1. Robert Naylor, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Jan. 18, 1993. [BACK]

2. Patrick Nolan, interview, Sacramento, Calif., May 6, 1993. [BACK]

3. Ibid. [BACK]

4. Robert Studer, "McCarthy as Speaker: 'Unique Ability to Persuade,'" California Journal , Nov. 1979, p. 382. [BACK]

5. Patrick Nolan, interview. [BACK]

6. Otto Kreisher, "How Carol Hallett Captured the GOP Leadership," California Journal , July 1979, p. 228. [BACK]

7. Ibid., p. 228. [BACK]

8. Richard Zeiger, "Ingalls Sees Berman Backing Him for Pro Tem," Riverside Press-Enterprise , Nov. 7, 1980. [BACK]

9. Cynthia Willett, "The Next Speaker? Probably Howard Berman," California Journal , Nov. 1979, p. 380. [BACK]

10. Interviews, Leo McCarthy, San Francisco, Calif., Mar. 2, 1993; Howard Berman, Washington, D.C., June 8, 1993; Jeff Raimundo, "Berman Imprint," The Sacramento Bee , Dec. 12, 1979. [BACK]

11. Transcript of press conference by Howard Berman, Dec. 11, 1979, author's private collection. [BACK]

12. Statement by Assembly Speaker Leo T. McCarthy, Dec. 12, 1979, author's private collection. [BACK]

13. Leo McCarthy, interview. [BACK]

14. Howard Berman, interview. [BACK]

15. John Jacobs, A Rage for Justice: The Passion and Politics of Phillip Burton , p. 408. [BACK]

16. Bill Lockyer, interview, Hayward, Calif., Nov. 23, 1993. [BACK]

17. Abe Mellinkoff, "Sacramento Shootout," San Francisco Chronicle , Jan. 3, 1980. [BACK]

18. Jerry Roberts, "Willie Brown and the Speakership War," San Francisco Chronicle , Jan. 19, 1980. [BACK]

19. Art Torres, interview, Sacramento, Calif., May 26, 1993; Alatorre did not respond to requests for an interview. [BACK]

20. John Balzar, "Willie Brown Gets No. 2 Assembly Post," San Francisco Chronicle , Jan. 4, 1980. [BACK]

21. Leo McCarthy, interview. [BACK]

22. Vic Pollard, "Will the Imperial Speakership Survive the Assault on Government?" California Journal , May 1980, p. 198. [BACK]

23. "Key Speakership Fighters Top Fund-Raisers," The Sacramento Bee , May 22, 1980. [BACK]

24. Robert Naylor, interview. [BACK]

25. Ed Rollins, interview, Washington, D.C., Dec. 1, 1993. [BACK]

26. Interviews, Robert Naylor; Carol Hallett, Washington, D.C., June 10, 1993; Willie Brown, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994. [BACK]

27. Martin Smith, "Willie Brown and the GOP," The Sacramento Bee , Aug. 28, 1980; Gale Cook, "The Making of the Brown-Berman Speakership Battle," San Francisco Examiner , Nov. 26, 1980. [BACK]

28. Smith, "Willie Brown and the GOP" Ed Rollins acknowledged that he was Smith's source in an interview, Washington, D.C., Dec. 1, 1993. Jacobs, A Rage for Justice , p. 411. [BACK]

29. Art Torres, interview. [BACK]

30. Interviews, Maxine Waters, Washington, D.C., June 10, 1993; Tom Hannigan, Sacramento, Calif., Aug. 24, 1993; Willie Brown, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994. [BACK]

31. Tom Hannigan, interview. [BACK]

32. Jerry Roberts, "The Prize That Eluded Howard Berman," San Francisco Chronicle , Dec. 6, 1980. [BACK]

33. Louis J. Papan, oral history interview, p. 32, California State Archives, Sacramento. [BACK]

34. Frank Vicencia, oral history interview, pp. 156-157, California State Archives, Sacramento. [BACK]

35. Maxine Waters, interview. [BACK]

36. Ross Johnson, interview, Sacramento, Calif., Aug. 26, 1993. [BACK]

37. Ibid. [BACK]

38. Claire Cooper, "Willie Brown Rocks Berman Bandwagon," The Sacramento Bee , Nov. 20, 1980; Larry Liebert, "Willie Brown Wants Assembly Speaker Job," San Francisco Chronicle , Nov. 21, 1980. [BACK]

39. Interviews, Ross Johnson; Ed Rollins. [BACK]

40. Carol Hallett, interview; editorial, "Willie Brown and Carol Hallett," The Sacramento Bee , Dec. 3, 1980. Hallett said that documents were traded with Brown, but she did not locate copies. [BACK]

41. Carol Hallett, interview. [BACK]

42. Ross Johnson, interview. [BACK]

43. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994. [BACK]

44. Ed Rollins, interview. [BACK]

45. Claudia Luther and Tracy Wood, "Brown Claims Votes to Win Speakership," Los Angeles Times , Nov. 25, 1980. [BACK]

46. Carol Hallett, interview. [BACK]

47. Interview, confidential informant. [BACK]

48. Interviews, Patrick Nolan; Carol Hallett. [BACK]

49. Carol Hallett, interview. [BACK]

50. Howard Berman, interview. [BACK]

51. See Chapter 12, "Mice Milk." [BACK]

52. Herb Michelson, "Treasurer Jesse Unruh, Waiting for Another Chance to Lead," California Journal , Apr. 1980, p. 145. [BACK]

53. Carol Hallett, interview; Jacobs, A Rage for Justice , p. 412. [BACK]

54. Ross Johnson, interview. [BACK]

55. Larry Liebert, "Bargains and Egos," San Francisco Chronicle , Nov. 27, 1980. [BACK]

56. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994. [BACK]

57. Liebert, "Bargains and Egos." [BACK]

58. Art Torres, interview. [BACK]

59. Martin Smith, "Chavez and the Speakership," The Sacramento Bee , Dec. 4, 1980; Frank del Olmo, "For Chicanos, a Political Bloodletting," Los Angeles Times , Dec. 11, 1980. [BACK]

60. Howard Berman, interview. [BACK]

61. Tom Hannigan, interview. [BACK]

62. Liebert, "Willie Brown Wants Assembly Speaker Job." [BACK]

63. Austin Scott, "Speaker to Create Second Latino Seat in Congress," Los Angeles Times , Jan. 28, 1981. [BACK]

64. Willie Brown, interview, San Francisco, Calif., Jan. 17, 1994. [BACK]

65. Howard Berman, interview. [BACK]

66. Ed Rollins, interview. [BACK]

67. Jacobs, A Rage for Justice , p. 413; John Balzar and Jerry Roberts, "Willie Brown Wins Vote for Speaker," San Francisco Chronicle , Dec. 2, 1980. [BACK]

68. Howard Berman, interview. [BACK]