1. Lobbyist and Employer Registration Directory, 1985-1986 . March Fong Eu, Secretary of State, p. 47. Garabaldi's clients included Hollywood Park Operating Company and the Wine & Spirits Wholesalers of California. [BACK]

2. William Lockyer, interview, Hayward, Calif., Nov. 23, 1993; Daniel M. Weintraub and Jerry Gillam, "Grand Master of Compromise," Los Angeles Times Magazine , June 23, 1991; Paul Glastris, "Frank Fat's Napkin: How the Trial Lawyers (and the Doctors!) Sold Out to the Tobacco Companies," Washington Monthly , Dec. 1987; poster hanging at Frank Fat's lists the participants. [BACK]

3. Weintraub and Gillam, "Grand Master of Compromise." Also see Ed Mendel, "Fat Deal," Golden State Report , p. 23, Nov. 1987. [BACK]

4. Original cloth napkin with handwritten notes, stored in Lockyer's files and shown to the author. [BACK]

5. Rick Kushman, "Public Lost in Railroading of Liability Bill, Critics Say," The Sacramento Bee , Sep. 21, 1987; Paul Glastris, "Frank Fat's Napkin," Washington Monthly , Dec. 1987; Rick Kushman, "Duke Oks Liability Limit Bill," The Sacramento Bee , Oct. 1, 1987. [BACK]

6. Author's notes, Assembly floor, Sep. 12, 1987; Kushman, "Public Lost in Railroading of Liability Bill, Critics Say." [BACK]

7. James Richardson, "Willie Brown: Power, Money and Instinct," Alicia Patterson Foundation Reporter , vol. 16, no. 3, 1994, p. 14; also Consumers Union press release, "Consumers Union Assails Backroom Deal Cutting Victim Rights," Sep. 11, 1987, author's private collection. [BACK]

8. Author's notes, speech to California Medical Association, Sacramento, Calif., Apr. 2, 1986. [BACK]

9. William Lockyer, interview. [BACK]

10. Rick Kushman, "Duke Oks Liability Limit Bill." [BACK]

11. John Mockler, interview, Sacramento, Calif., July 29, 1993. [BACK]

12. Willie Brown interview, San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 15, 1993; second quote, Willie Brown, press conference, Sacramento, Calif., May 24, 1994. [BACK]

13. Willie Brown, press conference, Sacramento, Calif., Apr. 26, 1994. [BACK]

14. Richardson, "Willie Brown: Power, Money and Instinct"; also Consumers Union press release, "Consumers Union Assails Backroom Deal Cutting Victim Rights." [BACK]

15. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 15, 1993. [BACK]

16. Beth Shuster, "In the Eye of LAUSD Maelstrom," Daily News of Los Angeles , Mar. 21, 1993. [BACK]

17. Sandy Harrison and Jeanne Mariani, "State Finds Funds for Schools," Daily News of Los Angeles , Apr. 27, 1993; Associated Press, "L.A. Teachers OK Pay Cut of 10 Percent," as published in San Francisco Chronicle , Feb. 27, 1993. [BACK]

18. "An Interview with Mr. Speaker," California Journal , Jan. 1986, p. 15. [BACK]

19. Richard C. Paddock, "Special Interests a Large Source of Brown's Income," Los Angeles Times , Mar. 13, 1987. [BACK]

20. "State Bar Clears Assembly Speaker," The Sacramento Bee , Dec. 23, 1989. [BACK]

21. Dan Morain and David Willman, "Feinstein Said to Have Backed Blum's Friends," Los Angeles Times , Oct. 25, 1990. [BACK]

22. Rick Kushman, "Assembly Makes Cable TV Debut," The Sacramento Bee , Feb. 5, 1991; Rick Kushman, "Media, Speaker Brown Again Draw Battle Lines," The Sacramento Bee , Feb. 10, 1991. [BACK]

23. Willie Brown, press conference, Sacramento, Calif., Apr. 2, 1991; videotape in author's private collection. [BACK]

24. Craig McLaughlin, "Willie Brown's Garbage Money," San Francisco Bay Guardian , Mar. 1, 1989; Tim Redmond and Craig McLaughlin, "The Teflon Speaker," San Francisco Bay Guardian , July 5, 1989; Jim Balderston, "The Aquarium Conspiracy," San Francisco Bay Guardian , May 31, 1989. [BACK]

25. Figures compiled from campaign finance disclosure statements, California Secretary of State, Political Reform Division, 1981-1987. [BACK]

26. James Richardson, "Lawyers' Donations Favor Democrats," The Press-Enterprise of Riverside County (Calif.), May 18, 1986. [BACK]

27. Ibid. [BACK]

28. John Mockler, interview. [BACK]

29. Ibid. [BACK]

30. Alice Huffman, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Oct. 28, 1993. [BACK]

31. Jerry Roberts, Dianne Feinstein: Never Let Them See You Cry , p. 247. [BACK]

32. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994. [BACK]

33. Stephen Green (ed.), California Political Almanac 1991-1992 , p. 38. [BACK]

34. In 1995, Wilson ran for president, but was out of the race before the 1996 primaries. Wilson tried to position himself on the far right, but he lacked credibility after his years as a pragmatic moderate. [BACK]

35. The author attended the dinner, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 9, 1991. [BACK]

36. Jan. 17, 1991 meeting, governor's office, confidential informant. [BACK]

37. May 14, 1991 meeting, governor's office, confidential informant. [BACK]

38. Thorne Gray, "Wilson's Tight Budget," The Sacramento Bee , Jan. 11, 1991; Robert Reinhold, "California Impasse Ends in Budget Pleasing to Few," The New York Times , July 18, 1991. [BACK]

39. Thorne Gray, "Health, Welfare Targets Narrowed," The Sacramento Bee , June 14, 1992. [BACK]

40. Green, California Political Almanac 1991-92 , pp. 21-29. [BACK]

41. Wilson initially would not acknowledge that his proposed school cuts were so deep. He was forced to concede the size of the cuts under sharp questioning by Sacramento Bee reporter Thorne Gray during an impromptu press conference outside the governor's office following a meeting with legislative leaders. [BACK]

42. James Richardson, "Governor Gives GOP Warning on Budget," The Sacramento Bee , June 18, 1992. [BACK]

43. James Richardson and Thorne Gray, "Wilson, Brown Duel over Placing Blame," The Sacramento Bee , July 3, 1992. Willie Horton, who was black, was a convicted Massachusetts felon featured in campaign advertisements by George Bush in 1988 to characterize the crime record of his opponent, Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis. The ads were widely seen as pandering to racial fears. [BACK]

44. Willie Brown, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Sep. 9, 1992. [BACK]

45. Steve Peace, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Sep. 9, 1992. [BACK]

46. Richard Katz, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Sep. 9, 1992. [BACK]

47. Willie Brown, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Sep. 10, 1992. [BACK]

48. Steve Peace, interview. [BACK]

49. John Mockler, interview. [BACK]

50. Alice Huffman, interview. [BACK]

51. Daniel M. Weintraub, "Budget Cuts Deep, Spares Few," Los Angeles Times , Sep. 3, 1992; Virginia Ellis, "Cuts Undermine State Pledge of Help for All," Los Angeles Times , Sep. 3, 1992. [BACK]

52. "An Interview with Mr. Speaker," California Journal , Jan. 1986, p. 11. [BACK]

53. James Richardson, "Brown Recycling Bill Favors Glass Industry," The Sacramento Bee , Aug. 24, 1990. [BACK]

50. Alice Huffman, interview. [BACK]

51. Daniel M. Weintraub, "Budget Cuts Deep, Spares Few," Los Angeles Times , Sep. 3, 1992; Virginia Ellis, "Cuts Undermine State Pledge of Help for All," Los Angeles Times , Sep. 3, 1992. [BACK]