibid.

56. Assembly Rules Committee records, Assembly employees payroll, June 30, 1993.

57. John Jacobs, "The Rise and Fall of Willie Inc."

58. Gale Kaufman, interview.

59. Steve Thompson, interview.

60. Stephen Green (ed.), California Political Almanac 1991-1992 , pp. 71, 218.

61. The phrase was first used in John Jacobs, "The Rise and Fall of Willie Inc." Brown ate lunch with Jacobs and the author soon after Jacobs's piece was published, and he expressed delight in the "Willie Inc." phrase.

62. Maxine Waters, Washington, D.C., interview, June 10, 1993.

63. Gloria Molina, oral history interview, p. 160, California State Archives, Sacramento.

64. Ibid., p. 161.

65. Ibid., p. 162.

66. Willie Brown, press conference, Jan. 4, 1994.

67. Ibid.

68. Delaine Eastin, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Sep. 9, 1992.

69. Phillip Isenberg, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Dec. 22, 1992.

70. Walters, California Political Almanac 1989-90 , p. 225.

71. Ibid.

72. Gloria Molina, oral history interview, p. 162.

73. Tom Hannigan, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Aug. 24, 1993.

1. Stephen Green (ed.), California Political Almanac 1991-1992 , pp. 153-155, 224-226, 282-283, 302-304, and 338-339; Bruce Cain, interview, Oct. 22, 1993. The author interviewed the "Gang of Five" numerous times during 1987-1988 and dined with them at Paragary's occasionally during the battle.

2. Charles Calderon, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Sep. 10, 1993.

3. Dan Walters (ed.), California Political Almanac , 1989-90 Edition , p. 261. Costa, who was not married, paid a $1 fine and served three years probation.

4. Dan Walters, columnist for the The Sacramento Bee , takes credit for the "Gang of Five" moniker, a name evoking the Maoist "Gang of Four" rebels in China.

5. California Legislature at Sacramento , 1987 (Sacramento: California Legislature, 1987), pp. 239-243.

6. Interviews, Charles Calderon, Sacramento, Calif., Sep. 10, 1993; Maxine Waters, Washington, D.C., June 10, 1993; Phillip Isenberg, Sacramento, Calif., Oct 20, 1993; also see Richard A. Clucas, The Speaker's Electoral Connection: Willie Brown and the California Assembly , pp. 143-144.

7. Charles Calderon, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Sep. 10, 1993.

8. Phillip Isenberg, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Oct. 20, 1993.

9. Letter from Willie Brown to Brian Kidney, Chief Clerk of the Assembly, Feb. 22, 1988, in the author's private collection.

10. Arnold Hamilton and Bert Robinson, "Willie Brown: A Legacy of Power," San Jose Mercury News , Mar. 6, 1988. In 1995, Willie Brown discovered that he needed to worry about what the world thought about his insider deals as he ran for mayor of San Francisco. Brown was repeatedly asked about his legislative activities and campaign contributions from tobacco companies, land developers, trial lawyers and others.

11. Amy Chance, "Willie Brown Fights to Keep Control," The Sacramento Bee , Feb. 21, 1988.

12. Patrick Nolan, interview, Sacramento, Calif., May 6, 1993.

13. Frank Mankiewicz, interview, Washington, D.C., Nov. 30, 1993.

14. Phillip Isenberg, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Oct. 15, 1993.

15. James Richardson and Herbert A. Sample, "Assembly Seething on Inside," The Sacramento Bee , Apr. 10, 1988.

16. "Dear Colleague" letter proposing new Assembly rules from Areias, Calderon, Condit, Eaves, and Peace, Feb. 12, 1988, in author's private collection.

17. Herbert A. Sample, "Brown Removes Four Dissidents from Assembly Panels," The Sacramento Bee , Mar. 9, 1988.

18. The author spent several evenings sitting in the bar at Paragary's watching legislators come and go at the Gang of Five's table. Paragary's became something of a local legend because of the Gang of Five, and a plaque was eventually hung on the wall commemorating the Gang of Five near their favorite table.

19. Patrick Johnston, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Sep. 10, 1993.

20. Ibid.

21. Charles Calderon, interview, Sept. 10, 1993.

22. Brown, Areias, and Bronzan quotes from: James Richardson, "'Gang of Five' Revolt Has Wrecked Friendships," The Sacramento Bee , Apr. 18, 1988.

23. Leo C. Wolinsky, "Sacramento Feels Impact of 'Gang of Five' Uprising," Los Angeles Times , Apr. 11, 1988.

24. Patrick Nolan, interview.

25. Phillip Isenberg, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Oct. 15, 1993.

26. Charles Calderon, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Sep. 10, 1993.

27. Ibid.

28. Patrick Nolan, interview.

29. Leo C. Wolinsky, "Sacramento Feels Impact of 'Gang of Five' Uprising," Los Angeles Times , Apr. 11, 1988.

30. Herbert. A. Sample, "Brown Survives Ouster Try," The Sacramento Bee , May 10, 1988.

31. James Richardson, "Move to Oust Brown As Speaker Fails," The Sacramento Bee , May 6, 1988.

32. Maxine Waters, interview.

33. Martin Smith, "Brown's Quiet Advice to Jackson," The Sacramento Bee , Oct. 1, 1987.

34. Interviews, Patrick Nolan; and Charles Calderon, Sacramento, Calif., Sep. 10, 1993.

35. Charles Calderon, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Sep. 10, 1993.

36. Dan Walters, "Fate a Player in Capitol War," The Sacramento Bee , June 14, 1988.

37. Walters, California Political Almanac 1989-90 Edition , p. 277; Dan Bernstein, "Nolan, Hill Indicted in Capitol Sting," The Sacramento Bee , Apr. 28, 1993.

38. Ross Johnson, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Aug. 26, 1993.

39. Herbert A. Sample, "Brown Keeps His Post by a Whisker," The Sacramento Bee , Dec. 6, 1988.

40. Cathie Wright, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Sep. 10, 1993.

41. Charles Calderon, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Sep. 10, 1993.

42. Ross Johnson, interview.

43. James Richardson, "Willie Brown: The Members' Speaker," Alicia Patterson Foundation Reporter , vol. 16, no. 2, 1994, p. 38.

1. Lobbyist and Employer Registration Directory, 1985-1986 . March Fong Eu, Secretary of State, p. 47. Garabaldi's clients included Hollywood Park Operating Company and the Wine & Spirits Wholesalers of California.

2. William Lockyer, interview, Hayward, Calif., Nov. 23, 1993; Daniel M. Weintraub and Jerry Gillam, "Grand Master of Compromise," Los Angeles Times Magazine , June 23, 1991; Paul Glastris, "Frank Fat's Napkin: How the Trial Lawyers (and the Doctors!) Sold Out to the Tobacco Companies," Washington Monthly , Dec. 1987; poster hanging at Frank Fat's lists the participants.

3. Weintraub and Gillam, "Grand Master of Compromise." Also see Ed Mendel, "Fat Deal," Golden State Report , p. 23, Nov. 1987.

4. Original cloth napkin with handwritten notes, stored in Lockyer's files and shown to the author.

5. Rick Kushman, "Public Lost in Railroading of Liability Bill, Critics Say," The Sacramento Bee , Sep. 21, 1987; Paul Glastris, "Frank Fat's Napkin," Washington Monthly , Dec. 1987; Rick Kushman, "Duke Oks Liability Limit Bill," The Sacramento Bee , Oct. 1, 1987.

6. Author's notes, Assembly floor, Sep. 12, 1987; Kushman, "Public Lost in Railroading of Liability Bill, Critics Say."

7. James Richardson, "Willie Brown: Power, Money and Instinct," Alicia Patterson Foundation Reporter , vol. 16, no. 3, 1994, p. 14; also Consumers Union press release, "Consumers Union Assails Backroom Deal Cutting Victim Rights," Sep. 11, 1987, author's private collection.

8. Author's notes, speech to California Medical Association, Sacramento, Calif., Apr. 2, 1986.

9. William Lockyer, interview.

10. Rick Kushman, "Duke Oks Liability Limit Bill."

11. John Mockler, interview, Sacramento, Calif., July 29, 1993.

12. Willie Brown interview, San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 15, 1993; second quote, Willie Brown, press conference, Sacramento, Calif., May 24, 1994.

13. Willie Brown, press conference, Sacramento, Calif., Apr. 26, 1994.

14. Richardson, "Willie Brown: Power, Money and Instinct"; also Consumers Union press release, "Consumers Union Assails Backroom Deal Cutting Victim Rights."

15. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 15, 1993.

16. Beth Shuster, "In the Eye of LAUSD Maelstrom," Daily News of Los Angeles , Mar. 21, 1993.

17. Sandy Harrison and Jeanne Mariani, "State Finds Funds for Schools," Daily News of Los Angeles , Apr. 27, 1993; Associated Press, "L.A. Teachers OK Pay Cut of 10 Percent," as published in San Francisco Chronicle , Feb. 27, 1993.

18. "An Interview with Mr. Speaker," California Journal , Jan. 1986, p. 15.

19. Richard C. Paddock, "Special Interests a Large Source of Brown's Income," Los Angeles Times , Mar. 13, 1987.

20. "State Bar Clears Assembly Speaker," The Sacramento Bee , Dec. 23, 1989.

21. Dan Morain and David Willman, "Feinstein Said to Have Backed Blum's Friends," Los Angeles Times , Oct. 25, 1990.

22. Rick Kushman, "Assembly Makes Cable TV Debut," The Sacramento Bee , Feb. 5, 1991; Rick Kushman, "Media, Speaker Brown Again Draw Battle Lines," The Sacramento Bee , Feb. 10, 1991.

23. Willie Brown, press conference, Sacramento, Calif., Apr. 2, 1991; videotape in author's private collection.

24. Craig McLaughlin, "Willie Brown's Garbage Money," San Francisco Bay Guardian , Mar. 1, 1989; Tim Redmond and Craig McLaughlin, "The Teflon Speaker," San Francisco Bay Guardian , July 5, 1989; Jim Balderston, "The Aquarium Conspiracy," San Francisco Bay Guardian , May 31, 1989.

25. Figures compiled from campaign finance disclosure statements, California Secretary of State, Political Reform Division, 1981-1987.

26. James Richardson, "Lawyers' Donations Favor Democrats," The Press-Enterprise of Riverside County (Calif.), May 18, 1986.

27. Ibid.

28. John Mockler, interview.

29. Ibid.

30. Alice Huffman, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Oct. 28, 1993.

31. Jerry Roberts, Dianne Feinstein: Never Let Them See You Cry , p. 247.

32. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994.

33. Stephen Green (ed.), California Political Almanac 1991-1992 , p. 38.

34. In 1995, Wilson ran for president, but was out of the race before the 1996 primaries. Wilson tried to position himself on the far right, but he lacked credibility after his years as a pragmatic moderate.

35. The author attended the dinner, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 9, 1991.

36. Jan. 17, 1991 meeting, governor's office, confidential informant.

37. May 14, 1991 meeting, governor's office, confidential informant.

38. Thorne Gray, "Wilson's Tight Budget," The Sacramento Bee , Jan. 11, 1991; Robert Reinhold, "California Impasse Ends in Budget Pleasing to Few," The New York Times , July 18, 1991.

39. Thorne Gray, "Health, Welfare Targets Narrowed," The Sacramento Bee , June 14, 1992.

40. Green, California Political Almanac 1991-92 , pp. 21-29.

41. Wilson initially would not acknowledge that his proposed school cuts were so deep. He was forced to concede the size of the cuts under sharp questioning by Sacramento Bee reporter Thorne Gray during an impromptu press conference outside the governor's office following a meeting with legislative leaders.

42. James Richardson, "Governor Gives GOP Warning on Budget," The Sacramento Bee , June 18, 1992.

43. James Richardson and Thorne Gray, "Wilson, Brown Duel over Placing Blame," The Sacramento Bee , July 3, 1992. Willie Horton, who was black, was a convicted Massachusetts felon featured in campaign advertisements by George Bush in 1988 to characterize the crime record of his opponent, Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis. The ads were widely seen as pandering to racial fears.

44. Willie Brown, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Sep. 9, 1992.

45. Steve Peace, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Sep. 9, 1992.

46. Richard Katz, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Sep. 9, 1992.

47. Willie Brown, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Sep. 10, 1992.

48. Steve Peace, interview.

49. John Mockler, interview.

50. Alice Huffman, interview.

51. Daniel M. Weintraub, "Budget Cuts Deep, Spares Few," Los Angeles Times , Sep. 3, 1992; Virginia Ellis, "Cuts Undermine State Pledge of Help for All," Los Angeles Times , Sep. 3, 1992.

52. "An Interview with Mr. Speaker," California Journal , Jan. 1986, p. 11.

53. James Richardson, "Brown Recycling Bill Favors Glass Industry," The Sacramento Bee , Aug. 24, 1990.

50. Alice Huffman, interview.

51. Daniel M. Weintraub, "Budget Cuts Deep, Spares Few," Los Angeles Times , Sep. 3, 1992; Virginia Ellis, "Cuts Undermine State Pledge of Help for All," Los Angeles Times , Sep. 3, 1992.

1. The author attended Brown's Fairmont Hotel birthday party.

2. Steve Merksamer, interview, Sep. 1, 1993.

3. Interviews, Michael Galizio, Sacramento, Calif., Jan. 28, 1994; Dee Dee Myers, Washington, D.C., June 8, 1993.

4. Glenn F. Bunting, "Visit a Capitol Success for Willie Brown," Los Angeles Times , Mar. 11, 1993.

5. Willie Brown, press availability, Assembly floor, Feb. 28, 1994.

6. Willie L. Brown Jr., State Assembly Action on the California Business Climate (Sacramento California State Assembly, March 1994); Greg Lucas, "Assembly Passes Bills to Cut Cost of Workers Comp," San Francisco Chronicle , Apr. 20, 1993.

7. Willie Brown, interview, Assembly floor, Sacramento, Calif. Feb. 24, 1994.

8. Kathleen Brown, interview, Sacramento, Calif., May 20, 1994.

9. Jerry Roberts, Dianne Feinstein: Never Let Them See You Cry , p. 244.

10. Clint Reilly became campaign manager for San Francisco Mayor Frank Jordan in 1995, and Willie Brown finally got his chance at a contest with the political consultant he detested the most.

11. Kathleen Brown, interview.

12. Encounter with Kathleen Brown and Willie Brown occurred while the author and John Jacobs, political editor of McClatchy Newspapers, were eating lunch with Willie Brown at Biba restaurant in Sacramento, Calif., on June 6, 1995.

13. Confidential informants.

14. Rick Kushman, "What Does Willie Brown Want?" The Sacramento Bee , Aug. 8 and Aug. 9, 1993.

15. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 15, 1993.

16. Willie Brown, interview, Assembly floor, Sacramento, Calif. Feb. 24, 1994.

17. Willie Brown, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Jan. 25, 1995.

18. Author's notes, Fairmont Hotel, San Francisco, Calif., Nov. 8, 1994.

19. Willie Brown, press conference, Sacramento, Calif., Nov. 9, 1994.

20. Willie Brown, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Jan. 25, 1995.

21. The author attended the press conference, Nov. 9, 1994.

22. Jon Matthews, "Republican Says He'll Seize Assembly Post from Brown," The Sacramento Bee , Nov. 11, 1994.

23. Ibid.

24. Ibid.

25. Willie Brown, interview, Sacramento, Calif., June 6, 1995.

26. Dominic Cortese, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Dec. 5, 1994.

27. Dan Morain and Carl Ingram, "Brown Blocks GOP Assembly Takeover As One Republican Bolts," Los Angeles Times , Dec. 6, 1994.

28. Susan F. Rasky, "In California, Political Prestidigitation," The New York Times , Jan. 8, 1995.

29. Brulte was followed to his office by John Jacobs, Susan Rasky, and the author.

30. Willie Brown, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Jan. 25, 1995.

31. Willie Brown, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Jan. 25, 1995; Robert B. Gunnison and Greg Lucas, "Assembly Republicans Flee Capitol," San Francisco Chronicle , Dec. 7, 1994.

32. Willie Brown, interview, Sacramento, Calif., June 6, 1995.

33. Ibid.

34. John Jacobs, "The Two Secrets That Helped Willie Win," The Sacramento Bee , Feb. 8, 1995; also Willie Brown, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Jan. 25, 1995.

35. Amy Chance, "Overconfident GOP Blew It, Brown Says," The Sacramento Bee , Jan. 25, 1995; Larry Bowler, press release, "Bowler Statement on the Ascendancy of the Willie Brown Junta," Jan. 24, 1995, author's private collection; conversation with Bowler in Capitol hallway, Jan. 23, 1995.

36. "Ear-to-Ear," The Sacramento Bee , June 28, 1995.

37. Brad Hayward and Jon Matthews, "GOP Colleague Takes On Brulte," The Sacramento Bee , May 10, 1995.

38. Willie Brown, press availability, Assembly floor, June 5, 1995. The comment was widely quoted.

39. Willie Brown, interview, Sacramento, Calif., June 6, 1995.

40. Mary Lynne Vellinga, "In Fall from Power Bid, Brulte Lands in Horcher's Office," The Sacramento Bee , June 7, 1995.

41. Willie Brown, conversation with the author, San Francisco, Calif., July 20, 1995.

42. Mary Lynne Vellinga, "Setencich's Challenge: Can 'Nice Guy' Win in Politics?" The Sacramento Bee , Oct. 9, 1995.

43. Maxine Waters, interview, Washington, D.C., June 10, 1993.

44. Cornel West, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Aug. 15, 1994.

45. "The Prince of Sacramento," The Economist , May 29, 1993.

46. Stephen Green (ed.), California Political Almanac 1995-1996 , p. 17.

47. "An Interview with Mr. Speaker," California Journal , Jan. 1986, p. 17.

48. U.S. News & World Report , Fall 1994. The "dog-doo" quote was frequently repeated by the Jordan campaign.

49. Herb Caen, "Character Study," San Francisco Chronicle , June 19, 1995.

50. Willie Brown, interview, Sacramento, Calif., June 6, 1995.

51. The author accompanied Brown to his high school reunion July 9, 1993. James Richardson, "Brown Gets a Hometown Lovefest," The Sacramento Bee , July 10, 1993.

52. Robert E. Baskin, "Mineola Schools Backed by Tower," Dallas Morning News , July 19, 1966.

1. The author attended Brown's victory party at the International Longshoremen's Union Hall near Fisherman's Wharf, and spent part of the day at his get-out-the-vote precinct field headquarters at 13th Street and Mission on Dec. 12, 1995.

2. Herb Caen, "Cut along Dotted Lines," San Francisco Chronicle , Dec. 14, 1995. Caen partied with Brown into the night.

3. Clarence Johnson and John King, "Brown Hits the Ground Running," San Francisco Chronicle , Dec. 14, 1995; Brad Hayward, "Brown Wins in S.F.," The Sacramento Bee , Dec. 13, 1995.

4. Willie Brown, press conference, San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 13, 1995

5. William Endicott, "A First-ever Major Award," The Sacramento Bee , Dec. 30, 1995. Endicott, never a Brown fan, wrote: "I'm sorry that we have no equivalent [award] for political winners of 1995. There weren't many. But if we did, the hands- hard

down choice would have to be that consummate pol, Willie Brown, who kept Assembly Republicans tied in knots all year and still had time to find a new job."

6. Dan Walters, "San Francisco, Brown Fit Well," The Sacramento Bee , June 4, 1995.

7. Vincent J. Schodolski, "Candidates Neck and Neck as San Francisco Mayoral Race Comes Down to Wire," Chicago Tribune , Nov. 6, 1995.

8. John King, "Achtenberg Begins Her Uphill Run," San Francisco Chronicle , June 19, 1995.

9. Jerry Roberts, Dianne Feinstein: Never Let Them See You Cry , p. 244.

10. James Richardson, "Kathleen Brown Aide Draws Speaker's Fire," The Sacramento Bee , May 11, 1994; Brad Hayward, "Voter Beware: Slate Mailers," The Sacramento Bee , May 28, 1994.

11. Willie Brown, press availability on Assembly floor, May 10, 1994.

12. John Jacobs, "Tough Talk across the Rigatoni," The Sacramento Bee , June 6, 1995; Susan Yoachum, "S.F. Campaign Managers' Cutthroat Ideology," San Francisco Chronicle , Dec. 8, 1995.

13. John Jacobs, "Tough Talk across the Rigatoni."

14. The author of this book was dining at a nearby table with John Jacobs, political editor for McClatchy Newspapers, and serendipitously witnessed the ensuing confrontation between Clint Reilly and Willie Brown on June 2, 1995. Reilly's penchant for dining at the North Beach Restaurant was mentioned in a lengthy profile about him: "Hired Gun," by Richard Halstead, San Francisco, The Magazine , July 1987.

15. Conversation with Reilly and the author of this book at Brown's mayoral rally, June 3, 1995.

16. Mary Lynne Vellinga, "Brown Joins Race for Mayor of S.F.," The Sacramento Bee , June 4, 1995.

17. Willie Brown, mayoral announcement speech, Japan Trade Center, June 3, 1995.

18. Lance Williams, "How Brown Got PG&E Contract for Client," San Francisco Examiner , July 2, 1995.

19. Lance Williams, "Brown's Gambling Investment Paid Off," San Francisco Examiner , Sep. 24, 1995.

20. Arnold Hamilton and Bert Robinson, "Willie Brown: A Legacy of Power," San Jose Mercury News , Mar. 6, 1988.

21. Susan Yoachum, "Money Matters as an Issue in S.F. Mayor Race," San Francisco Chronicle , Aug. 7, 1995.

22. Willie Brown, federal income tax returns, 1990 through 1994, released by the Brown mayoral campaign, copies in the author's private collection.

23. Kandace Bender, "Brown Proposes Casino in S.F.," San Francisco Examiner , Sep. 17, 1995.

24. Brad Hayward, "Prodigal Politician Brown Bids to Put Heart in S.F. Office," The Sacramento Bee , Oct. 22, 1995.

25. Aurelio Rojas, "Brown Encouraged Many New Voters," San Francisco Chronicle , Nov. 11, 1995; Rachel Gordon, "Precincts Show Decisive Brown Victory," San Francisco Examiner , Dec. 14, 1995.

26. Rachel Gordon, "Will Simpson Verdict Affect S.F. Mayoral Election?" San Francisco Examiner , Oct. 6, 1995.

27. Herbert A. Sample, "Black Men's Day to Feel Like a Million," The Sacramento Bee , Oct. 17, 1995.

28. Brad Hayward, "Prodigal Politician Brown Bids to Put Heart in S.F. Office," The Sacramento Bee , Oct. 22, 1995.

29. Willie Brown, interview, Sacramento, Calif., June 6, 1995.

30. Conversation with Darolyn Davis, Willie Brown's Assembly press secretary, in Oct. 1995.

31. The author of this book attended the Oct. 18, 1995 party and talked with Brown.

32. William Claiborne, "San Francisco Race Turns Out to Be Contest, Not Coronation," The Washington Post , Nov. 6, 1995.

33. Richard C. Paddock, "It's 'Citizen Mayor' versus Savvy Pro in Bid to Run S.F.," Los Angeles Times , Oct. 23, 1995.

34. Associated Press photograph, A0624, slug "Mayor Shower," Oct. 27, 1995.

35. B. Drummond Ayres Jr., "San Francisco's Lively, Loopy Mayoral Race Wraps Up," The New York Times , Dec. 12, 1995.

36. Herb Caen, "No Sugar Added," San Francisco Chronicle , Nov. 2, 1995.

37. Brown won 34.4 percent; Jordan won 32.4 percent; Achtenberg won 27.6 percent; and 5.6 percent went to other candidates.

38. Ayres, "San Francisco's Lively, Loopy Mayoral Race Wraps Up."

39. The author of this book visited both campaign headquarters on election day, Dec. 12, 1995, and these descriptions are based on those observations.

40. The author was tipped off about the dinner party, found it, and spoke briefly with Brown before leaving. Description based on the author's observations.

41. Conversation with Gale Kaufman, San Francisco, Dec. 12, 1995.

42. Conversation with Richard Katz at Brown election party, San Francisco International Longshoremen's Hall, Dec. 12, 1995.

43. Caen, "Cut along Dotted Lines"; Herb Caen, "Twas the Day After," San Francisco Chronicle , Dec. 26, 1995.

44. Caen, "'Twas the Day After."

45. Rob Morse, "Sunrise over a Stylish New S.F.," San Francisco Examiner , Jan. 9, 1996.

46. Trish Donnally, "His Honor the Fashion Plate," sidebar: "Brown's Inaugural Suit," San Francisco Chronicle , Jan. 4, 1996.

47. Rachel Gordon and Lance Williams, "The Willie Brown Era," San Francisco Examiner , Jan. 9, 1996.